Nakajima B5N#Surviving aircraft

The B5N was designed by a team led by Katsuji Nakamura in response to a 1935 specification by the Navy for a torpedo bomber to replace the Yokosuka B4Y. Internally designated Type K by Nakajima, it successfully competed with the Mitsubishi B5M for a production contract. The first prototype flew in January 1937 and was ordered into production soon afterwards with the full designation Type 97 Carrier Attack Bomber{{harvnb|Francillon|1970| pp=412–413}} (九七式艦上攻撃機) (kyū-nana-shiki kanjō kōgeki-ki or kankō for short).{{harvnb|Parshall|Tully|2007|p=80}}

Combat experience during the Second Sino-Japanese War revealed several weaknesses in the original B5N1 production model. These were mainly concerned with the lack of protection that the design offered its crew and its fuel tanks. Keen to maintain the high performance of the type, the Navy was reluctant to add weight in the form of armor, and instead looked to obtaining a faster version of the aircraft in the hopes of outrunning enemy fighters. The B5N2 was given a much more powerful engine - Nakajima's own Sakae Model 11, 14-cylinder twin-row radial, as used in the initial models of the Mitsubishi A6M fighter – and various modifications were made to streamline it. Although its performance was only marginally better, and its weaknesses remained unremedied, this version replaced the B5N1 in production and service from 1939.

File:B5N2 Type 88 Bombsight, Torpedo Release, and Bomb Release at PHAM.jpg

The navigator/bombardier/observer position was equipped with a Type 90 bombsight, which was a long vertical tube located in the front-left of the seat. There was also a Type 3 reflector compass for precise navigation that was mounted on the top of the cockpit frame. The radio-operator/gunner position was equipped with one of the standard-issue radio sets for navy three-seater aircraft (Type 96 Mk3 earlier and Type 2 Mk3 later) that was mounted in front of the radio-operator/gunner's seat and behind the navigator/bombardier/observer's seat.{{sfn|Mikesh|2004|}}{{sfn|Tagaya|2003|}}

The radio-operator/gunner also operated one flexible 7.7 mm (.303 in) Type 92 machine gun at the rear end of the cockpit. One Type 91 torpedo could be mounted on the racks that were fixed eccentrically to the right at the bottom of the fuselage. Alternatively, racks could be replaced to carry either one 800 kg bomb (e.g., Type 99 No 80 armor-piercing bomb) or two 250 kg bombs (e.g., Type 98 No 25 land bomb) or six 60 kg bombs (e.g., Type 2 No 6 land bomb). Replacing the racks and exchanging between the torpedo and bombs was not a trivial process and could take more than two hours to complete.{{sfn|Chambers|2017|p=43}}

Initially, most of the B5N bombers were painted in silver, which was the color used throughout the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The color eventually changed to dark green before the start of the Pacific War.{{sfn|Chambers|2017|p=11}}

File:Nakajima B5N2 green.jpg

File:Kate Shokaku crashed.jpg

File:B5N Type 97 Carrier Attack Bomber Kate B5N-33.jpg

The B5N was primarily employed as a carrier-based aircraft and occasionally as a land-based bomber. It carried a crew of three: pilot, navigator/bombardier/observer, and radio-operator/gunner.{{sfn|Chambers|2017|p=8}} As with other IJN multi-seat aircraft, an individual bomber was commanded by the senior ranking crew member aboard, which could be the observer rather than the pilot.{{sfn|Tagaya|2011}}

The initial model B5N1 first saw action in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938. The updated B5N2 played a major role in the Attack on Pearl Harbor. One of the B5N2s carried Mitsuo Fuchida, the commander of the attack, with one high-level bomber from the carrier {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiryū||2}} credited with sinking the American battleship {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|2}}. The B5N2 torpedo bombers also sank the battleships {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|2}}, {{USS|California|BB-44|2}}, {{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|2}} and {{USS|Utah|BB-31|2}}. Five torpedo bombers were shot down in the first wave. Apart from this raid, the greatest successes of the B5N2 were the key roles it played in sinking the United States Navy aircraft carrier {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|2}} at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the aircraft carrier {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|2}} at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, and the disabling of the aircraft carrier {{USS|Yorktown|CV-5|2}} at the Battle of Midway, later sunk by the {{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-168}}.{{sfn|Lundstrom|2005a|}}{{sfn|Lundstrom|2005b|}}

B5N2 torpedo bombers normally performed a coordinated attack on enemy carriers with Aichi D3A dive bombers. Ideally, dive bombers would help to suppress the ship's anti-aircraft fire, which improved the chances of success for the slow-flying torpedo bombers.{{sfn|Tagaya|2011}} During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the IJN tried to minimize losses to torpedo bombers and initially sent only the dive bombers to attack and cripple US carriers for the subsequent torpedo strike, this proved unsuccessful, as the torpedo bombers did not launch until the battle was over.{{sfn|Chambers|2017|p=67}}

The B5N served as the basis for a follow-on design, the B6N, which eventually replaced it in front-line service. The B5N continued to fly in secondary roles, such as training, target towing, and anti-submarine warfare. Some of the aircraft used for this latter purpose were equipped with early radars and magnetic anomaly detectors. B5Ns were also used as bombers during the unsuccessful defense of the Philippines in October 1944, suffering severe losses. Later in the war, they were used for kamikaze attacks.

• Type K: Prototype.
• B5N1: First production model.
• B5N1-K: Many B5N1s were converted into advanced training aircraft.
• B5N2: Improved version.

;{{JPN}}

• Imperial Japanese Navy

File:B5N2 Reconstruction PHAM.jpg is still visible on the starboard wing underside.]]

None of the 1,150 production B5Ns survived World War II intact. Only two partially-recovered B5Ns are known to exist, neither of them airworthy.

Replicas of the B5N2s were made using stretched fuselages from U.S. Canadian Car and Foundry "Harvard" - a variant of the North American T-6 Texan trainers, which were modified to represent Japanese aircraft for the movie Tora! Tora! Tora!, and have been used in a number of movies and airshows since to depict the aircraft.

One recovered B5N2 is at the Wings Museum in Balcombe, West Sussex, UK.{{cite web |title=Ghosts of the Tundra |url=http://www.wingsmuseum.co.uk/gallery-item/ghosts_tundra |website=Wings Museum |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=24 April 2022}} This large portion was recovered from the Kuril Islands by a British private collector in 2003.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

A B5N was unveiled at the Pacific Aviation Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii on 18 April 2016.{{cite web|title=Nakajima B5N2 'Kate' Unveiled at Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor|url=http://www.warbirdsnews.com/warbirds-news/nakajima-kate-unveiled-pacific-aviation-museum-pearl-harbor.html|website=Warbirds News|access-date=29 April 2016|date=21 April 2016}}

File:Nakajima Kate.svg

{{Aircraft specs

|ref= Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War {{harvnb|Francillon|1970|p=416}}

|prime units?=met

|crew=3

|length m=10.3

|length note=

|span m=15.518

|span note=

|width m=

|width note=

|height m=3.7

|height note=

|wing area sqm=37.7

|wing area note=

|aspect ratio=

|airfoil=root: NN-5 mod (16%); tip: NN-5 mod (8%){{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}

|empty weight kg=2279

|empty weight note=

|gross weight kg=3800

|gross weight note=

|max takeoff weight kg=4100

|max takeoff weight note=

|fuel capacity=

|more general=

|eng1 number=1

|eng1 name=Nakajima Sakae 11

|eng1 type=14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine

|eng1 hp=1000

|eng1 note=for take-off

::::{{cvt|970|hp|order=flip}} at {{cvt|3000|m}}

|prop blade number=3

|prop name=constant-speed metal propeller

|prop dia m=

|prop dia note=

|max speed kmh=378

|max speed note=at {{cvt|3600|m}}

|cruise speed kmh=259

|cruise speed note=at {{cvt|3000|m}}

|stall speed kmh=

|stall speed note=

|never exceed speed kmh=

|never exceed speed note=

|range km=978

|range note=

|combat range km=

|combat range note=

|ferry range km=1991

|ferry range note=

|endurance=

|ceiling m=8260

|ceiling note=

|g limits=

|roll rate=

|climb rate ms=6.5

|climb rate note=

|time to altitude={{cvt|3000|m}} in 7 minutes 40 seconds

|wing loading kg/m2=100.8

|wing loading note=

|fuel consumption kg/km=

|power/mass={{cvt|0.119|hp/lb|kW/kg|order=flip}}

|more performance=

|guns=1 × 7.7 mm Type 92 machine gun 'Ru' (Lewis) in rear dorsal position, fed by hand loaded drum magazines of 97 rounds. A number of B5N1s were equipped with 2 × 7.7 Type 97 machine guns in the wings.

|bombs=1 × 800 kg (1,760 lb) Type 91 torpedo or 1 × 800 kg (1,760 lb) bomb or 2 × 250 kg (550 lb) bombs or 6 × 60 kg (132 lb) bombsWieliczko, Leszek (in Polish). Nakajima B5N (Kate). „Lotnictwo” No. 5/2018(199), p. 87.

}}

{{aircontent|

|related=

|similar aircraft=

• Douglas TBD Devastator
• Fairey Barracuda
• Mitsubishi B5M

|lists=

• List of aircraft of World War II
• List of military aircraft of Japan

|see also=

• Nakajima B6N

}}

{{Reflist}}

• Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. World Aircraft: World War II, Volume II (Sampson Low Guides). Maidenhead, UK: Sampson Low, 1978. {{ISBN|0-562-00096-8}}.
• {{cite book |last=Chambers |first=Mark A. |title=Nakajima B5N 'Kate' and B6N 'Jill' Units |volume=Combat Aircraft #119 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-1472818744 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXUpDwAAQBAJ}}
• {{cite book |last=Francillon |first=René J. |title=Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War |year=1970 |location=London |publisher=Putnam & Company Ltd. |isbn=0-370-30251-6}}
• Francillon, René J. Japanese Bombers of World War Two, Volume One. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Hylton Lacy Publishers Ltd., 1969. {{ISBN|0-85064-022-9}}.
• {{cite book |last=Lundstrom |first=John B. |year=2005a |edition=New |title=The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=1-59114-471-X}}
• {{cite book |last=Lundstrom |first=John B. |year=2005b |edition=New |title=First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=1-59114-472-8}}
• {{cite book |last=Mikesh |first=Robert C. |title=Japanese Aircraft Equipment: 1940-1945. |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=0764320971}}.
• {{cite book |last1=Parshall |first1=Jonathan |first2=Anthony |last2=Tully |title=Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway |year=2007 |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=Potomac Books Inc. |isbn=978-1-57488-924-6}}
• {{cite book|last=Tagaya|first=Osamu|year=2003|title= Imperial Japanese Naval Aviator 1937-45.|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1841763853}}
• {{cite book |last= Tagaya |first=Osamu |title=Aichi 99 Kanbaku 'Val' Units of World War 2 |year=2011 |location=Botley, UK |publisher=Osprey Publications |isbn=978-1-84176-912-7}}

{{Commons category|Nakajima B5N}}

• [https://www.pearlharboraviationmuseum.org/pearl-harbor-blog/nakajima-b5n2/ ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204014042/https://www.pearlharboraviationmuseum.org/pearl-harbor-blog/nakajima-b5n2/ |date=2018-12-04}}
• [http://www.combinedfleet.com/ijna/b5n.htm Nakajima B5N, Joao Paulo Julião Matsuura]
• [http://www.electraforge.com/brooke/flightsims/scenarios/coral_sea/frame3_pictorial.html Pictorial of B5N in multiplayer air-combat simulation of Battle of Coral Sea.]

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Category:Attack on Pearl Harbor

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