Nalik language

Speakers of Nalik reside in a series of villages in northern central New Ireland. The Nalik speaking region is an approximately {{convert|30|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}}-long band of the island that spans approximately {{convert|10|km|sp=us}} wide and is flanked on its north by the Kara-speaking region and to its south by speakers of Kuot, the only non-Austronesian language on New Ireland.

In the past, Lugagon, Fesoa, and Fessoa have been used to reference Nalik, which are all names of villages in the region.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nal|title=Nalik|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18}}

A Nalik phonology analysis was developed by Clive H. Beaumont.{{Cite book|title=Papers in linguistics of Melanesia / No. 3.|last=Beaumont, C.|date=1972|publisher=Linguistic Circle of Canberra|others=Tryon, Darrell Trevor,, Wurm, S. A. (Stephen Adolphe), 1922-2001|isbn=0858830833|location=Canberra|oclc=28991748}}{{Cite book |last=Volker |first=Craig A. |title=Nalik grammar (New Ireland, Papua New Guinea) |publisher=University of Hawaii |year=1994}}

In West Coast and Southern East Coast dialects and when preceded by vowels, {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/k/}}, two non-coronal voiceless stops, are transformed into fricatives. Additionally, the voiceless fricatives become voiced.

When immediately preceded by a vowel the following consonants change their voicing:

{{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/p/}} become [β] (written as v)

{{IPA|/s/}} becomes {{IPA|[z]}}

{{IPA|/k/}} becomes [ɣ] (written as x)

The following are examples of these characteristics:

Nouns in Nalik are categorized as being uncountable or countable nouns. Nouns can be part of a noun phrase or can be an independent subject referenced in a verbal complex. When used as subjects, some uncountable nouns are co-referential with plural subject markers; however, those are the exceptions and are usually marked with singular subject markers. With uncountable nouns, numerical markers cannot be used. Countable nouns, however, can be singular or plural and can be modified by numerical markers.

Variations in the third person non-singular pronouns are attributed to rapid speech and regional variants. In rapid speech {{lang|nal|naande}} often becomes {{lang|nal|nande}}. In the Northern Eastern Coast {{lang|nal|naande}} is the variant used. In the South East Coast {{lang|nal|naandi}} is the variant used. {{lang|nal|Naanda}} is used primarily by younger speakers from all areas.

Personal pronouns can notably be utilized in the same way as related nouns such as 'a woman' ({{lang|nal|a ravin}}) being replaced with 'she' ({{lang|nal|naan}}).

• {{lang|nal|A raivin ka na wut.}} ('The woman will come.')
• {{lang|nal|Naan ka na wut.}} ('She will come.')

The Nalik counting system is reflective of using one's hand to count and indicative of the style in which they do so. They begin with an open palm and bring individual fingers down per digit counted and the action of doing so is shown in their counting system. As such, the Nalik counting system contains elements of a base-five counting system; however, when proceeding past ten, the counting system uses elements of base ten.

The word for the number five, {{lang|nal|kavitmit}}, can be analyzed as the phrase {{lang|nal|ka vit mit}}: {{lang|nal|ka}} being a third-person indicator, {{lang|nal|vit}} being a negation particle, and {{lang|nal|mit}} meaning 'hand'. It can, therefore, be translated to 'no hand' as all fingers have been lowered.

The numbers six through nine are also representative of this pattern. In these numbers, the phrase describes the act of lowering additional fingers.

Past ten, the counting system starts to use combinations of ten in multiples of a number one to nine. Higher numbers in the hundreds use "ten squared" as a base.

Interrogatives in Nalik occur in the same position as adverbs, prepositional phrases, and nouns, and bear the same grammatical relations. Several interrogatives are built off the base word {{lang|nal|ze}}, meaning 'what'.

The Nalik language features an SVO sentence structure that is common to the languages of the New Ireland–Tolai languages.

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book

| last = Volker

| first = Dr. Craig

| title = The Nalik Language of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea

| isbn = 0-8204-3673-9 | year = 1998

| publisher = Peter Lang

}}

{{Meso-Melanesian languages}}

{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Languages of New Ireland Province

Category:Meso-Melanesian languages

Category:Subject–verb–object languages