Naming rights

File:Ct900.jpg baseball stadium in Philadelphia in August 2007; naming rights were purchased by Citizens Financial Group in 2003 for 20 years at $95 million.]]

File:Allianz Arena at night.jpg, Munich, Germany in November 2008, whose naming rights were purchased by the financial services company Allianz SE]]

File:20231227 09 Hawks win! (53707615097).jpg of the United Center during a Blackhawks game in December 2023. The arena first opened in 1994 with the naming rights from United Airlines.]]

Stadium naming has recently{{When|date=April 2025}} shifted to promote corporate trade names; previously naming rights were largely family names of company founders. The history of naming rights in the United States may date as far back as 1912, with the opening of Fenway Park in Boston. The stadium's owner owned a realty company called "Fenway Realty" (named for a nearby parkland), so the promotional value of the naming was likely considered.{{Cite book|title=Boston's Royal Rooters |author=Nash, Peter J. |year=2005 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=0-7385-3821-3 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa4xVOCgtt4C&pg=PA45}} However, it is more widely believed to begin in 1926 when William Wrigley, the chewing gum magnate and owner of the Chicago Cubs, named his team's stadium "Wrigley Field".

In 1953, Anheuser-Busch head and St. Louis Cardinals owner August Busch, Jr. proposed renaming Sportsman's Park, occupied by the Cardinals, "Budweiser Stadium".{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Qmg1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=xCMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3602%2C4272766 |newspaper=Times-News |location=Hendersonville, North Carolina |agency=United Press |title=Budweiser tag given baseball park in St. Louis |date=April 10, 1953 |page=8}} When this idea was rejected by Ford Frick, the Commissioner of Baseball at that time, Anheuser-Busch proposed the title "Busch Stadium" after a company founder. The name was approved, and Anheuser-Busch subsequently released "Busch Bavarian Beer" (now known as Busch Beer). The venue name was changed to Busch Memorial Stadium in 1966, and shortened to Busch Stadium in the 1970s. By the stadium's closure in 2005, Major League Baseball's policy for selling naming rights to non-owner corporations had changed –evidenced by Coors Field in Denver and Miller Park in Milwaukee (now known as American Family Field).

Foxboro Stadium, former home of the New England Patriots, was an early example of a team selling naming rights to a company that did not own it. The stadium bore the name Schaefer Stadium (after the beer company) from opening in 1971 until 1983. Anheuser-Busch retained naming rights after selling the Cardinals and used the Busch name for a new Cardinal stadium opening in 2006.

Public reaction to this practice is mixed. Naming rights sold to new venues is largely accepted, especially for well-established or locally-connected buyers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} Examples include Rich Stadium (now Highmark BlueCross BlueShield Stadium) in Orchard Park, Heinz Field (now Acrisure Stadium) in Pittsburgh, and Coors Field in Denver. Selling naming rights to existing venues has been less successful, as in the attempt to rename Candlestick Park in San Francisco to 3Com Park. The public (and some media outlets) continued to call it Candlestick Park, as it was known for over three decades. After 3Com's agreement expired, rights were sold to Monster Cable, and the stadium was renamed Monster Park. San Francisco voters responded by passing an initiative (Proposition H){{Cite web|url=http://www.smartvoter.org/2004/11/02/ca/sf/meas/H/|title=Proposition H: Naming the Stadium at Candlestick Point - San Francisco County, CA|website=www.smartvoter.org}} in the November 2004 elections, requiring name reversion to Candlestick Park once the contract with Monster expired in 2008. The initiative proved largely ceremonial, and was overturned by Proposition C in 2009 in response to difficult economic times.{{Cite web|url=https://courses.ischool.berkeley.edu/i202/f09/blog/prop-c-insert-name-highest-bidder-here-park.html|title=Prop C: [insert name of highest bidder here] Park | i202 Fall 2009|website=courses.ischool.berkeley.edu}} The naming rights to the park were never resold and the stadium was closed and demolished in 2014.

Sports stadiums with naming rights deals can be found in Australia, Japan, China, Finland, Canada, Israel and Germany, where eight of the 10 largest football stadiums sold their naming rights to corporate sponsors. The practice is widening in the United Kingdom as well. The current stadium of Bolton Wanderers is the Toughsheet Community Stadium (after 17 years as Reebok Stadium, four as Macron Stadium and five as the University of Bolton stadium) and Arsenal Football Club's stadium (opened for the 2006/2007 season) is the Emirates Stadium, their previous ground being Arsenal Stadium. In cricket, the most famous example is The Oval, home of Surrey County Cricket Club. It has had several sponsors over the years, and is currently known as "The Kia Oval", having originally been known as the "Kennington Oval", after the London district it is located within.

{{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=November 2010}}

{{more citations needed section|date=February 2017}}

While the highest prices have traditionally been paid for stadium naming rights, many companies and individuals have found that selling their naming rights can be an important consideration in funding their business. Since the early 2000s, many new categories have opened, including the sale of rights to name a species of monkey for $650,000.[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7493711 Internet Casino buys monkey naming rights] Associated Press (2005), nbcnews.com

File:Penn medicine station 1.jpg, with naming rights acquired by the University of Pennsylvania Health System]]

Naming rights to public transit stations have been sold in Las Vegas and Philadelphia (NRG station, Jefferson Station, and Penn Medicine Station).[http://www.septa.org/media/releases/2010/06-24.html "SEPTA Board Approves Station Naming Rights Agreement"], SEPTA Similar sales were contemplated in New York[http://www.gothamist.com/archives/2005/01/19/a_subway_subway.php "A Subway Subway?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614202209/http://www.gothamist.com/archives/2005/01/19/a_subway_subway.php |date=2006-06-14 }}, Gothamist and Boston, and ruled out in San Francisco.{{Cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0226-01.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182807/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0226-01.htm|title=Subway Sponsor Plan Irks Some Bostonians|archivedate=July 16, 2012}} A sponsorship for the MBTA's State Street station by Citizens Bank lasted from 1997 to 2000. In Tampa, naming rights for streetcar stations and rolling stock are available.{{cite web|url=http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/advertising/streetcar_ratecard.pdf|title=TECO Line Ad Rates|website=tecolinestreetcar.org}}

In December 2016, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority approved a naming rights policy for its facilities and routes, but rescinded the policy two months later over potential lawsuits for skipping sponsors.{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Laura J. |date=December 27, 2016 |title='I just hope it's not too awkward': The names of Metro stations and bus lines are now for sale |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-metro-corporate-naming-policy-20161227-story.html |work=The Los Angeles Times |access-date=February 24, 2017}}{{cite news |last=Scauzillo |first=Steve |date=February 23, 2017 |title=Metro rescinds policy to sell corporate naming rights to rail lines, stations |url=http://www.sgvtribune.com/general-news/20170223/metro-rescinds-policy-to-sell-corporate-naming-rights-to-rail-lines-stations |work=San Gabriel Valley Tribune |access-date=February 24, 2017}}

Examples outside of the United States include Madrid Metro, where Line 2 and the station Sol were renamed from 2013 to 2016 after mobile phone operator Vodafone,{{Cite news|last=EFE|date=2016-06-02|title=La estación de Sol recupera su nombre y pierde el 'apellido' Vodafone|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2016/06/01/madrid/1464772817_857166.html|access-date=2021-11-18|issn=1134-6582}} and Monumento Station in the Manila Light Rail Transit System in the Philippines, which was renamed Yamaha Monumento Station in 2018, after renovations.{{cite web |url=https://www.pharpartnerships.com/pharnews/2018/2/21/lrt-1-station-is-now-yamaha-monumento |title=LRT-1 Station is now Yamaha Monumento |work=PHAR |date=February 14, 2018 |access-date=August 2, 2020}}

{{see also|English football sponsorship}}

Naming rights in sports are common for competitions and series as well as stadiums. Some sports teams adopt a name of the sponsor as their team or club name (see List of sports clubs named after a sponsor)

In association football, leagues and cup competitions sometimes adopt the name of their sponsors. For example, England's Premier League was known as the Barclays Premier League until 2016, and its FA Cup is officially the Emirates FA Cup.{{cite news |last=Gibson |first=Owen |date=April 28, 2015 |title=FA Cup set to be renamed in £30m Emirates sponsorship deal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/apr/28/fa-cup-sponsorship-emirates |work=The Guardian |access-date=February 24, 2017}} As part of a rebranding, the Premier League announced in 2015 that it would not accept a title sponsorship beginning in the 2016–17 season, citing a desire to have a cleaner branding more in line with U.S. professional leagues.{{cite news |date=June 4, 2015 |title=Premier League closes door on title sponsorship from 2016-17 season |url=http://www.espnfc.com/barclays-premier-league/story/2479193/premier-league-closes-door-on-sponsorship-from-2016-17 |work=ESPN FC |access-date=February 24, 2017}} Since 2020, the French Professional Football Ligue has adopted the name of Ligue 1 McDonald's.

File:2011 Alamo Bowl Terrance Ganaway touchdown.jpg, with the logo of the corporate sponsor, Valero, at mid-field]]

In college football, most bowl games modify their traditional names for title sponsors, and some abandon their traditional names. Most include their traditional name (e.g. the "Rose Bowl Game presented by Prudential", "Allstate Sugar Bowl"), but have moved to sponsor-only names (e.g. the Gator Bowl was known for four playings as the TaxSlayer Bowl), a move typically unpopular with fans.{{cite book|title=Sports Sponsorship: Principles and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQs3AAAAQBAJ|pages=70–76| isbn=978-0-7864-7431-8 | last1=Fortunato | first1=John A. | date=14 August 2013 | publisher=McFarland }}

Some newer games have only had sponsored names; the Sunshine Football Classic in Miami was first played in 1990 as the Blockbuster Bowl, and has gone through multiple sponsorships since, including Carquest, MicronPC, Mazda, Champs Sports, Russell Athletic, Camping World, Cheez-It, and Pop-Tarts. The game briefly included "Tangerine Bowl" in its name following its re-location to Orlando (in an homage to the original branding of the Citrus Bowl), but has since had only sponsor names.{{Cite web |last= |date=1989-06-16 |title=ORGANIZERS OPTIMISTIC ABOUT SUNSHINE FOOTBALL CLASSIC |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1989/06/16/organizers-optimistic-about-sunshine-football-classic/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Sun Sentinel |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=1990-12-30 |title=PROMOTION-WISE, IT WAS A BLOCKBUSTER |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1990/12/30/promotion-wise-it-was-a-blockbuster-2/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Sun Sentinel |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=The Hurricanes eagerly await Pop-Tarts Bowl, the internet's favorite bowl game |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/2024/12/17/hurricanes-pop-tarts/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Sun Sentinel |language=en-US}}

Team names and even whole leagues have occasionally been sold to corporate sponsors as well (examples include the New York Red Bulls in the former case, the NET10 Wireless Arena Football League for the latter), but this is generally rare in the United States and more common in other parts of the world.

During the 1980s, sanctioned auto races in NASCAR and IndyCar began to abandon their traditional names for exclusive sponsor names. The trend expanded rapidly in NASCAR until races in the 2019 Winston Cup Series featured sponsor names (including the Daytona 500, which was given a presenting sponsor as the Daytona 500 by STP), with little or no reference to original names. In the 2010s, very few exceptions remained in NASCAR (such as the Daytona 500, which no longer uses the presenting sponsor), and races without sponsor names are typically due to difficulty securing a suitable sponsor. IndyCar follows suit, with most races embracing title sponsorship; the Indianapolis 500 was an exception until 2016, when it added a presenting sponsor for the first time.{{cite news |last1=Brady |first1=Eric |last2=Cavin |first2=Curt |date=January 21, 2016 |title=Indianapolis 500 stays in the family with sponsor deal |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/motor/indycar/2016/01/21/indianapolis-500-sponsor-100th-anniversary/79129130/ |access-date=May 1, 2016 |work=USA Today |publisher=Gannett Company |location=Indianapolis}}{{cite news |last1=Brady |first1=Eric |last2=Cavin |first2=Curt |date=January 22, 2016 |title=Indy 500 gets presenting sponsor in 3-year deal worth about $5 million |url=http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/2016/01/21/exclusive-indy-500-gets-presenting-sponsor-3-year-deal-worth-45-million/79122302/ |access-date=May 1, 2016 |work=The Indianapolis Star |publisher=Gannett Company}} Sports media coverage (such as ESPN news reports) typically refer to races by the location of the track, avoiding the use of sponsored names in news coverage.{{cite book|title=The 200 MPH Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCyjVKHVpNkC|pages=36–38| isbn=978-0-7603-2812-5 | last1=Yost | first1=Mark | date=15 August 2007 | publisher=Motorbooks }}

Television and radio series, especially in the early days of each medium, frequently sold naming rights of their programs to sponsors, most of whom bankrolled the program. Examples include The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour,{{cite book|title=The Rise of Yeast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu9IDwAAQBAJ|page=67 |first=Nicholas P. |last=Money |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2018 |isbn=978-0198749707}} Texaco Star Theatre and The Philco Television Playhouse. This form of sponsorship fell out of favor in the late 1950s, although later examples include Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom, which originally aired from 1963 to 1988. One of the last surviving examples is the now irregularly-airing Hallmark Hall of Fame, on the air since 1951.

The International Star Registry is a commercial company that since 1979 has sold unofficial naming rights to stars (i.e., the astronomical objects). The naming services are limited to an entry in a book, and carry no scientific or official authenticity according to professional astronomers.{{cite book|author=Bob Berman|title=Strange Universe: The Weird and Wild Science of Everyday Life--on Earth and Beyond|url=https://archive.org/details/strangeuniversew00berm|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-7328-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/strangeuniversew00berm/page/158 158]}}ISR FAQ, [http://www.starregistry.com/faq.cfm FAQ] from International Star Registry{{cite book|title=Bad Astronomy|author=Philip C. Plait|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0-471-40976-6|author-link=Phil Plait|date=2002-03-05}}"The OFFICIAL Star Naming FAQ" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20031008085352/http://home.columbus.rr.com/starfaq/ archived] at Internet Archive

Naming or renaming of arenas, buildings, or events is often met with public disapproval, especially in the UK and the United States. Some people consider it selling out,[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4485821.stm "Glastonbury: a corporate sell-out?"], BBC[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/aug/26/3 "Dreading festival"], The Guardian, 26 August 2005{{cite web|url=https://www.golfchannel.com/|title=Golf News, Tournaments, Tours & Leaderboards|website=Golf Channel}}[http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/comments/0,22023,24540298-661,00.html "Farewell Telstra Dome"], Herald Sun especially when they see no benefit to themselves. They may refuse to use a new name, preferring to use a non-branded name, especially in colloquial situations. Rebranding can also lead to confusion.{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/columnists/david-lister/david-lister-could-o2-stop-spoiling-my-rock-gigs-1001097.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/columnists/david-lister/david-lister-could-o2-stop-spoiling-my-rock-gigs-1001097.html |archive-date=2022-06-18 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=David Lister: Could O2 stop spoiling my rock gigs? |last1=Lister |first1=David |date=2008-11-08 |work=The Independent |access-date=16 May 2011}} In such cases, there may be a lengthy period during which the property is known by both names. A common example is Willis Tower in Chicago, often referred to as the "Sears Tower", even though the building was sold in 1994 (but retained its former name until 2003).{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=Edward |date=5 June 2019 |title=Chicagoans Refuse to Call These Places by Their Real Names |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/june-2019/chicagoans-refuse-to-call-these-places-by-their-real-names/ |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=Chicago Magazine }}

Some major events—particularly the Olympic and Paralympic Games, as well as FIFA tournaments—prohibit the use of corporate sponsored names on venues, construing the practice as ambush marketing. Affected venues are given a generic name for the duration of the event (e.g., General Motors Place was referred to as "Canada Hockey Place" during the 2010 Winter Olympics), and sponsored signage is obscured or removed.{{cite book |last1=Louw |first1=Andre M. |title=Ambush marketing and the mega-event monopoly how laws are abused to protect commercial rights to major sporting events |date=2012 |publisher=T. M. C. Asser Press |isbn=978-90-6704-864-4 |location=The Hague, The Netherlands}}{{cite web |title=GM Place renamed Rogers Arena |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/gm-place-renamed-rogers-arena-1.923708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820141408/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/gm-place-renamed-rogers-arena-1.923708 |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015 |publisher=CBC News}} The Olympics also enforce a "clean venue" rule prohibiting most corporate logos—even for official sponsors—from venues, although the Paralympics allow the logos of official sponsors to be displayed in-venue.{{cite news |last=Gibson |first=Owen |title=Paralympics reignite the Olympic buzz but with added twists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/30/london-paralympics-olympics-differences-similiarities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315233321/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/30/london-paralympics-olympics-differences-similiarities |archive-date=2014-03-15 |access-date=31 August 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian}}{{cite news |last1=Dean |first1=Jason |date=17 August 2008 |title=Ignore That Logo Under the Tape! |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121885240984946511 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711095935/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121885240984946511 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}

Regina, Saskatchewan's "Evraz Place" was renamed Regina Exhibition Association Limited (REAL) District indoor event complex. Discussing its rebranding, the owner recalled the complex had sometimes received shipments and communications meant for the Evraz steel company due to the mistaken belief that the steel company's North American division was based there.

Nonprofit organizations have the option to recognize major gifts by bestowing naming rights to a property to recognize the donor's financial support. This practice is not considered a private sector financial transaction. For example, in honor of more than $60 million cumulatively donated by one sponsor to the National Air and Space Museum properties, the directors of the Smithsonian Institution named its satellite facility in Loudoun County, Virginia, after the donor, calling it the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-centurys-roar-and-buzz-96331504/ |last=Small |first=Lawrence M. |authorlink=Lawrence M. Small |title=A Century's Roar and Buzz: Thanks to an immigrant's generosity, the Steven Udvar-Hazy Center opens its massive doors to the public |magazine=Smithsonian |date=December 2003 |accessdate=January 14, 2024}}

Walgreen Coast, a portion of the coast of Antarctica, was named because the Walgreens pharmacy chain sponsored the Byrd Antarctic Expedition.{{cite web|url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:16206|title=Antarctica Detail|website=geonames.usgs.gov}}

• Sponsor (commercial)

{{Reflist|2}}

• [https://www.espn.com/sportsbusiness/s/stadiumnames.html List of American corporate-named sports venues] on ESPN.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naming Rights}}

Category:Brand management

Category:Toponymy

Category:Sponsorships

Category:Sports venues

Category:Stadiums