National Unity Government of Myanmar
{{Short description|Government in exile formed in 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_name = National Unity Government
| cabinet_number =
| cabinet_type =
| jurisdiction = Myanmar in exile
| flag = State seal of Myanmar.svg
| flag_border = true
| flag_width =
| incumbent =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date_formed = {{Start date and age|2021|4|16|df=y}}
| date_dissolved =
| state_head_title = President
| state_head = Duwa Lashi La (acting)
| government_head_title = Prime Minister
| government_head = Mahn Win Khaing Than
| members_number = 28
| last_election = 2020 Myanmar general election
| legislature_term =
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =
| incoming_formation = 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
leads to formation of the
NUG in exile
| outgoing_formation =
| predecessor = Acting Cabinet of the CRPH
| successor =
}}
{{Politics of Myanmar|expanded=Exile}}
The National Unity Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar ({{langx|my|အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေး အစိုးရ}}; abbreviated NUG) is a Myanmar government in exile formed by the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (CRPH), a group of elected lawmakers and members of parliament ousted in the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. The European Parliament has recognized the NUG as the legitimate government of Myanmar. It includes representatives of the National League for Democracy (the deposed ruling party of former state counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi), ethnic minority insurgent groups, and various minor parties.{{cite news |last1=Nachemson |first1=Andrew |title=Myanmar diaspora in US rally, raise funds in battle against coup |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/24/myanmar-people-in-us-protest-raise-funds-to-battle-coup-leaders |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602031542/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/24/myanmar-people-in-us-protest-raise-funds-to-battle-coup-leaders |url-status=live }}
The State Administration Council (SAC)—the country's ruling military junta—has declared the NUG illegal{{Cite web|date=21 April 2021|title=Myanmar activists hold 'blue shirt' protests; report says junta chief to attend summit|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmar-sees-blue-shirt-protests-over-detentions-junta-outlaws-unity-govt-2021-04-21/|access-date=22 April 2021|website=Reuters|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427183627/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmar-sees-blue-shirt-protests-over-detentions-junta-outlaws-unity-govt-2021-04-21/|url-status=live}} and a terrorist organization,{{cite news|date=8 May 2021|title=Myanmar junta designates shadow government as 'terrorist' group|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/myanmar-junta-designates-shadow-government-as-terrorist-group/a-57473057|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509101115/https://www.dw.com/en/myanmar-junta-designates-shadow-government-as-terrorist-group/a-57473057|url-status=live}} while the NUG designated the Tatmadaw and its affiliated organizations as terrorist organizations under Section 3 of Myanmar's Counter-Terrorism Law.{{Cite web |title="Announcement on Counter Terrorism and Designation of Terrorist Organizations" |url=https://gov.nugmyanmar.org/2021/06/18/announcement-on-counter-terrorism-and-designation-of-terrorist-organizations/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |language=en-US}}
In May 2021, the NUG announced the formation of a "People's Defense Force", and in September the launch of a defensive war and nationwide revolution against the military junta.{{cite news |author=Strangio |first=Sebastian |date=6 May 2021 |title=Can Myanmar's New 'People's Defense Force' Succeed? |work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/can-myanmars-new-peoples-defense-force-succeed/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509135933/https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/can-myanmars-new-peoples-defense-force-succeed/ |archive-date=9 May 2021}}{{cite news |date=7 September 2021 |title=Myanmar shadow government launches 'people's defensive war' |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/myanmar-shadow-government-launches-peoples-defensive-war |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908001916/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/myanmar-shadow-government-launches-peoples-defensive-war |archive-date=8 September 2021}} As of September 2021, the NUG had established representative offices in the United States, United Kingdom, Norway, France, Czech Republic, Australia, and South Korea.{{Cite web|date=18 September 2021|title=Myanmar shadow government sets up office in South Korea|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Myanmar-shadow-government-sets-up-office-in-South-Korea|url-status=live|access-date=8 October 2021|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007221448/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Myanmar-shadow-government-sets-up-office-in-South-Korea}} On 1 February 2022, the Foreign Affairs Ministry of the NUG appointed Saw Ba Hla Thein as the first representative to Japan.{{Cite news|date=8 February 2022|title="Can it be said that Japan exercises the fence-sitting policy? I think it may be the Japanese government's policy. In my view, Japan may give favour to the side which gets the upper hand." Saw Ba Hla Thein the NUG's representative to Japan|work=Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=https://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/309868/|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215125402/https://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/309868/|url-status=live}}
Although the NUG is widely described as a government-in-exile, it has not declared a temporary capital in another country or in Myanmar, and instead conducts its operations remotely and from hiding within Myanmar.
History
Following the 1 February 2021 military coup, a Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (the Myanmar legislature) was created by members of the National League for Democracy (NLD) who had been elected as lawmakers in the 2020 general election.{{Cite news|date=5 February 2021|title=Myanmar politicians defy coup, say they are true government|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-coup-politicians-a576dcd73070070877e8d567ec5e8a5c|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020032215/https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-coup-politicians-a576dcd73070070877e8d567ec5e8a5c|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|date=8 February 2021|title=Amid Coup, Myanmar's NLD Lawmakers Form Committee to Serve as Legitimate Parliament|work=The Irrawaddy|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/amid-coup-myanmars-nld-lawmakers-form-committee-serve-legitimate-parliament.html|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227061607/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/amid-coup-myanmars-nld-lawmakers-form-committee-serve-legitimate-parliament.html|url-status=live}} It claimed to be the legitimate legislative authority for Myanmar. It named a set of office-holders of the National Unity Government on 16 April, which included members of the NLD, other parties and independents.{{Cite news |date=16 April 2021 |title=CRPH announces lineup of interim 'national unity government' |work=Myanmar Now |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/crph-announces-lineup-of-interim-national-unity-government/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908152031/https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/crph-announces-lineup-of-interim-national-unity-government |archive-date=8 September 2021}}
The NUG immediately sought international recognition as the government of Myanmar and gained much support from the people of Myanmar.{{Cite web |date=18 April 2021 |title=Myanmar unity government says it must be part of any ASEAN bid to end crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmar-unity-government-says-it-must-be-part-any-asean-bid-end-crisis-2021-04-18/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510060721/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmar-unity-government-says-it-must-be-part-any-asean-bid-end-crisis-2021-04-18/ |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=Reuters}} When the NUG was announced, its designated minister for home affairs and immigration, Lwin Ko Latt, stated that he expected recognition by several countries soon.{{Cite web|title=Some countries will officially recognise Myanmar's shadow government in the coming days, says new minister|url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/some-countries-will-officially-recognise-myanmars-shadow-government-in-the-coming-days-says-new|access-date=22 April 2021|website=Myanmar NOW|date=15 April 2021 |language=en|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506082443/https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/some-countries-will-officially-recognise-myanmars-shadow-government-in-the-coming-days-says-new|url-status=live}} The International Trade Union Confederation called for recognition of the NUG by governments and the United Nations,{{Cite web|title=Myanmar: National unity government must be recognised|url=https://www.ituc-csi.org/myanmar-national-unity-government|access-date=22 April 2021|website=www.ituc-csi.org|date=19 April 2021 |language=en|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507125020/https://www.ituc-csi.org/myanmar-national-unity-government|url-status=live}} and the ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights, a group of pro-human rights lawmakers within ASEAN countries, called on ASEAN to invite to the ASEAN Leaders Meeting on 24 April the NUG rather than representatives of the military junta.{{Cite news|date=20 April 2021|title=Myanmar's National Unity Government must be invited to this week's ASEAN Special Summit, MPs say|url=https://aseanmp.org/2021/04/20/myanmars-national-unity-government-must-be-invited-to-this-weeks-asean-special-summit-mps-say/|access-date=22 April 2021|website=ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights|language=en-US|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428023046/https://aseanmp.org/2021/04/20/myanmars-national-unity-government-must-be-invited-to-this-weeks-asean-special-summit-mps-say/|url-status=live}}
In April 2021, the NUG established Public Voice Television (PVTV) as a media outlet for the NUG, the CRPH, and NUCC.{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=Junta suffers heavy casualties and thousands remain displaced as military offensive in Karen State intensifies |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/junta-suffers-heavy-casualties-and-thousands-remain-displaced-as-military-offensive-in-karen |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Myanmar NOW |language=en}} PVTV hosts a series of programmes, including a satirical show called People's Voice TV, and news reports.{{Cite web |last=Win |first=Zin Mar |date=2022-05-05 |title=Outspoken news anchor reports from Myanmar's jungles amid media crackdown |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/journalist-jungle-01112022125727.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Radio Free Asia |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-01-06 |title=No News About Pro-Democracy Broadcaster's Family Held by Myanmar Junta |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/no-news-about-pro-democracy-broadcasters-family-held-by-myanmar-junta.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}
On 5 May 2021, the NUG announced the formation of the People's Defense Force as its armed wing to launch an armed revolution against the military junta, which designated it a terrorist organization on 8 May.
On 7 September 2021, the NUG announced the launch of a defensive war against the military junta, and urged the citizens to revolt against the junta in every corner of the country.
On 6 October 2021, Malaysia's foreign minister Saifuddin Abdullah warned the Burmese military it was prepared to hold official talks with the NUG if the military did not cooperate with the terms of ASEAN's five-point consensus.{{Cite web|date=6 October 2021|title=Malaysia to Talk to Myanmar's Parallel Govt if Junta Fails to Cooperate With ASEAN|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/malaysia-to-talk-to-myanmars-parallel-govt-if-junta-fails-to-cooperate-with-asean.html|access-date=8 October 2021|website=The Irrawaddy|language=en-US|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227043800/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/malaysia-to-talk-to-myanmars-parallel-govt-if-junta-fails-to-cooperate-with-asean.html|url-status=live}} On 24 October, the Foreign Affairs Ministry appointed Bo Hla Tint, who had served as a minister in the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, as an ambassador to ASEAN.{{cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/burmese/news/nug-appointed-bohlatint-as-asean-ambassador-10262021061940.html|title=NUG appoints U Bo Hla Tint as an ambassador to ASEAN|date=26 October 2021|website=Radio Free Asia|language=Burmese|access-date=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812103902/https://www.rfa.org/burmese/news/nug-appointed-bohlatint-as-asean-ambassador-10262021061940.html|url-status=live}}
On 26 April 2022, Lwin Ko Latt, the Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration, announced the formation of the Bureau of Special Intelligence. The announcement also mentioned that due to arbitrary arrests, torture, killings, and other acts by the SAC within the country through the exercise of people's power, the Bureau of Special Intelligence was set up to build national security that would ensure the social security and socio-economic development of the people while preventing violence.{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/mohaimyanmar/posts/307775461516355|title=အမိန့်ကြော်ငြာစာအမှတ် (၀၄/ ၂၀၂၂)|trans-title=Notification No. (04/2022)|date=25 April 2022|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration - Myanmar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911133655/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fmohaimyanmar%2Fposts%2F307775461516355|archive-date=11 September 2022 }} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=May 2022}}
On 7 September 2022, NUG acting president Duwa Lashi La stated that the regime had lost control of half of the country, noting that NUG had formed over 300 PDF battalions, and township public defence forces in 250 of the country's townships, while approximately 1,500 resistance fighers had died since the coup.{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=NUG: We Control Over Half of Myanmar's Territory |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/nug-we-control-over-half-of-myanmars-territory.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}
On 6 February 2023, NUG stated that it had restored internet access in at least 15 townships where the junta had cut off access since 2021. NUG spokesman Nay Phone Latt also added that they were providing access without using the junta's infrastructure.{{cite news|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmars-civilian-government-provides-internet-in-rebel-held-territory.html|title=Myanmar's Civilian Government Provides Internet in Rebel-Held Territory|date=2023-02-06|access-date=2023-02-07|language=en-US|work=The Irrawaddy}} On 13 February, the NUG opened an official liaison office in Washington, DC to engage with the American government.{{Cite web |last=Strangio |first=Sebastian |date=2023-02-16 |title=Myanmar's National Unity Government Opens Office in Washington |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/myanmars-national-unity-government-opens-office-in-washington/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219144720/https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/myanmars-national-unity-government-opens-office-in-washington/ |archive-date=19 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}
On 17 September 2023, the NUG's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC) stated it dissolved the Myanmar Gems and Jewellery Entrepreneurs Association (MGJEA) for providing tax revenue to the SAC.{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=Regime claims 605 police officers killed since coup; NUG 'dissolves' jewelry association |url=https://english.dvb.no/regime-claims-605-police-officers-killed-since-coup-nug-dissolves-jewelry-association/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |language=en-US}}
In April 2024, a significant blow to the Myanmar junta, an anti-army alliance launched drone strikes on military targets in the capital, Naypyitaw. NUG confirmed the strikes, causing casualties. The attack targeted the airport compound, about 25km southwest of military headquarters.{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |title=Myanmar pro-democracy resistance group stages 'most powerful drone attack' on military-run capital |date=4 April 2024 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/southeast-asia/myanmar-military-drone-strikes-naypyitaw-b2523271.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405082603/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/southeast-asia/myanmar-military-drone-strikes-naypyitaw-b2523271.html |archive-date=5 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024}}
In September 2024, the Indian Council of World Affairs invited representatives of the NUG, Arakan Army, Chin National Front, and Kachin Independence Army to participate in a mid-November seminar on "Constitutionalism and Federalism". [https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-extends-unprecedented-invite-myanmars-anti-junta-forces-sources-say-2024-09-23/ Exclusive: India extends unprecedented invite to Myanmar's anti-junta forces, sources say]. Reuters. September 23, 2024. Wa Lone and Devjyot Ghoshal {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/eCSKZ|date=September 24, 2024}}
In January 2025, Lwin Ko Latt stated that the NUG will be headquartered in Sagaing Region and ministerial offices would be opened in this month in the liberated areas within the region.{{cite news|title=NUG decides to headquarter in Sagaing|url=https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/60344/|date=14 January 2025|lang = Burmese|work=Myanmar Now}}
International relations
In April 2021, Building and Wood Workers' International announced its support of NUG and called for the international community to recognise NUG's legitimacy.{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=BWI backs Myanmar's National Unity Government |url=https://www.bwint.org/cms/bwi-backs-myanmars-national-unity-government-2271 |website=BWI}}
In September 2021, in the lead up to the 76th United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), the UN had been expected to make a formal decision on recognizing the legitimate government of Myanmar.{{Cite web|last=Simpson|first=Adam|title=Two governments claim to run Myanmar. So, who gets the country's seat at the UN?|url=http://theconversation.com/two-governments-claim-to-run-myanmar-so-who-gets-the-countrys-seat-at-the-un-167885|access-date=8 October 2021|website=The Conversation|date=24 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201083909/https://theconversation.com/two-governments-claim-to-run-myanmar-so-who-gets-the-countrys-seat-at-the-un-167885|url-status=live}} Ahead of the UNGA, major global labour unions issued a statement calling for a global day of action for Myanmar, specifically calling on international governments to recognise NUG and for humanitarian assistance to be provided solely through NUG channels.{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Global unions press UN to recognise Myanmar's NUG |url=https://www.bwint.org/cms/global-unions-press-un-to-recognise-myanmars-nug-2424 |website=BWI}} A behind-the-scenes compromise between China and the US prevented the Burmese military's representatives from attending the UNGA session, effectively forestalling a decision to replace Kyaw Moe Tun, the incumbent Permanent Representative of Myanmar who represents the NUG.{{Cite news|title=Interview: 'I Do Not Feel Worried at All Now,' Myanmar Envoy Says of Foiled Attack|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/envoy-interview-08092021160539.html|access-date=8 October 2021|website=Radio Free Asia|language=en|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219231640/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/envoy-interview-08092021160539.html|url-status=live}} As of 12 April 2024, the United Nations list of Heads of State, Heads of Government, and Ministers for Foreign Affairs of all Member States continues to list Win Myint as President of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and Aung San Suu Kyi as Minister of Foreign Affairs.{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/dgacm/sites/www.un.org.dgacm/files/Documents_Protocol/hspmfmlist.pdf|title=HEADS OF STATE HEADS OF GOVERNMENT MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS|publisher=United Nations|access-date=8 April 2023}}
On 5 October 2021, the French Senate unanimously passed a resolution to formally recognize the NUG as the official government of Myanmar, and sent it to the National Assembly for passage.{{Cite web|date=7 October 2021|title=French Senate Recognises Myanmar National Unity Government|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO2110/S00065/french-senate-recognises-myanmar-national-unity-government.htm|url-status=live|access-date=8 October 2021|website=Scoop News|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008045003/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO2110/S00065/french-senate-recognises-myanmar-national-unity-government.htm}}{{Cite web|title=proposition de résolution en application de l'article 34-1 de la Constitution, portant sur la nécessité de reconnaître le Gouvernement d'unité nationale de Birmanie|url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/tas21-002.html|access-date=8 October 2021|website=www.senat.fr|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006191954/http://www.senat.fr/leg/tas21-002.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Cabot |first1=Cyrielle |title=Myanmar coup anniversary: Government in exile urges France to act against junta |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20220201-myanmar-coup-anniversary-government-in-exile-urges-france-to-act-against-junta |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=France 24 |date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321051042/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20220201-myanmar-coup-anniversary-government-in-exile-urges-france-to-act-against-junta |url-status=live }} On 7 October 2021, the European Parliament adopted a resolution that recognizes the CRPH and the NUG as the only legitimate representatives of Myanmar.{{Cite web|date=8 October 2021|title=European Parliament Throws Support Behind Myanmar's Shadow Government|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/european-parliament-throws-support-behind-myanmars-shadow-government.html|access-date=9 October 2021|website=The Irrawaddy|language=en-US|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227043447/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/european-parliament-throws-support-behind-myanmars-shadow-government.html|url-status=live}}
Since ASEAN implemented the Five-Point Consensus with respect to the Myanmar situation in April 2021, the military-led State Administration Council has not honoured its commitment to the peace plan.{{Cite web |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=2022-09-13 |title=Asean leaders will have to assess progress of Myanmar peace plans: Vivian Balakrishnan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/asean-leaders-will-have-to-assess-progress-of-myanmar-peace-plans-vivian-balakrishnan |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}} ASEAN member states, particularly Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, have publicly expressed their dissatisfaction with SAC's continued intransigence.{{Cite web |last1=Seah |first1=Sharon |last2=Thuzar |first2=Moe |date=2022-07-04 |title=Has ASEAN Reached the Point of Diminishing Returns with Myanmar? |url=https://fulcrum.sg/has-asean-reached-the-point-of-diminishing-returns-with-myanmar/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=FULCRUM |language=en-US}} In May 2022, Malaysia's foreign minister, Saifuddin Abdullah, publicly called on ASEAN member states to begin informally engaging NUG.{{Cite web |last=Strangio |first=Sebastian |date=May 12, 2022 |title=Malaysian FM Says ASEAN Envoy 'Welcomes' Idea of Engaging Myanmar's NUG |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/malaysian-fm-says-asean-envoy-welcomes-idea-of-engaging-myanmars-nug/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514081822/https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/malaysian-fm-says-asean-envoy-welcomes-idea-of-engaging-myanmars-nug/ |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Zsombor |date=8 May 2022 |title=Malaysia Suggests ASEAN Engage Myanmar's Shadow Government |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/malaysia-suggests-asean-engage-myanmar-s-shadow-government/6562525.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=VOA |language=en}} The suggestion prompted a protest from SAC.{{Cite web |last=Strangio |first=Sebastian |date=4 May 2022 |title=Myanmar Junta Rejects Suggestion that ASEAN Engage Shadow Government |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/myanmar-junta-rejects-suggestion-that-asean-engage-shadow-government/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506100121/https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/myanmar-junta-rejects-suggestion-that-asean-engage-shadow-government/ |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}} On 20 September 2022, Malaysia became the first ASEAN member state to publicly engage with the competing NUG.{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Malaysian Foreign Minister Meets With Myanmar's Parallel Civilian Govt |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/malaysian-foreign-minister-meets-with-myanmars-parallel-civilian-govt.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}
The NUG has called on the People's Defence Force to not target Chinese projects. Additionally, it reportedly sent congratulatory letters to Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping after the 20th CCP National Congress in October 2022.{{Cite news |last1=Chau |first1=Thompson |last2=Oo |first2=Dominic |date=11 January 2023 |title=Did China deliver a snub to Myanmar's military regime? |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/11/beijing-delivers-subtle-snub-to-myanmars-military-regime |access-date=24 March 2023}} In January 2024, it published a 10-point policy paper on China, describing it as "a specifically important country, not only for close, profound historical ties between the two countries but also for China's status as a global superpower". It also pledged support the one-China principle and expand economic ties.{{Cite news |last=Bermingham |first=Finbarr |date=28 April 2024 |title=Myanmar's opposition foreign minister urges China to stop 'arms deals' with ruling junta |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3260590/myanmars-opposition-foreign-minister-urges-china-stop-arms-deals-ruling-junta |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=South China Morning Post}}
In November 2021 and December 2023, the Inter-Parliamentary Union affirmed that the NUG's parent organisation, the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, is the legitimate interlocutor for Myanmar and its members are able to participate in the official business of the IPU as observers.[https://crphmyanmar.org/ Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Official Website]/
Funding and revenues
In May 2022, the NUG announced it had raised $42 million USD from fundraising activities, with the majority of revenues spent on weapons and support for civil servants on strike.{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16 |title=Myanmar Parallel Govt's Online Lottery Sells Out in About an Hour |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-parallel-govts-online-lottery-sells-out-in-about-an-hour.html |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2022-05-22 |title=NUG Ministry of Planning, Finance and Investment receives $42 million from fundraising |url=https://mizzima.com/article/nug-ministry-planning-finance-and-investment-receives-42-million-fundraising |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Mizzima Myanmar News and Insight |language=en}} It has launched a number of successful initiatives, including the sale of Spring Revolution treasury bonds, an online lottery, and the sale of military-linked land and properties. Most NUG donors live abroad, and limited evidence suggests the Burmese diaspora in Singapore is the primary source of funding.{{Cite web |date=2022-12-20 |title=Crowdfunding a War: The Money behind Myanmar's Resistance - Myanmar |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/crowdfunding-war-money-behind-myanmars-resistance |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}} The NUG has also encouraged Burmese-based companies and taxpayers to redirect taxes to the NUG, instead of the military regime. The NUG has also launched NUGPay, a parallel digital currency system.
In May 2022, the NUG raised $10 million from the sale of Min Aung Hlaing's Yangon home on Inya Lake Road.{{Cite news |date=2022-10-03 |title=NUG Raises Over US$9 Million Selling Land Illegally Seized by Myanmar Military |language=en-US |work=The Irrawaddy |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/nug-raises-over-us9-million-selling-land-illegally-seized-by-myanmar-military.html |access-date=2023-02-27}} In October 2022, the NUG raised $9.3 million USD during an auction of land in Mandalay's Patheingyi Township illegally seized by the military. In January 2023, the NUG raised $10 million in 18 hours, after a pre-sale of apartments on military-owned land in Yangon.{{Cite web |date=2023-01-23 |title=Myanmar's Civilian Govt Raises $10 Million from Yangon Condo Presales |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmars-civilian-govt-raises-10-million-from-yangon-condo-presales.html |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}} In February 2023, the NUG raised $4 million after an entrepreneur bought rights to a gem mine in Mogok Township.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Myanmar Civilian Government Sells Gem Mining Rights |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-civilian-government-sells-gem-mining-rights.html |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}
Since July 2024, People's Defense Force units based in Loikaw Township and Ywangan Township are raising funds via the sale of Rebels-branded ({{MYname|MY=သူပုန် |MLCTS=suupone:}}) green tea. The tea is sold in Burmese-diaspora owned stores and restaurants in Thailand, the United Kingdom, Australia, the UAE, South Korea, and Singapore. [https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/rebels-with-a-cause-myanmars-resistance-adds-an-unlikely-revenue-stream.html Rebels With a Cause: Myanmar’s Resistance Adds an Unlikely Revenue Stream]. July 26, 2024. The Irrawaddy. {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/wfsgH|date=July 27, 2024}}
Office holders
=Executives of the Government=
| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Office ! rowspan="2" |Name !rowspan="2" |Portfolio ! colspan="3" |Term in office ! rowspan="2" |Political Party ! rowspan="2" |Source |
| Took office
!Left Office !Days |
|---|
| President
|Win Myint |Head of State |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |National League for Democracy | rowspan="4"|{{cite news |title=Who's Who in Myanmar's National Unity Government |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/whos-myanmars-national-unity-government.html |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=The Irrawaddy |date=16 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421004757/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/whos-myanmars-national-unity-government.html |url-status=live }} |
| Vice President and Acting President
|Deputy Head of State |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |Kachin National Consultative Assembly / Kachin Political Interim Coordination Team |
| State Counsellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs
|Aung San Suu Kyi |Head of Government |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Prime Minister
|Deputy Head of Government |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
= Ministers of the Government=
| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Office ! rowspan="2" |Name ! colspan="3" |Term in office ! rowspan="2" |Political Party ! rowspan="2" |Source |
| Took office
!Left Office !Days |
|---|
| Minister of Commerce
|25 August 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|8|25}} |Independent |
| Minister of Communications, Information & Technology
|5 June 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|6|5}} |Independent |
| Minister of Defence
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| rowspan=1|Deputy Minister of Defence
| Nai Kao Rot (Colonel Naing Kaung Yuat) |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Minister of Education
| rowspan="2" |Dr. Zaw Wai Soe |rowspan="2" |16 April 2021 |rowspan="2" |Incumbent |rowspan="2" |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} | rowspan="2" |Independent |
| Minister of Health |
| rowspan="2" |Deputy Minister of Education
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |Kachin Political Interim Coordination Team |
| Dr. Sai Khaing Myo Tun
|3 May 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|5|3}} |Independent |
| Deputy Minister of Health
|Dr. Shwe Pon |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Minister of Electricity and Energy
|Soe Thura Tun |5 June 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|6|5}} |
| Deputy Minister of Electricity and Energy
|26 July 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|7|26}} |
| Minister of Federal Union Affairs
|Dr. Lian Hmung Sakhong |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |Chin National Front / Interim Chin National Consultative Council |
| rowspan="2" |Deputy Minister of Federal Union Affairs
|Chit Tun |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Maing Win Htoo
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Deputy Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration
|Khu Hte Bu |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Minister of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Deputy Minister of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management
|Naw Htoo Phaw |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |Independent |
| Minister of Human Rights
|3 May 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|5|3}} |Independent |
| rowspan="2" |Deputy Minister of Human Rights
|Ba Ham Htan |3 May 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|5|3}} |
| Aung Kyaw Moe
|1 July 2023 |Incumbent |{{Age in years and days|1 July 2023}} |Independent |
| Minister of International Cooperation
|Dr. Sasa |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Deputy Minister of International Cooperation
|Hkaung Naw |3 May 2021 |6 November 2022 | |Independent |
| Deputy Minister of International Cooperation
|David Gum Awng |6 November 2022 |Incumbent |{{Age in years and days|1 November 2022}} |Independent |
| Minister of Labour
|3 May 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|5|3}} |Former member of Mon Unity Party |
| Deputy Minister of Labour
|3 May 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|5|3}} |All Burma Federation of Trade Unions |
| Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation
|Dr. Hkalen Tu Hkawng |16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |Independent |
| rowspan="2" |Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation
|16 April 2021 |28 July 2023 |{{age in days|2021|4|16|2023|07|27}} |
| Khun Saw Hpu
|Incumbent |{{age in days|2023|07|27}} | |
| Minister of Justice
|Thein Oo |5 June 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|6|5}} |Independent |
| Minister of Planning, Finance and Investment
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Deputy Minister of Planning, Finance and Investment
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} | Former member of Mon Unity Party |
| Minister of Women, Youths and Children Affairs
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |
| Deputy Minister of Women, Youths and Children Affairs
|16 April 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|4|16}} |Former member of Democratic Party for a New Society |
| Auditor General of the Union
|Toe Aung |26 July 2021 |Incumbent |{{age in days|2021|7|26}} |Independent |
See also
References
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/world/asia/myanmar-national-unity-government-coup-rohingya.html|title=Fighting to Govern Myanmar, From a Teeny Office in Washington|first=Hannah|last=Beech|date=2023-11-13|newspaper=The New York Times}}
External links
- {{officialwebsite}}
- {{officialwebsite|https://pvtvmyanmar.net/|name=Public Voice Television (PVTV)}}
{{Government of Myanmar}}
{{Myanmar cabinets}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:2021 establishments in Myanmar
Category:Internal conflict in Myanmar
Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist
Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Myanmar