National World War I Museum and Memorial

Soon after World War I ended, a group of 40 prominent Kansas City residents formed the Liberty Memorial Association (LMA) to create a memorial to those who had served in the war. For president, they chose lumber baron and philanthropist Robert A. Long, who had personally donated a large sum of money.{{cite web |url=http://www.kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Biographies&CISOPTR=230&CISOBOX=1&REC=19 |title=Robert A. Long (1850-1934), Lumberman |last=Coleman |first=Daniel |date=2008 |website=kchistory.org |publisher=Kansas City Public Library |access-date=January 31, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203021025/http://www.kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2FBiographies&CISOPTR=230&CISOBOX=1&REC=19 |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |df=mdy-all }} James Madison Kemper was treasurer of the association, who had been briefly in 1919 the President of City Center Bank that was founded by his father, William T. Kemper. Real estate developer J. C. Nichols was a lead proponent, and businessman and philanthropist William Volker helped the city acquire the land. George Kessler was the landscape designer.{{cite web |url=https://www.kclibrary.org/blog/week-kansas-city-history/monumental-undertaking |title=Monumental Undertaking |last=Roe |first=Jason |date=February 9, 2015 |website=kclibrary.org |publisher=The Kansas City Public Library |access-date=January 31, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203195531/https://www.kclibrary.org/blog/week-kansas-city-history/monumental-undertaking |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |df=mdy-all }} Thomas Rogers Kimball, former president of the American Institute of Architects, assisted Henry M Beardsley in selecting the architect, Harold Van Buren Magonigle.{{cite book|title=Lest the Ages Forget: Kansas City's Liberty Memorial|first=Derek|last=Donovan|publisher=Kansas City Star Books|year=2001|isbn=0971292019|page=31}}

In 1919, the LMA led a fund drive that included 83,000 contributors and collected more than {{US$|2.5 million}} in less than two weeks (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US|2500000|1919|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|USD}}), driven by what museum curator Doran Cart has described as "complete, unbridled patriotism".{{cite news|title=World War I Museum's New Drive on the Home Front|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/arts/arts-in-america-world-war-i-museum-s-new-drive-on-the-home-front.html|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Shirley|last=Christian|location=New York, NY|date=March 31, 1998|access-date=November 24, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527090712/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/arts/arts-in-america-world-war-i-museum-s-new-drive-on-the-home-front.html|archive-date=May 27, 2015|df=mdy-all}} This prevented the monetary problems that had plagued the Bunker Hill Monument for the American Revolutionary War in Boston one century earlier.{{cite web |url=http://www.aviewoncities.com/boston/bunkerhillmonument.htm |title=Bunker Hill Monument: About the Monument |author= |date=2017 |website=A View on Cities |publisher=Van Ermengem BVBA |access-date=February 3, 2017 |quote=[I]t took seventeen years to build the 221 foot (67 meter) granite monument because the supporters of the project kept running out of funds. As a matter of fact, the monument committee had to eventually sell 10 of the 15 acres they had purchased for the monument... |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215221643/http://www.aviewoncities.com/boston/bunkerhillmonument.htm |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}

File:Tribute at the Liberty Memorial, Kansas City, c. 1940.jpg

File:General of War.jpg, Diaz, Foch, Pershing, and Beatty were at the 1921 groundbreaking.]]

The groundbreaking ceremony on November 1, 1921, was attended by 200,000 people, including Vice President Calvin Coolidge, Lieutenant General Baron Jacques of Belgium, Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty of Great Britain, General Armando Diaz of Italy, Marshal Ferdinand Foch of France, General of the Armies John J. Pershing of the United States, and 60,000 members of the American Legion. The local veteran chosen to present flags to the commanders was a Kansas City haberdasher, Harry S. Truman,{{cite book |last=McCullough |first=David |date=1992 |title=Truman |location=New York, New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |page=[https://archive.org/details/truman00mccu_0/page/150 150] |isbn=0-671-86920-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/truman00mccu_0/page/150 }} who would later serve as 33rd President of the United States from 1945 to 1953. The finished monument was dedicated on November 11, 1926, by 30th President Coolidge, in the presence of Queen Marie of Romania.{{cite web |url=http://www.tkinter.org/QueenMarie/LibertyMemorial/index.htm |title=Marie, Queen of Romania Visits Kansas City's Liberty Memorial |last=Donovan |first=Derek |date=2001 |website=tkinter.org |publisher=Kansas City Star Books |access-date=February 1, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527052829/http://www.tkinter.org/QueenMarie/LibertyMemorial/index.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2012 |df=mdy-all }} Coolidge announced that the memorial "...has not been raised to commemorate war and victory, but rather the results of war and victory which are embodied in peace and liberty ... Today I return in order that I may place the official sanction of the national government upon one of the most elaborate and impressive memorials that adorn our country. The magnitude of this memorial, and the broad base of popular support on which it rests, can scarcely fail to excite national wonder and admiration."{{cite speech|title=Address at the Dedication of the Liberty Memorial at Kansas City, Missouri|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=413|first=Calvin|last=Coolidge|author-link=Calvin Coolidge|event=Dedication of the Liberty Memorial|location=Kansas City, MO|date=November 11, 1926|access-date=November 25, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060332/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=413|archive-date=November 29, 2014|df=mdy-all}}

In 1935, bas reliefs by Walker Hancock of Jacques, Beatty, Diaz, Foch, and Pershing were unveiled.{{sfn|Millstein|2006|p=10}}File:DiazVictoryMemorialKC.jpg

In 1961 the monument was rededicated by former President Harry S. Truman. The local effort to restore{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxHY9jnulUAC&q=armand+glenn+ww1+memorial&pg=PA121|title=Lest the Ages Forget : Kansas City's Liberty Memorial|last=Donovan|first=Derek|date=2001|publisher=Kansas City Star Books|isbn=0-9712920-1-9}} the fading monument was headed by Armand Glenn, the local head of the central district legion. Local company Hallmark provided support, and on November 11, 1961, on its 40th anniversary, there was a large dedication ceremony on the memorial grounds. A crowd of 15,000 watched Truman preside over the service.

In 1981–1982, corresponding to its 60th anniversary, the building revealed new exhibits under improved lighting sources.{{rp|142}}

The memorial was closed in 1994 due to safety concerns because aging had produced problems with drainage and the original construction. Local shopping malls voluntarily helped to display part of the museum collection while the memorial was unavailable. When the poor condition of the building became an embarrassment for the city, Kansas City voters in 1998 passed a limited-run sales tax to support the restoration.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/giving/a-world-war-i-memorial-in-kansas-city-is-a-tribute-to-giving.html?_r=0 |title=A World War I Memorial in Kansas City Is a Tribute to Giving |last=Hanc |first=John |date=November 3, 2015 |website=The New York Times |access-date=January 31, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127130248/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/giving/a-world-war-i-memorial-in-kansas-city-is-a-tribute-to-giving.html?_r=0 |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |df=mdy-all }} Plans were made to expand the site with a museum to accommodate the LMA's growing collection. Local, national, and international support provided {{US$|102 million|long=no}} (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US|102000000|1998|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|USD}}), ultimately revealed at its 2006 reopening.{{Cite web|title=National World War I Museum and Memorial to Add More Exhibit Space|url=http://kcur.org/post/national-world-war-i-museum-and-memorial-add-more-exhibition-space#stream/0|first=Laura|last=Spencer|website=KCUR 89.3|publisher=KCUR|date=May 5, 2016|access-date=February 24, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226132721/http://kcur.org/post/national-world-war-i-museum-and-memorial-add-more-exhibition-space#stream/0|archive-date=February 26, 2017|df=mdy-all}}

In 2004, Congress named it the nation's official World War I museum, and construction started on a new {{convert|80000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} expansion and the Edward Jones Research Center underneath the original memorial, which was completed in 2006. The Liberty Memorial was designated a National Historic Landmark on September 20, 2006.{{sfn|Millstein|2006|p=62}}

A substantial renovation, estimated at {{US$|5 million|long=no}}, began in December 2011.{{cite web|url=http://www.kshb.com/dpp/news/local_news/renovation-begins-at-national-world-war-i-museum-at-liberty-memorial|title=Renovation begins at National World War I museum at Liberty Memorial |author= |date=December 27, 2011 |website= kshb.com |publisher=Scripps Media, Inc. |access-date=February 2, 2013}} It included $170,000 in energy efficiency upgrades and improvements to the artificial flame atop the tower.{{cite web |url=http://www.kctv5.com/story/20941960/flame-returns-to-liberty-memorial |title=Flame returns to Liberty Memorial |author= |publisher=Meredith Corp. |date=February 2, 2013 |website=kctv5.com |access-date=February 2, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220080453/http://www.kctv5.com/story/20941960/flame-returns-to-liberty-memorial |archive-date=December 20, 2014 |df=mdy-all }} After several months of dormancy, the flame was relit on February 1, 2013. Security was upgraded, certain limestone sections were repaired, and the brush was removed.

An addition planned for completion in 2018{{Update inline|date=April 2021}} is the Wylie Gallery, to occupy unused space on the east side of the museum building.{{cite news | last = Campbell | first = Matt | title = World War I Museum To Gain New Exhibit Space | newspaper = The Kansas City Star | date = December 24, 2016 | url = http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article122768759.html | access-date = January 29, 2017 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202082140/http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article122768759.html | archive-date = February 2, 2017 | df = mdy-all }} It is part of a $6.4 million upgrade made possible by a fundraising campaign{{cite web | url = https://www.prweb.com/releases/kc_philanthropic_leaders_heed_the_call_to_duty_raising_more_than_5_million_to_construct_new_exhibition_gallery_at_the_national_world_war_i_museum_and_memorial/prweb13394530.htm | title = KC Philanthropic Leaders Heed the "Call to Duty" Raising More than $5 Million to Construct New Exhibition Gallery at the National World War I Museum and Memorial | author = | date = May 6, 2016 | publisher = Vocus PRW Holdings, LLC | access-date = January 29, 2017 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160913105223/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2016/05/prweb13394530.htm | archive-date = September 13, 2016 | df = mdy-all }} coinciding with the tenth anniversary of the museum's 2006 reopening. The gallery houses traveling exhibits from around the world.{{Update inline|date=April 2021}}

On December 19, 2014, President Barack Obama signed legislation recognizing it as "a 'World War I Museum and Memorial'", which resulted in the redesignation of the entire site as the National World War I Museum and Memorial.{{Cite news|title=Liberty Memorial is Officially the National Memorial to World War I|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article4835502.html|newspaper=The Kansas City Star|publisher=Mi-Ai Parrish|first=Matt|last=Campbell|date=December 22, 2014|access-date=December 30, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231002650/http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article4835502.html|archive-date=December 31, 2014|df=mdy-all}}

The national design competition was managed by Thomas R. Kimball, a former president of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). After discord within the organization locally, the design contract was finally awarded to New York architect Harold Van Buren Magonigle. A disagreement between the Kansas City Chapter of AIA members and Kimball over the rules caused almost half of the local members to resign in April 1922. They immediately formed the Architectural League of Kansas City, which was merged into the AIA in the early 1930s. Unlike the AIA at the time, the Architectural League of Kansas City provided membership to less experienced architects and drafters and provided social and educational opportunities. Regardless of the controversy, many local architects submitted entries, including those who resigned from the AIA. The jury unanimously awarded the contract to Magonigle.{{cite journal |last=Ehrlich |first=George |date=Autumn 1999 |title=The Rise and Demise of the Architectural League of Kansas City | journal=Kawsmouth, A Journal of Regional History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=64–73}}

File:View from top of Liberty Memorial.jpg and the skyline are viewed from atop the Liberty Memorial.]]

The main doors at the bottom of a large set of stairs are made from ornamental bronze, and the walls of the first-floor lobby are finished in Kasota stone{{cite web |url=http://www.eyeflare.com/article/liberty-memorial-kansas-city-mo/ |title=Liberty Memorial, Kansas City, MO |last=Norell |first=Jack |website=Eyeflare.com |access-date=February 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226133133/http://www.eyeflare.com/article/liberty-memorial-kansas-city-mo/ |archive-date=February 26, 2017 |df=mdy-all }} quarried in Kasota, Minnesota. The first-floor corridor and the grand stairway are finished in travertine imported from Italy. At night, the top of the {{convert|217|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall|sp=us|abbr=off}} memorial tower emits a flame effect from steam illuminated by bright red and orange lights. The illusion of a burning pyre can be seen from some distance. Overall, the memorial rises {{convert|265|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} above the surrounding area.{{cite web |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=4916 |title=Liberty Memorial Complex |author= |date=2017 |website=SkyscraperPage.com |publisher=Skyscraper Source Media |access-date=February 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212752/http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=4916 |archive-date=February 26, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}

The tower is crowned with four sculptures, the Guardian Spirits. Carved by Robert Aitken and each standing {{convert|40|feet}} tall, they represent protectors of peace, each holding a sword and named for a virtue: Honor, Courage, Patriotism, and Sacrifice.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

The tower and buildings are designed in the classical Egyptian Revival architecture style with a limestone exterior. The foundation was constructed using sawed granite, and the exterior ground-level walls are made of Bedford stone. On opposite sides of the main deck of the Liberty Memorial are Exhibition Hall and Memory Hall.{{Cite web|title=Elements of the Museum and Memorial|url=https://www.theworldwar.org/explore/museum-and-memorial/elements-museum-and-memorial|website=theworldwar.org|publisher=National World War I Museum|date=2017|access-date=January 25, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301005457/https://www.theworldwar.org/explore/museum-and-memorial/elements-museum-and-memorial|archive-date=March 1, 2017|df=mdy-all}} Memory Hall includes murals originally painted for the Panthéon de la Guerre in Paris, and adapted by LeRoy Daniel MacMorris{{rp|99–111}} in the 1950s.

Between each hall and the tower, above the museum entrance, sit two stone Assyrian sphinxes, named "Memory" and "Future", covering their faces with their wings. Memory faces East, shielding its face from the horrors of the European battlefields. Its counterpart faces West and shrowds its eyes from a future yet unseen.

The underground portion was designed by Ralph Appelbaum Associates and expanded the original facilities.{{cite web|url=http://www.raany.com/commission/national-world-war-i-museum/|title=National World War I Museum|author=|website=RAANY.com|publisher=Ralph Applebaum Associates|access-date=February 26, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107071840/http://raany.com/commission/national-world-war-i-museum/|archive-date=January 7, 2017|df=mdy-all}} The north side of the museum, opposite the main entrance and below the Liberty tower, contains a large work of art upon its wall, which is visible from neighboring Union Station.

{{wide image|Kansascitylibertymemorialsculpture.jpg|800px|The Great Frieze by Edmond Amateis.{{cite web |url=http://ahr-kc.com/reports/liberty_memorial/ |title=Site Dedication and Construction Preliminaries, 1921-1923 |access-date=May 1, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120092524/http://www.ahr-kc.com/reports/liberty_memorial/ |archive-date=November 20, 2009 |df=mdy-all }} The main inscription reads "These have dared bear the torches of sacrifice and service. Their bodies return to dust but their work liveth evermore. Let us strive on to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations."}}

The grounds were designed by George Kessler{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/va/2007/libertymemorial.htm |title=Featured Historic Place: Liberty Memorial Kansas City, MO |author= |date=2007 |website=nps.gov/nr |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=February 1, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527004031/https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/VA/2007/libertymemorial.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2017 |df=mdy-all }} who is also famous for his pioneering City Beautiful design for the Kansas City park and boulevard system.{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=William H. |date=1964 |title=The City Beautiful Movement in Kansas City |publisher=University of Missouri Press }} Kessler Road borders the west side.

Just outside the museum entrance is a large elliptical fountain, and on each side is a tapering staircase ascending to the memorial deck above. The approach from the south contains the Walk of Honor, a series of engraved bricks in three sections commemorating veterans of World War I, veterans of all wars, and honored civilians.{{cite web |url=http://www.armchairgeneral.com/national-world-war-i-museum-at-liberty-memorial-kansas-city-mo.htm |title=National World War I Museum at Liberty Memorial, Kansas City, Mo. |last1=Baillergeon |first1=Rick |last2=Porter |first2=Scott A. |date=August 20, 2014 |website=Armchair General |publisher=Armchair General LLC |access-date=February 28, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301181011/http://www.armchairgeneral.com/national-world-war-i-museum-at-liberty-memorial-kansas-city-mo.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}

File:Liberty Memorial 2008.jpg

• Two main galleries containing exhibitions with period artifacts. The first focuses on the beginning of the Great War prior to U.S. involvement, and the second focuses on the United States's military and civilian involvement in the war and efforts for peace.{{cite book |title = Map & Gallery Guide|year = 2015|publisher = National World War I Museum at Liberty Memorial| chapter = The Years 1917-1919; The Years 1914-1917 |type = leaflet}} Items in these collections include:
• A Renault FT tank
• Uniforms such as Paul von Hindenburg's Model 1915 Field Jacket
• A 1917 Harley-Davidson Model J motorcycle{{cite book |last=Paul |first=R. Eli |date=2009 |title=National World War I Museum at Liberty Memorial |location=Marceline, MO |publisher=Donner Company Publishers |isbn=978-1-57864-569-5 }}
• A 1918 Ford Model T ambulance
• General John J. Pershing's headquarter flag
• Munitions
• Maps and photographs
• International propaganda posters
• Replica trenches
• State-of-the-art interactive displays
• Sound booths with audio recordings of the period{{Cite web| title=Report from the Road: The National World War One Museum| url=http://www.avalanchepress.com/WWI_Museum.php| last=McNair| first=Doug| publisher=Avalanche Press Ltd.| date=November 2007| website=Avalanche Press| access-date=February 2, 2017| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204163305/http://www.avalanchepress.com/WWI_Museum.php| archive-date=February 4, 2017| df=mdy-all}}
• Two theaters have an educational narrative. One precedes the first gallery, and a larger one is passed through to enter the second gallery.
• The Edward Jones Research Center, carrying 75,000 archival documents, 9,500 library items, and additional objects.{{Cite web|title=Edward Jones Research Center|url=https://www.theworldwar.org/explore/edward-jones-research-center|website=theworldwar.org|publisher=National World War I Museum|date=2017|access-date=January 31, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228233012/https://www.theworldwar.org/explore/edward-jones-research-center|archive-date=February 28, 2017|df=mdy-all}}
• R.A. Long Education Center: A multi-purpose conference room and classroom
• J.C. Nichols Auditorium for special events{{Cite web|title=Private Events|url=https://www.theworldwar.org/visit/meetings-and-event-rentals/private-events|website=theworldwar.org|publisher=National World War I Museum|date=2017|access-date=February 3, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204004349/https://www.theworldwar.org/visit/meetings-and-event-rentals/private-events|archive-date=February 4, 2017|df=mdy-all}}
• The Over There Café featuring flags, music, artwork, and menu items inspired by "the people and places of the Great War".
• A museum store

{{Portal|Museums|United States}}

• National Civil War Museum
• National World War II Museum
• List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Missouri: Downtown Kansas City

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite web|title=National Historic Landmark Nomination|url=http://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/mo/LibertyMem.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209072901/http://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/mo/LibertyMem.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 9, 2014|first=Cydney|last=Millstein|website=NPS.gov|publisher=National Park Service|date=January 13, 2006 |access-date=November 24, 2014}}

• Marsh, Hannah. "Memory in World War I American Museum Exhibits" (MA thesis, Kansas State University, 2015, [http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2097/18813/HannahMarsh2015.pdf?sequence=5 online])
• {{Cite news|title=Why Kansas City: The Great War Gets an Official Museum of Its Own|url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110009313|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505034629/http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110009313|first=Mark|last=Yost|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones & Company|date=November 29, 2006|archive-date=May 5, 2008|access-date=January 30, 2017}}

{{Commons category|National World War I Museum}}

• [http://www.theworldwar.org Official website]
• [https://www.theworldwar.org/intersections Animation and explanation of museum logo]
• [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/national-world-war-i-museum National World War I Museum and Memorial at Google Cultural Institute]
• Aber, Sarajane Sandusky, "[http://www.geospectra.net/liberty/homepage.htm An Architectural History of the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri]". University of Missouri-Kansas City, 1918–1935.
• Millstein, Cydney, "[http://www.ahr-kc.com/reports/liberty_memorial/ Historic American Buildings Survey of Liberty Memorial]". Architectural and Historical Research, April 1, 2000.
• Yoho, Carol, "[http://www.washburn.edu/cas/art/cyoho/archive/MidwestTravel/WWI/index.html National World War I Museum at Liberty Memorial]", Washburn University, 2009.

{{Registered Historic Places}}

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Category:1926 establishments in Missouri

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World War I Museum and Memorial

World War I Museum and Memorial

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Category:World War I memorials in the United States

Category:World War I museums in the United States

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World War I Museum and Memorial

World War I Museum and Memorial