National intranet

{{Short description|Large-scale intranet maintained by a nation-state as a substitute for the Internet}}

A national internet is an Internet Protocol-based walled garden network maintained by a nation state as a national substitute for the global Internet, with the aim of controlling and monitoring the communications of its inhabitants, as well as restricting their access to outside media.{{Cite news|title=The Great Firewall of China|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/great-firewall-of-china|access-date=2021-02-21}} Other names have been used, such as the use of the term halal internet in Iran.

Such networks generally come with access to state-controlled media and national alternatives to foreign-run Internet services: search engines, web-based email, and so forth.{{Cite web|date=2016-11-29|title=Putin brings China's Great Firewall to Russia in cybersecurity pact|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/29/putin-china-internet-great-firewall-russia-cybersecurity-pact|access-date=2021-02-21|website=the Guardian|language=en}}

List of countries with national intranets

= Myanmar =

Myanmar before 2011, while it was ruled by a military junta, used to have a separate intranet for domestic use called Myanmar Wide Web.{{Cite book|last1=Deibert|first1=Ronald|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6ry0NeJ1N8C&pg=PA340|title=Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering|last2=Palfrey|first2=John|last3=Rohozinski|first3=Rafal|last4=Zittrain|first4=Jonathan|date=2008-01-25|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-29072-2|language=en}}

= Cuba =

Cuba has its own state-controlled intranet called national web.{{Cite news|last=Scola|first=Nancy|title=Wait, Cuba has its own Internet?|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/12/19/wait-cuba-has-its-own-internet/|access-date=2021-03-20|issn=0190-8286}}{{Cite web|title=Cuba - The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=www.cia.gov}}{{Cite news|title=More Cubans have local intranet, mobile phones|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/net-us-cuba-telecommunications-idUSBRE85D14H20120615|access-date=2021-03-20}}{{Cite web|author=Harrison Jacobs|date=Sep 6, 2018|title=Is there internet in Cuba?|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/is-there-internet-in-cuba-2017-1|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}

= North Korea =

{{See also|Internet censorship in North Korea|Kwangmyong (network)}}

North Korea's Kwangmyong network, dating back to 2000, is the best-known of this type of network. Cuba and Myanmar also use a similar network system that is separated from the rest of the Internet.{{cite web|author=Christopher Rhoads and Farnaz Fassihi|date=May 28, 2011|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704889404576277391449002016|title=Iran Vows to Unplug Internet|publisher=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2012-09-24}}

The network uses domain names under the .kp top-level domain that are not accessible from the global Internet.{{Cite web|title=Yle Pohjois-Koreassa: Kurkista suljetun maan omaan tietoverkkoon |trans-title=Yle in North Korea: Peek into the Network of the Closed Country |first=Mika |last=Mäkeläinen |publisher=Yle |date=14 May 2016 |access-date=15 May 2016 |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/yle_pohjois-koreassa_kurkista_suljetun_maan_omaan_tietoverkkoon/8882096 |language=fi}} As of 2016 the network uses IPv4 addresses reserved for private networks in the 10.0.0.0/8 range.

= Russia =

In 2020 Russia tested internal internet known as RuNet (Internet in the Russian Federation).{{Cite news|title=Russia Takes a Big Step Toward Internet Isolation|language=en-us|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/russia-internet-control-disconnect-censorship/|access-date=2021-03-20|issn=1059-1028}}

= China =

A primary insight flows from our research and it pertains to the stability of China's internet: the internet in China is a walled garden in terms of structure yet at the same time dependent upon Western Europe and the United States for foreign connectivity.{{Cite news|last=Denyer|first=Simon|date=2016-05-23|title=China's scary lesson to the world: Censoring the Internet works|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinas-scary-lesson-to-the-world-censoring-the-internet-works/2016/05/23/413afe78-fff3-11e5-8bb1-f124a43f84dc_story.html|access-date=2021-02-21|issn=0190-8286}}{{Cite news|last=Chao|first=Loretta|date=2010-12-21|title='Father' of China's Great Firewall Shouted Off Own Microblog|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-12291|access-date=2021-02-21|issn=0099-9660}}{{Cite news|last=Martina|first=Paul Carsten, Michael|date=2016-04-08|title=U.S. says China internet censorship a burden for businesses|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-trade-internet-idUSKCN0X50RD|access-date=2021-02-21}} Put plainly, in terms of resilience, China could effectively withdraw from the global public internet and maintain domestic connectivity (essentially having an intranet).{{Cite web|title=How China's Internet Police Control Speech on the Internet|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/china_internet-11242008134108.html|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Radio Free Asia|language=en}}{{Cite news|last=Siegel|first=Rachel|title=Search result not found: China bans Wikipedia in all languages|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/05/15/china-bans-wikipedia-all-languages/|access-date=2021-02-21|issn=0190-8286}}{{Cite web|date=2015-04-14|title=TLS certificate blunder revisited – whither China Internet Network Information Center?|url=https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2015/04/14/tls-certificate-blunder-revisited-whither-china-internet-network-information-center/|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Naked Security|language=en-US}} This means the rest of the world could be restricted from connecting into China, and vice versa for external connections for Chinese businesses/users.{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/internetintelligence/analysis-by-oracle-internet-intelligence-highlights-china%e2%80%99s-unique-approach-to-connecting-to-the-global-internet|title=Analysis by Oracle Internet Intelligence Highlights China's Unique Approach to Connecting to the Global Internet|author=Dave Allen|publisher=Oracle|date=July 19, 2019|access-date=2020-07-30}}{{Cite news|last=Mozur|first=Paul|date=2015-09-14|title=Baidu and CloudFlare Boost Users Over China's Great Firewall (Published 2015)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/14/business/partnership-boosts-users-over-chinas-great-firewall.html|access-date=2021-02-21|issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web|title=How China's social media users created a new language to beat censorship on COVID-19|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/china-social-media-language-government-censorship-covid/|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.amnesty.org|date=6 March 2020 |language=en}}

= Iran =

{{See also|Internet censorship in Iran|National Information Network}}

The National Information Network of Iran works like the Great Firewall of China.{{Cite web|title=Iran To Work With China To Create National Internet System|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-china-national-internet-system-censorship/30820857.html|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.rferl.org}}{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Refworld {{!}} Freedom on the Net 2018 - Iran|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5be16b1013.html|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Refworld|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran|url=https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Centre for International Governance Innovation|language=en}} In April 2011, a senior Iranian official, Ali Agha-Mohammadi announced government plans to launch its own halal internet, which would conform to Islamic values and provide appropriate services.[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/05/iran-clamps-down-internet-use "Iran clamps down on Internet use"], Saeed Kamali Dehghan, The Guardian, 5 January 2012 Creating such a network, similar to the North Korean example, would prevent unwanted information from outside Iran getting into the closed system. The Iranian walled garden would have its own localized email service and search engine.{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/04/iran-plans-to-unplug-the-internet-launch-its-own-clean-alternative/|title=Iran moving ahead with plans for national intranet|author=Ryan Paul|publisher=Ars Technica|date=April 10, 2012|access-date=2012-09-24}}

References

Category:Internet censorship

Category:Mass surveillance