Nazi analogies#Anti-smoking

During the Nazi era, Adolf Hitler was frequently compared to previous leaders including Napoleon, Philip of Macedon, and Nebuchadnezzar. The comparers wanted to make Hitler understandable to their audiences by comparing him to known leaders, but according to historian Gavriel Rosenfeld the comparisons obscured Hitler's radical evil. When Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, Hitler was compared to Napoleon by The Brooklyn Eagle and Middletown Times. The Night of Long Knives was compared at the time to such events as the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, a 1572 massacre of French Huguenots by Catholics. The comparison between Hitler and Philip of Macedon was used by some American journalists who advocated the United States's entry into World War II. Others felt that this did not go far enough and used other metaphors such as Nebuchadnezzar and Tamerlane: Harold Denny of The New York Times visited Buchenwald in 1945,{{cite web | last=Denny | first=Harold | title="The World Must Not Forget" | website=The New York Times Web Archive | date=2018-04-09 | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/specials/magazine/forties.html | access-date=2024-08-20}} writing "Tamerlane built his mountain of skulls ... Hitler’s horrors … dwarf all previous crimes".{{cite news |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Gavriel |title=How Americans Described Evil Before Hitler |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/10/can-we-compare-donald-trump-hitler/572194/ |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=9 October 2018}} In a public radio broadcast of 24 August 1941, Winston Churchill compared Nazi war crimes in the Soviet Union to the Mongol invasion of Europe, saying "There has never [since] been methodical, merciless butchery on such a scale, or approaching such a scale."{{cite journal |last1=Breitman |first1=Richard |title=Hitler and Genghis Khan |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |date=26 July 2016 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=337–351 |doi=10.1177/002200949002500209 |s2cid=159541260}}

Nazism has come to be a metaphor for evil, according to academic Brian Johnson, leading to Nazi comparisons.{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Brian |title=The Nazi Card: Nazi Comparisons at the Beginning of the Cold War |date=2017 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-3291-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwfWDQAAQBAJ&q=Nazi+comparison |pages=171, 179}} The Anti-Defamation League suggested that the Nazi era had become the "most available historical event illustrating right versus wrong." Rosenfeld noted that Hitler "gained immortality as a historical analogy" and that he became:

{{quote|... a hegemonic historical analogy. He did not so much join the ranks of earlier historical symbols of evil as render them unusable. Indeed, perhaps because Western observers became convinced that wartime analogies had underestimated the Nazi dictator’s radicalism, they began to employ Hitler as the baseline for evaluating all new threats.}}

According to the ACLU, calling someone a Nazi is protected free speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.{{cite web |last1=Eidelman |first1=Vera |title=There's No Such Thing as a Right Not to Be Called a Nazi |url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/free-speech/theres-no-such-thing-right-not-be-called-nazi |website=American Civil Liberties Union |access-date=29 April 2020 |date=17 April 2019}} In 2008, British radio presenter Jon Gaunt called a guest a Nazi on a BBC radio, for which he was fired. An Ofcom complaint against TalkSport, his employer, was upheld by the United Kingdom High Court of Justice in 2010.{{cite news |last1=McFarlane |first1=Andrew |title=Is 'Nazi' ever an acceptable jibe? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10618638 |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=BBC News |date=14 July 2010}}{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=James |title=Jon Gaunt loses legal battle over 'Nazi' jibe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jul/13/jon-gaunt-loses-legal-battle-nazi-jibe |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=13 July 2010}} In 2019, the Ukrainian S14 group won a defamation suit against Hromadske, a newspaper which had labeled them neo-Nazi, despite such a characterization having been used by Reuters and The Washington Post.{{cite news |title=Ukrainian nationalist group wins defamation suit after being labeled neo-Nazi |url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/ukrainian-nationalist-group-wins-defamation-suit-after-being-labeled-neo-nazi |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}} In Israel, a law was proposed in 2014 that would make it illegal to call someone a Nazi or use symbols associated with the Holocaust (such as striped clothing or yellow stars), in order to respect Holocaust survivors.{{cite news |last1=Nachmias |first1=Ormi |title=השרים אישרו: חצי שנת מאסר לאדם שיכנה אחר "נאצי |url=https://news.walla.co.il/item/2711500 |access-date=6 May 2020 |work=Walla! |date=2014}}

Reductio ad Hitlerum, first coined in 1951 by Leo Strauss, is a logical fallacy which discounts an idea because it was promoted by Hitler or Nazis.{{cite news |title=Godwin's Law, or Playing the Nazi Card |url=https://www.jta.org/jewniverse/2015/godwins-law-or-playing-the-nazi-card |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}} Godwin's law, coined in 1990 by Mike Godwin, asserts that "as an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches 1".{{cite magazine |author=Godwin, Mike |author-link=Mike Godwin |title=Meme, Counter-meme |date=October 1994 |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.10/godwin.if_pr.html |access-date=March 24, 2006}} A related convention is "Whoever mentions Hitler first, loses the argument."{{cite news |last1=Molloy |first1=David |title=Why does everyone keep making Nazi comparisons? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-39266863 |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=BBC News |date=24 November 2017}}{{cite news |last1=Elbaum |first1=Daniel |title=When Is It Okay to Evoke Hitler and the Nazis? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/when-is-it-okay-to-evoke-hitler-and-the-nazis |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=AJC |date=20 June 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Chivers |first1=Tom |title=Internet rules and laws: the top 10, from Godwin to Poe |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/6408927/Internet-rules-and-laws-the-top-10-from-Godwin-to-Poe.html |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=The Telegraph |date=23 October 2009}} However, Godwin has said that not all Nazi comparisons are invalid.{{cite news |last1=Ohlheiser |first1=Abby |title=The creator of Godwin's Law explains why some Nazi comparisons don't break his famous Internet rule |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/08/14/the-creator-of-godwins-law-explains-why-some-nazi-comparisons-dont-break-his-famous-internet-rule/ |access-date=28 April 2020 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=2017}}{{cite news |last1=Amira |first1=Dan |title=Mike Godwin on Godwin's Law, Whether Nazi Comparisons Have Gotten Worse, and Being Compared to Hitler by His Daughter |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2013/03/godwins-law-mike-godwin-hitler-nazi-comparisons.html |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=Intelligencer |date=8 March 2013}}

{{Excerpt|Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy|only=paragraphs}}

{{See also|Tobacco industry playbook}}

Public health measures adopted since World War II in order to reduce smoking have been compared with anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany, which is considered by proponents of anti-smoking measures to be a fallacious reductio ad Hitlerum which often exaggerates how much the Nazis actually opposed smoking.{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=N. K |last2=Glantz |first2=S. A |title="Nicotine Nazis strike again": a brief analysis of the use of Nazi rhetoric in attacking tobacco control advocacy |journal=Tobacco Control |date=1 October 2008 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=291–296 |doi=10.1136/tc.2007.024653 |pmid=18818222 |pmc=2736555}}{{cite journal |last1=Proctor |first1=R. N |title=On playing the Nazi card |journal=Tobacco Control |date=1 October 2008 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=289–290 |pmid=18818221 |doi=10.1136/tc.2008.026344 |doi-access=free}} Historian of science Robert N. Proctor speculates that Nazi associations "forestall[ed] the development of effective anti-tobacco measures by several decades".{{cite journal |last1=Proctor |first1=Robert N. |title=Commentary: Schairer and Schöniger's forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |date=1 February 2001 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=31–34 |doi=10.1093/ije/30.1.31 |pmid=11171846 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/30/1/31/619023 |issn=0300-5771 |doi-access=free}}

According to an editorial by Arthur Caplan in Science, bioethics questions including "stem cell research, end-of-life care, the conduct of clinical trials in poor nations, abortion, embryo research, animal experimentation, genetic testing, or human experimentation involving vulnerable populations" are often compared to Nazi eugenics and Nazi human experimentation. According to Caplan, the Nazi analogy has the potential to shut down debate and its capricious use is unethical.{{cite journal |last1=Caplan |first1=A. L. |title=Misusing the Nazi Analogy |journal=Science |date=2005 |volume=309 |issue=5734 |pages=535 |doi=10.1126/science.1115437 |pmid=16040671 |doi-access=free}} Similar arguments were made by Nat Hentoff in 1988, writing for The Hastings Center Report.{{cite journal |last1=Hentoff |first1=Nat |last2=Callahan |first2=Daniel |last3=Crum |first3=Gary E. |last4=Cohen |first4=Cynthia B. |title=Contested Terrain: The Nazi Analogy in Bioethics |journal=The Hastings Center Report |date=1988 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.2307/3563233 |jstor=3563233 |pmid=3065286 |issn=0093-0334}}

Analogies between China and Nazi Germany have also been drawn by Australian politician Andrew Hastie.{{cite news |title=Australian lawmaker likens China threat to Nazi Germany |url=https://www.dw.com/en/australian-lawmaker-likens-china-threat-to-nazi-germany/a-49939059 |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=8 August 2019}} However, Edward Luce considers China–Nazi comparisons a form of anti-Chinese sentiment and he also considers them a potentially self-fulfilling prophecy.{{cite news |last1=Luce |first1=Edward |author-link1=Edward Luce |title=The reckless analogy between China and Nazi Germany |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b6ce2cba-d7d5-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221224161214/https://www.ft.com/content/b6ce2cba-d7d5-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17 |archive-date=24 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=Financial Times |date=16 September 2019 }} In July 2020, British Jewish leader Marie van der Zyl said that there were "similarities" between the treatment of the Uyghurs in China and the crimes which were committed by Nazi Germany.{{cite news |last1=Courea |first1=Eleni |title=Treatment of Uighurs in China 'is reminder of Nazi crimes' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/treatment-of-uighurs-in-china-is-reminder-of-nazi-crimes-k3bhhtlvf |access-date=28 July 2020 |work=The Times |date=21 July 2020}} In 2020, Axel Dessein wrote that the Chinese Communist Party was better described as lowercase "national socialist"—in the vein of the Nazi Party and the Czech National Social Party—than communist, due to "its marriage between socialist means and national ends".{{cite journal |last1=Dessein |first1=Axel |title=National Socialism in China: Rejuvenating the Nation, Socialist Modernisation, and the Mistaken Comparison with Nazism |journal=Monde Chinois |date=2020 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=72–87 |doi=10.3917/mochi.062.0072 |language=fr |issn=1767-3755}}

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{{Excerpt|Art of the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests|fragment=Chinazi}}

{{Update|part=section|date=October 2024}}

{{main|Comparisons between Donald Trump and fascism}}

File:Trump - the Fascist Tangerine. (42730197674).jpg of Donald Trump to the United Kingdom]]

While qualified comparisons between Hitler's rise to power and the victory of Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election have been made by some historians,{{cite news |last1=Beauchamp |first1=Zack |title=A leading Holocaust historian just seriously compared the US to Nazi Germany |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/5/17940610/trump-hitler-history-historian |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=Vox |date=5 October 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Taschka |first1=Sylvia |title=Trump-Hitler comparisons too easy and ignore the murderous history |url=https://theconversation.com/trump-hitler-comparisons-too-easy-and-ignore-the-murderous-history-92394 |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=The Conversation |date=March 12, 2018}} NeverTrump Republicans, and Democrats,{{cite journal |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Gavriel D. |title=An American Führer? Nazi Analogies and the Struggle to Explain Donald Trump |journal=Central European History |date=2019a |volume=52 |issue=4 |page=27 |doi=10.1017/S0008938919000840 |doi-access=free}} the comparison is opposed by other scholars and commentators who cite reasons such as Trump lacking a coherent ideology, not supporting a dictatorship or political violence, and his rejection of interventionist foreign policy.{{sfn|Rosenfeld|2019|pp=15–16}} According to Rosenfeld's research, the frequency of comparisons between Trump and Hitler in the media peaked in 2017 and the number of internet searches for "Trump and Hitler" has also decreased from a high point between mid-2015 and mid-2017.{{sfn|Rosenfeld|2019|p=2}}

{{See also|Fourth Reich}}

Some Eurosceptic politicians, including UKIP's Gerard Batten{{cite news |title=Hitler's Nazis designed the EU, Ukip MEP claims |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-nazis-created-basic-plan-for-the-european-union-ukip-mep-gerard-batten-says-a7032221.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-nazis-created-basic-plan-for-the-european-union-ukip-mep-gerard-batten-says-a7032221.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=The Independent |date=16 May 2016}} and Finns Party MP Ville Tavio, have compared the European Union to Nazi Germany.{{cite news |last1=Teivainen |first1=Aleksi |title=Finns Party lawmaker likens EU to Nazi Germany |url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/politics/16028-finns-party-lawmaker-likens-eu-to-nazi-germany.html |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=www.helsinkitimes.fi |date=13 December 2018}} Then Ukrainian politician Viktor Medvedchuk of the pro-Russia party Ukrainian Choice argues that "objectively" the European Union is the heir of Nazi Germany.{{Cite web |url=https://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/evropa-pryachet-svoi-istinnye-namereniya-za-tak-nazyvaemymi-24092013105000 |title=Европа прячет свои истинные намерения за так называемыми демократическими ценностями, - Медведчук |website=РБК-Украина}} In many Greek newspapers during the Greek government-debt crisis, caricatures appeared depicting the European troika and Angela Merkel as Nazis preparing to reenact the Axis occupation of Greece.{{cite journal |last1=Droumpouki |first1=Anna Maria |title=Trivialization of World War Two and Shoah in Greece: Uses, Misuses and Analogies in Light of the Current Debt Crisis |journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies |date=2013 |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=191 |doi=10.1080/14782804.2013.815463 |s2cid=145093418}} Merkel was also depicted as Hitler during demonstrations against her 2016 visit to the Czech Republic; the demonstrators objected to her approach to the European migrant crisis.{{cite news |last1=Gerstenfeld |first1=Manfred |title=The Ongoing Major Distortion of the Holocaust |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-ongoing-major-distortion-of-the-holocaust/ |access-date=13 May 2020 |work=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |date=14 March 2018}} Opponents argue that the Nazi empire was formed by conquest and that joining the EU is voluntary, among other differences.{{cite web |title=Is the EU a Nazi project? Debunking an enduring myth |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/is-eu-nazi-project-debunking-enduring-myth/ |website=openDemocracy |access-date=28 April 2020}}

The Nazi war of annihilation on the Eastern Front has been compared to the United States Army's conduct in the Indian Wars.{{cite book |last1=Westermann |first1=Edward B. |title=Hitler's Ostkrieg and the Indian Wars: Comparing Genocide and Conquest |date=2016 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-5713-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhYkDQAAQBAJ&q=Nazi+comparison}}{{cite book |last1=Kakel |first1=C. |title=The American West and the Nazi East: A Comparative and Interpretive Perspective |date=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-30706-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Nt8DAAAQBAJ&q=Nazi+comparison}} However, Native American demographic collapse was mostly caused by introduced disease, rather than warfare, and historians disagree as to whether the Indian Wars, or parts thereof, can be considered a form of genocide.{{cite journal |last1=Madley |first1=Benjamin |title=Reexamining the American Genocide Debate: Meaning, Historiography, and New Methods |journal=The American Historical Review |date=February 2015 |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=98–139 |doi=10.1093/ahr/120.1.98|doi-access=free }}

{{See also|Islamofascism}}

Some historians, including Matthias Küntzel, Wolfgang G. Schwanitz and Barry Rubin, argue that there is a high degree of similarity between the ideologies of Nazism and Islamism, especially in their radical antisemitism and xenophobia.{{cite journal |title=The Nazi-Islamist Connection - Herbert Eiteneier |website=www.jcpa.org |url=https://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-eiteneier-s06.htm}}{{cite journal |last1=Rodman |first1=David |title=Nazis, Islamists and the making of the modern Middle East |journal=Israel Affairs |date=February 2016 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=252–254 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2016.1120968 |s2cid=147394007}}

{{main|Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany|Criticism of the Israeli government#Comparisons with Nazi Germany}}

{{further|Palestinian genocide accusation|Holocaust trivialization#Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}

File:Protesta Pro-Palestina Santiago de Cali 2014 14.jpg, Colombia]]

{{excerpt|Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany|files=0}}

File:Anti-Gay-Protester Boston 2007.jpg in Boston in 2007 makes a comparison between the contemporary United States ("Today") and Nazi Germany.]]

The AIDS–Holocaust metaphor can be controversial.{{cite journal |last1=Stein |first1=Arlene |title=Whose Memories? Whose Victimhood? Contests for the Holocaust Frame in Recent Social Movement Discourse |journal=Sociological Perspectives |date=2016 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=522 |doi=10.2307/1389562 |jstor=1389562 |s2cid=147317075}} While Susan Sontag said that "It's wrong to compare a situation in which there was real culpability to one in which there is none", it is also the case that homophobic views resulted in dismissal of the suggestion of research and treatment being supported, severely exacerbating the epidemic.{{cite magazine |last1=Shnayerson |first1=Michael |title=The Silent Devastation of AIDS on New York's Art and Fashion Worlds |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/1987/03/devastation-of-aids-1980s |access-date=11 January 2019 |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=21 August 2013}}{{cite magazine|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAzDn7tE1lU|magazine=Vanity Fair

|title=Reagan Administration's Chilling Response to the AIDS Crisis|date=1 December 2015}}

In 2017, Patriarch Kirill, the highest authority in the Russian Orthodox Church, compared same-sex marriage to Nazism because in his opinion both were a threat to traditional family.{{cite magazine |title=Russian Bishop Likens Gay Marriage Laws to Nazi Germany |url=https://time.com/4797521/russia-orthodox-gay-marriage-nazi-germany/ |access-date=28 April 2020 |magazine=Time |date=2017}} In 2019, Pope Francis criticized politicians who lash out at homosexuals, Romani people, and Jews, saying that it reminded him of Adolf Hitler's speeches in the 1930s.{{cite news |title=Pope compares politicians who rage against gays to Hitler |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-lgbt-hitler/pope-compares-politicians-who-rage-against-gays-to-hitler-idUSKBN1XP1MM |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=Reuters |date=15 November 2019}}

Some advocates of trans-exclusionary radical feminism have compared transgender medical care to Nazi human experimentation or transsexuality to Nazism.{{cite journal |last1=Schotten |first1=C. Heike |title=TERFism, Zionism, and Right-Wing Annihilationism |journal=TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly |date=2022 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=334–364 |doi=10.1215/23289252-9836022|s2cid=253054403 }}

{{Further|Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict|M23 campaign (2022–present)}}{{See also|Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations}}

In a speech made on 9 December 2023, Félix Tshisekedi, the president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, compared Rwandan President Paul Kagame to Hitler, saying that if he "[wants] to behave like Adolf Hitler by having expansionist aims, I promise he will end up like Adolf Hitler". A Rwandan government spokesperson condemned this statement, accusing Tshisekedi of making "a loud and clear threat".{{Cite news |date=9 December 2023 |title=DR Congo President Tshisekedi compares Rwanda counterpart Kagame to Hitler |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67669187.amp}} This remark was made in the context of an offensive in the DRC launched by the March 23 Movement, a rebel group widely considered to be directly supported by Rwanda,{{cite news |date=28 May 2012 |title=Rwanda 'supporting DR Congo mutineers' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18231128 |url-status=live |access-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721211131/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18231128 |archive-date=21 July 2012}}{{cite news |author=Chris McGreal |date=25 July 2012 |title=Rwanda's Paul Kagame warned he may be charged with aiding war crimes |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/25/rwanda-paul-kagame-war-crimes?CMP=twt_gu |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726212033/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/25/rwanda-paul-kagame-war-crimes?CMP=twt_gu |archive-date=26 July 2012}}{{cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=RDC : le gouvernement salue le rapport de l'ONU sur le soutien du Rwanda au M23 |trans-title=DRC: government welcomes UN report on Rwanda's support for M23 |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/05/actualite/politique/rdc-le-gouvernement-salue-le-rapport-de-lonu-sur-le-soutien-du-rwanda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226042221/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/05/actualite/politique/rdc-le-gouvernement-salue-le-rapport-de-lonu-sur-le-soutien-du-rwanda |archive-date=26 February 2023 |work=RadioOkapi |language=fr}}{{cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=M23 Rebels' Vow to Retreat at Odds With Hazy Reality in DR Congo |url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/01/06/m23-rebels-retreat-dr-congo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107003750/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/01/06/m23-rebels-retreat-dr-congo/ |archive-date=7 January 2023 |work=The Defense Post}} despite official Rwandan denials.{{Cite news |date=14 June 2022 |title=DR Congo accuses Rwanda of 'invasion' as rebels attack town |work=DW |url=https://www.dw.com/en/dr-congo-accuses-rwanda-of-invasion-as-rebels-attack-town/a-62120212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615140548/https://www.dw.com/en/dr-congo-accuses-rwanda-of-invasion-as-rebels-attack-town/a-62120212 |archive-date=15 June 2022}}{{Cite web |last=Schipani |first=Andres |date=27 October 2022 |title=How the DRC became the battleground of a proxy war over precious resources |url=https://www.ft.com/content/26125730-3113-4946-982a-989e2acbe472 |url-access=subscription |website=Financial Times}}

{{main|Second Holocaust}}

The term "second Holocaust" is used in reference to perceived threats to the State of Israel, Jews, and Jewish life.{{cite book |last1=Peleg |first1=Ilan |title=Victimhood Discourse in Contemporary Israel |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-5351-3 |pages=63, 95–96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXSQDwAAQBAJ&q=%22second+holocaust%22&pg=PA115}} In 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said "Iran wants a second Holocaust" and to "destroy another six million plus Jews", after his Iranian counterpart described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor".{{cite news |last1=Harpin |first1=Lee |title='Iran wants second Holocaust', says Benjamin Netanyahu |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/iran-wants-second-holocaust-says-israeli-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-1.465075 |access-date=6 May 2020 |work=Jewish Chronicle |date=June 5, 2018}} In 2019, Israeli education minister Rafi Peretz compared Jewish intermarriage to a "second Holocaust".{{cite news |title=Israel's education minister: Intermarriage among US Jews 'like second Holocaust' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/education-minister-calls-intermarriage-in-us-a-second-holocaust/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |work=www.timesofisrael.com}}

File:Prague Demonstration April 1990.jpg) election banner.]]

{{excerpt|Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism|templates=-multiple image}}

{{Excerpt|Putler|files=0}}

In 2014, venture capitalist and billionaire Thomas Perkins wrote to The Wall Street Journal to compare what he called "the progressive war on the American one percent" to what Jews faced during Kristallnacht. According to Jordan Weissmann, writing in The Atlantic, this is "the worst historical analogy you will read for a long, long time".{{cite news |title=Billionaire Compares Outrage Over Rich In SF To Kristallnacht |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/01/26/266685819/billionaire-compares-outrage-over-rich-in-s-f-to-kristallnacht |access-date=28 October 2020 |work=NPR.org}}{{cite news |last1=Weissmann |first1=Jordan |title=Venture Capitalist Says "War" on the Rich Is Like Nazi Germany's War on the Jews |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/01/venture-capitalist-says-war-on-the-rich-is-like-nazi-germanys-war-on-the-jews/283347/?single_page=true |access-date=28 October 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=25 January 2014}} Perkins was also criticized on Twitter, with The New York Times journalist Steven Greenhouse writing, "As someone who lost numerous relatives to the Nazi gas chambers, I find statements like this revolting & inexplicable". Perkins later apologized for the comparison.{{cite news |last1=Kopan |first1=Tal |title=Perkins apologizes for 'Kristallnacht' |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/01/tom-perkins-letter-to-the-editor-kristallnacht-102713 |access-date=28 October 2020 |work=POLITICO}}

According to a press release by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Careless Holocaust analogies may demonize, demean, and intimidate their targets."{{cite news |last1=Friedberg |first1=Edna |title=Why Holocaust Analogies Are Dangerous |url=https://www.ushmm.org/information/press/press-releases/why-holocaust-analogies-are-dangerous |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}} Jonathan Greenblatt, director of the Anti-Defamation League, said that "misplaced comparisons trivialise this unique tragedy in human history... particularly when public figures invoke the Holocaust in an effort to score political points."

In 2017, the German journalist Pieke Biermann argued that Nazi comparisons were undergoing a process which was akin to inflation due to the increased and inappropriate use of them.{{cite news |last1=Biermann |first1=Pieke |title=Historisch unsensible Reflexe - Warum Nazi-Vergleiche rhetorische Rohrkrepierer sind |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/historisch-unsensible-reflexe-warum-nazi-vergleiche.1005.de.html?dram:article_id=395362 |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |date=2017 |language=de-DE}}

Amanda Moorghen, a researcher for the English Speaking Union, said that frequently, Nazi comparisons were not persuasive: "Wielding accusations of fascism as an insult doesn't help to get your audience on side - instead, you raise the stakes of the debate, forcing a polarisation between 'good' and 'evil' into a discussion that may have reasonable positions on both sides." Instead, she recommended criticizing the opponent's argument directly.

• Holocaust trivialization
• Holocaust uniqueness debate
• Never again
• Fascist (insult)

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |title=Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared |last1=Geyer |first1=Michael |author1-link=Michael Geyer |last2=Fitzpatrick |first2=Sheila |author2-link=Sheila Fitzpatrick |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-72397-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wzDPQAACAAJ |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511802652}}
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Kershaw|editor-first1=Ian|editor-link1=Ian Kershaw|editor-last2=Lewin|editor-first2=Moshe|editor-link2=Moshe Lewin|year=1997|title=Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56521-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tmGaItZ0tsC|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815775}}
• {{cite book |last1=Lustick |first1=Ian S. |author1-link=Ian Lustick |title=Paradigm Lost: From Two-State Solution to One-State Reality |date=2019 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5195-1 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Gavriel |title=The Fourth Reich: The Specter of Nazism from World War II to the Present |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49749-7}}
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Rousso|editor-first1=Henry|editor-link1=Henry Rousso|editor-last2=Golsan|editor-first2=Richard Joseph |title=Stalinism and Nazism: History and Memory Compared|year=2004|publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-9000-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIt7fMp30sAC}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Heribert |title=The Nazis of Africa: Apartheid as Holocaust? |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |date=1997 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=364–370 |doi=10.2307/486185 |jstor=486185 |issn=0008-3968}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Bourdon |first1=Jerome |title=Outrageous, inescapable? Debating historical analogies in the coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict |journal=Discourse & Communication |date=August 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=407–422 |doi=10.1177/1750481315576835 |s2cid=145056540 |issn=1750-4813}}
• {{cite book |last1=Caplan |first1=Arthur L. |author-link1=Arthur Caplan |date=2012 |title=When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4612-0413-8}}
• {{cite book |last1=Fermaglich |first1=Kirsten |title=American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares: Early Holocaust Consciousness and Liberal America, 1957-1965 |date=2007 |publisher=Brandeis University Press |isbn=978-1-58465-549-7}}
• {{cite thesis |title='Just Like Hitler': Comparisons to Nazism in American Culture |degree=PhD |last=Johnson |first=Brian |institution=University of Massachusetts Amherst |date=2010 |url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1223&context=open_access_dissertations}}
• {{cite book |last1=Michalczyk |first1=John J. |title=Medicine, Ethics, and the Third Reich: Historical and Contemporary Issues |date=1994 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-55612-752-6}}
• {{cite book |last1=Musolff |first1=Andreas |editor-first1=David M |editor-first2=Mercedes |editor-last1=Seymour |editor-last2=Camino |title=The Holocaust in the Twenty-First Century: Contesting/Contested Memories |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781315647968 |doi=10.4324/9781315647968 |chapter=Instrumentalisation of Holocaust Memory and False Historical Analogies |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315647968/chapters/10.4324/9781315647968-11 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}
• {{cite book |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Gavriel |author-link=Gavriel Rosenfeld |title=Hi Hitler! How the Nazi Past Is Being Normalized in Contemporary Culture |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-07399-9}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Smeekes |first1=Anouk |last2=Van Acker |first2=Kaat |last3=Verkuyten |first3=Maykel |last4=Vanbeselaere |first4=Norbert |title=The legacy of Nazism: Historical analogies and support for the far right |journal=Social Influence |date=14 November 2013 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=300–317 |doi=10.1080/15534510.2013.855141 |s2cid=145131946}}

• {{Commonscatinline|Comparisons with Nazis}}

Category:Comparisons

Analogy