Neighbours (1952 film)

{{Infobox film

| name = Neighbours (Voisins)

| image = Neighbours 1952 cover.jpg

| caption = Release poster

| director = Norman McLaren

| producer = Norman McLaren

| writer = Norman McLaren

| narrator =

| starring = Grant Munro
Jean-Paul Ladouceur

| music = Norman McLaren

| cinematography = Wolf Koenig (photography)

| editing =

| distributor = National Film Board of Canada

| released = {{Film date|1952|01|1}}

| runtime = 8 minutes

| country = Canada

| language =

| budget =

| gross =

}}

Neighbours (French title: Voisins) is a 1952 anti-war film by Scottish-Canadian filmmaker Norman McLaren for the National Film Board of Canada.{{cite web |title=Neighbours |url=http://onf-nfb.gc.ca/en/our-collection/?idfilm=10452 |website=onf-nfb.gc.ca | date=11 October 2012 |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |access-date=27 February 2023}} In 1953, it won the Oscar for Best Documentary, Short Subject.

Production

The film uses pixilation, an animation technique using live actors as stop motion objects. McLaren created the soundtrack of the film by scratching the edge of the film, creating various blobs, lines, and triangles which the projector read as sound.

Plot

Two men, Jean-Paul Ladouceur (French Canadian) and Grant Munro (English Canadian) live peacefully in adjacent cardboard houses. When a single, small flower blooms between their houses, they fight each other to the death over the ownership of that flower.

The film ends with a moral, shown in multiple languages:

Japanese: 同胞に親切なれ (Dōhō ni shinsetsu nare)
Chinese: 親善鄰居 (Qīnshàn línjū)
Hindi: आपके पड़ोसी से प्रेम पूर्वक व्यवहार कीजिए (Aapke parosii ke prem porvak vyavahaar kiijie)
Urdu: اپنے ہمساءے دوستانی برتاؤ کرؤ (Aapne hamsaae dostaani bartaao karo)
Arabic: اَحِب قَرِيبَك (Ahib qaribak)
Hebrew: וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ (V'ahavta l'reacha)
Russian: Любите ближнего своего; Lyubite blizhnego svoyego
Esperanto: Amu vian najbaron
Norwegian: Elsk din nabo
Spanish: Ama a tu prójimo
German: Liebe deinen Nächsten
Italian: Amate il prossimo
French: Aimez votre prochain
English: "Love your neighbour"

Cast

Jean-Paul Ladouceur
Grant Munro

Controversy

Neighbours has been described as "one of the most controversial films the NFB ever made".{{cite web|url=http://animation.filmtv.ucla.edu/program/anihist.html|title=A rather incomplete but still fascinating history of animation|last=McLaughlin|first=Dan|year=2001|access-date=2006-08-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060812142657/http://animation.filmtv.ucla.edu/program/anihist.html |archive-date = 2006-08-12}} The eight-minute film was politically motivated:

"I was inspired to make Neighbours by a stay of almost a year in the People's Republic of China. Although I only saw the beginnings of Mao's revolution, my faith in human nature was reinvigorated by it. Then I came back to Quebec and the Korean War began. (...) I decided to make a really strong film about anti-militarism and against war." — Norman McLaren {{cite web|url=http://films.nfb.ca/normanmclaren/dvd_en/page6.html|title=Norman McLaren|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|access-date=2012-02-27}}{{cite web |last1=Nordine |first1=Michael |title=This Oscar-Winning 1952 Stop-Motion Short Is Looking Awfully Relevant Right Now |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/02/oscar-winning-1952-stop-motion-short-neighbours-norman-mclaren-1201785085/ |website=IndieWire |date=19 February 2017 |publisher=Penske Media Corporation |access-date=6 December 2022}}

The version of Neighbours that ultimately won an Oscar was not the version McLaren had originally created. In order to make the film palatable for American and European audiences, McLaren was required to remove a scene in which the two men, fighting over the flower, murdered the other's wife and children.{{cite web|url=http://people.wcsu.edu/mccarneyh/fva/M/neighbors.html|title=Neighbours|last=Cartagena|first=Rene|year=2003|access-date=2006-08-30}}

During the Vietnam War, public opinion changed, and McLaren was asked to reinstate the sequence. The original negative of that scene had been destroyed, so the scene was salvaged from a positive print of lower quality.Curtis, David. Norman McLaren. Edinburgh: Scottish Arts Council Catalogue, 1977.

NFB founder John Grierson, who had invited McLaren to the NFB to form its first animation unit, would ultimately disparage Neighbours and McLaren's attempt at political cinema:

"I wouldn't trust Norman around the corner as a political thinker. I wouldn't trust Norman around the corner as a philosophic thinker. That's not what Norman is for. Norman is for Hen Hop. Hen Hop. That's wonderful. And so many other things. That's his basic gift. He's got joy in his movement. He's got loveliness in his movement. He's got fancy in his changes. That's enough."{{cite book|last=Kristmanson|first=Mark|title=Plateaus of Freedom: Nationality, Culture, and State Security in Canada, 1920–1960|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-541803-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTYERMGBgIC&q=%22Hen+Hop%22+McLaren&pg=PA54|page=54}}

Pixilation

The term 'pixilation' was created by Grant Munro to describe stop-motion animation of humans in his work with McLaren on Two Bagatelles, a pair of short pixilation films made prior to Neighbours. During one brief sequence, the two actors appear to levitate, an effect achieved by having the actors repeatedly jump upward and photographing them at the top of their trajectories.

McLaren followed Neighbours with two other films using a similar combination of pixilation, live action, variable speed photography and string puppets. The first, A Chairy Tale (1957) was a collaboration with Claude Jutra and Ravi Shankar. The second, Opening Speech by Norman McLaren (1960) was made for the International Film Festival of Montreal, and starred McLaren himself.

Wolf Koenig served as cameraman on the film.{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/for-wolf-koenig-it-was-about-framing-that-decisive-moment/article20187065/?page=all|title=For Wolf Koenig, it was about framing that decisive moment|last=Martin|first=Sandra|date=24 August 2014|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=27 August 2014}}

Awards

25th Academy Awards, Los Angeles: Oscar for Best Documentary, Short Subject, 1953*
Boston Film Festival, Boston: Award of Merit, Adult Education, 1953
5th Canadian Film Awards, Montreal: Honourable Mention, 1953
Salerno Film Festival, Salerno, Italy: Gulf of Salerno Grand Trophy, 1954
Yorkton Film Festival, Yorkton, Saskatchewan: Third Award, Sociology, 1954
International Review of Specialized Cinematography, Rome: Certificate of Honour, 1955
International Review of Specialized Cinematography, Rome: Diploma of Honour, 1957
Golden Gate International Film Festival, San Francisco: Redwood Award for Special Merit, Film as Communication, 1967
Calvin Workshop Awards, Kansas City, Missouri: Notable Film Award, 1968
25th Academy Awards, Los Angeles: Nominee: Best Live Action, Short Subject, 1953

(*A 2005 press release issued by AMPAS states that Neighbours is "among a group of films that not only competed, but won Academy Awards in what were clearly inappropriate categories".{{cite web|url=http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel_print.asp?aId=5158 |title=Oscar's Docs Resumes with Nature Documentaries |publisher=Webwire.com |date=2005-10-31 |access-date=2014-08-27}})

Honours

Neighbours was designated as a "masterwork" by the Audio-Visual Preservation Trust of Canada, a charitable non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the preservation of Canada's audio-visual heritage.[http://avtrust.ca/masterworks/2000/en_film.htm AV Trust | Preserving Canada's Visual and Audio Treasures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930013551/http://avtrust.ca/masterworks/2000/en_film.htm |date=2011-09-30 }}

In 2009, Neighbours was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme, listing the most significant documentary heritage collections in the world.{{cite web|title=Neighbours, animated, directed and produced by Norman McLaren in 1952|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=26905&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805041431/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D26905%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2009|work=Memory of the World|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=16 October 2010}}

Legacy

Neighbours was the influence for the 1992 music video "Rest in Peace" by the American rock band, Extreme. In the original music video for the song, the neighbors fight over a TV set showing the band performing, instead of a flower. The band was sued, but the controversy was quickly settled out of court. Extreme later released a new version of the video, consisting only of the performance montage of the band on a white cyclorama which was displayed on the television set in the original video.