Neokaryotes

{{Short description|Eukaryote clade consisting of most protists}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Amoeba proteus.jpg

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| image_caption = Amoeba proteus, visible are the contractile vacuole (circular) and the nucleus (somewhat dumbbell-shaped)

| taxon = Neokaryotes

| display_parents=2

| authority =

| subdivision_ranks = Clades

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| synonyms_ref = {{citation needed|date=}}

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The neokaryotes (Cavalier-Smith 1993) are a proposed eukaryote clade consisting of the unikonts and the bikonts as sister of for instance the Jakobea. It arises because the Euglenozoa, Percolozoa, Tsukubea, and Jakobea are seen in this view as more basal eukaryotes. These four groups, are traditionally grouped together in the Discoba. However, the Discoba may well be paraphyletic as the neokaryotes may have emerged in them.{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|date=1 May 2013|title=Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa|journal=European Journal of Protistology|volume=49|issue=2|pages=115–178|doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001|pmid=23085100}}

The group was recovered as a monophyletic group in a later analysis, Al Jewari and Baldauf (2023).{{Cite journal |last1=Al Jewari |first1=Caesar |last2=Baldauf |first2=Sandra L. |date=28 April 2023 |title=An excavate root for the eukaryote tree of life |journal=Science Advances |volume=9 |issue=17 |pages=eade4973 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.ade4973 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=10146883 |pmid=37115919|bibcode=2023SciA....9E4973A }}

Taxonomy

A proposed cladogram is{{Cite journal|last1=Derelle|first1=Romain|last2=Torruella|first2=Guifré|last3=Klimeš|first3=Vladimír|last4=Brinkmann|first4=Henner|last5=Kim|first5=Eunsoo|last6=Vlček|first6=Čestmír|last7=Lang|first7=B. Franz|last8=Eliáš|first8=Marek|date=17 February 2015|title=Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=7|pages=E693–E699|doi=10.1073/pnas.1420657112|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4343179|pmid=25646484|bibcode=2015PNAS..112E.693D|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last2=Chao|first2=E. E.|last3=Snell|first3=E. A.|last4=Berney|first4=C.|last5=Fiore-Donno|first5=A. M.|last6=Lewis|first6=R.|year=2014|title=Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution|volume=81|pages=71–85|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012|pmid=25152275|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=T.|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|date=23 June 2010|title=Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree|journal=Biology Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=342–345|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948|issn=1744-9561|pmc=2880060|pmid=20031978}}{{Cite journal|last1=He|first1=Ding|last2=Fiz-Palacios|first2=Omar|last3=Fu|first3=Cheng-Jie|last4=Fehling|first4=Johanna|last5=Tsai|first5=Chun-Chieh|last6=Baldauf|first6=Sandra L.|title=An Alternative Root for the Eukaryote Tree of Life|journal=Current Biology|volume=24|issue=4|pages=465–470|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.036|pmid=24508168|year=2014|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Cavelier Smith|year=2013|title= Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa|journal=European Journal of Protistology|volume=49|issue=2|pages=115–178|doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001|pmid=23085100}}{{Cite journal|last1=Hug|first1=Laura A.|last2=Baker|first2=Brett J.|last3=Anantharaman|first3=Karthik|last4=Brown|first4=Christopher T.|last5=Probst|first5=Alexander J.|last6=Castelle|first6=Cindy J.|last7=Butterfield|first7=Cristina N.|last8=Hernsdorf|first8=Alex W.|last9=Amano|first9=Yuki|date=11 April 2016|title=A new view of the tree of life|journal=Nature Microbiology|language=en|volume=1|issue=5|pages=16048|doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.48|pmid=27572647|issn=2058-5276|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|last2=Chao|first2=Ema E.|last3=Lewis|first3=Rhodri|date=1 June 2016|title=187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=99|pages=275–296|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023|pmid=27001604|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|date=5 September 2017|title=Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences|journal=Protoplasma|volume=255|issue=1|language=en|pages=297–357|doi=10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3|pmid=28875267|pmc=5756292|issn=0033-183X}}

{{clade|{{Clade

|1=Tsukubea

|2={{Clade

|label1=Discicristata

|1={{Clade

|1=Euglenozoa

|2=Percolozoa

}}

|label2=Orthokaryotes

|2={{Clade

|1=Jakobea

|label2=Neokaryotes