Scotokaryotes
{{Short description|A theoretical clade in the Eukaryota taxonomical domain}}
{{Automatic taxobox
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| taxon = Scotokaryotes
| subdivision_ranks = Clades
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The Scotokaryotes (Cavalier-Smith) is a proposed basal Neokaryote clade as sister of the Diaphoretickes. Basal Scotokaryote groupings are the Metamonads, the Malawimonas and the Podiata.{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|date=2013-05-01|title=Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa|journal=European Journal of Protistology|volume=49|issue=2|pages=115–178|doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001|pmid=23085100}}{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|title=Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis and evolution in light of comparative ultrastructure and trypanosomatid biology: semi-conservative microtubule/strip duplication, strip shaping and transformation|journal=European Journal of Protistology|volume=61|issue=Pt A|pages=137–179|doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.002|pmid=29073503|year=2017|doi-access=free}} In this phylogeny the Discoba are sometimes seen as paraphyletic and basal eukaryotes.
An alternative to the Unikont–Bikont division was suggested by Derelle et al. in 2015,{{Cite journal|title = Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date = 17 February 2015 |pmc = 4343179|pmid = 25646484|pages = E693–E699|volume = 112|issue = 7|doi = 10.1073/pnas.1420657112|language = en|first1 = Romain|last1 = Derelle|first2 = Guifré|last2 = Torruella|first3 = Vladimír|last3 = Klimeš|first4 = Henner|last4 = Brinkmann|first5 = Eunsoo|last5 = Kim|first6 = Čestmír|last6 = Vlček|first7 = B. Franz|last7 = Lang|first8 = Marek|last8 = Eliáš|bibcode = 2015PNAS..112E.693D|doi-access = free}} where they proposed the acronyms Opimoda–Diphoda respectively, as substitutes to the older terms (Opimoda includes the old 'unikonts', plus some former bikonts; Diphoda includes most of the old 'bikonts', but not all). The name Opimoda is formed from the letters (shown in capitals) of OPIsthokonta and aMOebozoa. In this phylogeny Discoba belongs to the Diphoda clade.
Taxonomy
A proposed cladogram is{{Cite journal|last1=Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka|first1=Katarzyna|last2=Caceres|first2=Eva F.|last3=Saw|first3=Jimmy H.|last4=Bäckström|first4=Disa|last5=Juzokaite|first5=Lina|last6=Vancaester|first6=Emmelien|last7=Seitz|first7=Kiley W.|last8=Anantharaman|first8=Karthik|last9=Starnawski|first9=Piotr|date=2017-01-11|title=Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=advance online publication|issue=7637|pages=353–358|doi=10.1038/nature21031|pmid=28077874|issn=1476-4687|bibcode=2017Natur.541..353Z|osti=1580084|s2cid=4458094|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt0qh5400s/qt0qh5400s.pdf?t=pgp8bj}}{{Cite journal|last1=Derelle|first1=Romain|last2=Torruella|first2=Guifré|last3=Klimeš|first3=Vladimír|last4=Brinkmann|first4=Henner|last5=Kim|first5=Eunsoo|last6=Vlček|first6=Čestmír|last7=Lang|first7=B. Franz|last8=Eliáš|first8=Marek|date=2015-02-17|title=Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=7|pages=E693–E699|doi=10.1073/pnas.1420657112|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4343179|pmid=25646484|bibcode=2015PNAS..112E.693D|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=T.|last2=Chao|first2=E. E.|last3=Snell|first3=E. A.|last4=Berney|first4=C.|last5=Fiore-Donno|first5=A. M.|last6=Lewis|first6=R.|year=2014|title=Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution|volume=81|pages=71–85|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012|pmid=25152275|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|date=2010-06-23|title=Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree|journal=Biology Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=342–345|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948|issn=1744-9561|pmc=2880060|pmid=20031978}}{{Cite journal|last1=He|first1=Ding|last2=Fiz-Palacios|first2=Omar|last3=Fu|first3=Cheng-Jie|last4=Fehling|first4=Johanna|last5=Tsai|first5=Chun-Chieh|last6=Baldauf|first6=Sandra L.|title=An Alternative Root for the Eukaryote Tree of Life|journal=Current Biology|volume=24|issue=4|pages=465–470|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.036|pmid=24508168|year=2014|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014CBio...24..465H }}{{Cite journal|last=Cavelier Smith|year=2013|title= Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa|journal=European Journal of Protistology|volume=49|issue=2|pages=115–178|doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001|pmid=23085100}}{{Cite journal|last1=Hug|first1=Laura A.|last2=Baker|first2=Brett J.|last3=Anantharaman|first3=Karthik|last4=Brown|first4=Christopher T.|last5=Probst|first5=Alexander J.|last6=Castelle|first6=Cindy J.|last7=Butterfield|first7=Cristina N.|last8=Hernsdorf|first8=Alex W.|last9=Amano|first9=Yuki|date=2016-04-11|title=A new view of the tree of life|journal=Nature Microbiology|language=en|volume=1|issue=5|pages=16048|doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.48|pmid=27572647|issn=2058-5276|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|last2=Chao|first2=Ema E.|last3=Lewis|first3=Rhodri|date=2016-06-01|title=187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=99|pages=275–296|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023|pmid=27001604|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|date=2017-09-05|title=Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences|journal=Protoplasma|volume=255|issue=1|language=en|pages=297–357|doi=10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3|pmid=28875267|pmc=5756292|issn=0033-183X}}{{overcite|date=March 2024}}
{{clade|{{Clade
|1=Tsukubea
|2={{Clade
|label1=Discicristata
|1={{Clade
}}
|label2=Orthokaryotes
|2={{Clade
|label2=Neokaryotes
|2={{Clade
|label2=Scotokaryotes/Opimoda/Neozoa
|2={{Clade
|state1=dashed
|2={{Clade
|state1=dashed
|label2=Podiata
|2={{Clade
|label2=Amorphea/
|sublabel2=Unikont
|2={{Clade
|label2=Obazoa
|2={{Clade
|2={{clade
}}}}}}}}}}}}
|label1=Corticata/Diaphoretickes/
|sublabel1=SAR HA Supergroup/Bikont
|1={{Clade
|label2=Chromista
|2={{Clade
}}|label1=Eukaryota|style=font-size:80%; line-height:80%}}