New Jersey's 9th congressional district

{{Short description|U.S. House district for New Jersey}}

{{use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}

{{redirect-synonym|NJ-9|New Jersey Route 9}}

{{Infobox U.S. congressional district

|state = New Jersey

|district number = 9

|image name = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|from=New Jersey's 9th congressional district (2023–2033).map|frame-height=300|frame-width=400|frame-latitude=40.9|frame-longitude=-74.1|zoom=10|overlay-horizontal-alignment=right|overlay-vertical-alignment=bottom|overlay=80px}}

|image width =

|image caption = Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023

|representative = Nellie Pou

|party = Democratic

|residence = North Haledon

|English area =

|percent urban = 100

|percent rural = 0

|population = 770,658{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/mycd/?st=34&cd=09|title = My Congressional District}}

|population year = 2023

|median income = $86,044

| percent white = 38.3

| percent hispanic = 41.6

| percent black = 8.0

| percent asian = 9.0

| percent more than one race = 2.1

| percent other race = 1.0

|percent blue collar =

|percent white collar =

|percent gray collar =

|cpvi= D+2{{Cite web|title=2025 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List (119th Congress)|url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2025-partisan-voting-index/district-map-and-list|access-date=2025-04-05|website=Cook Political Report|language=en}}

}}

New Jersey's 9th congressional district is an urban congressional district in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and was represented in Congress by Democrat Bill Pascrell until his death in 2024, first elected in 1996 from the old 8th district. The 9th district consists largely of municipalities in Bergen and Passaic Counties.

Due to redistricting following the 2010 census, portions of the old 9th district were shifted to the 5th district and the new 8th district, as part of a reduction in congressional districts from 13 to 12 in New Jersey. The new congressional map resulted in Pascrell's hometown of Paterson being added to the 9th district, which had been represented by Steve Rothman, a fellow Democrat who, like Pascrell, entered Congress after winning a seat in the 1996 election. In 2012, both incumbents ran for their party's nomination for the seat in the June primary, which Pascrell won. Later that year, Pascrell defeated Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, the Republican nominee, in the general election. He ran for 5 more terms before dying at the age of 87.{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Sam |last2=Fried |first2=Joseph P. |date=2024-08-21 |title=Bill Pascrell Jr., 14-Term House Democrat From N.J., Dies at 87 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/21/nyregion/bill-pascrell-dead.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

In the 2024 election, the district shifted dramatically to the right, voting by 1.1 points for Republican presidential candidate Donald J. Trump after having previously voted for Democrat Joe Biden over Trump by 19 points in 2020. The Democratic congressional candidate, Nellie Pou, won by 5 points over the Republican Billy Prempeh, a much narrower margin than previous congressional races. Pou was elected to succeed the late Pascrell and took office in January 2025.{{cite web | last=Fox | first=Joey | title=Nellie Pou, Trump-district congresswoman | website=New Jersey Globe | date=2024-11-20 | url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/nellie-pou-trump-district-congresswoman/ | access-date=2024-12-28}} It was one of 13 congressional districts that voted for Donald Trump in the 2024 presidential election while simultaneously electing a Democrat in the 2024 House of Representatives elections.{{cite web |last1=Bowman |first1=Bridget |title=Trump's victory sets up fight for the House on his turf in 2026 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/trumps-victory-sets-fight-house-turf-2026-rcna184017 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=16 March 2025 |date=14 December 2024}}

Counties and municipalities in the district

For the 118th and successive Congresses (based on redistricting following the 2020 census), the district contains all or portions of three counties and 35 municipalities.[https://www.njredistrictingcommission.org/documents/2021/Data2021/Plan%20Components.pdf], New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2021. Accessed November 5, 2022.

Bergen County (24):

:Carlstadt, Cliffside Park, East Rutherford, Edgewater, Elmwood Park, Fairview, Franklin Lakes, Garfield, Hasbrouck Heights, Little Ferry, Lodi, Lyndhurst, Maywood (part, also 5th), Moonachie, North Arlington, Oakland, Ridgefield, Rochelle Park, Rutherford, Saddle Brook, South Hackensack, Teterboro, Wallington, Wood-Ridge

Hudson County (2):

:Kearny (part, also 8th), Secaucus

Passaic County (9):

:Clifton, Haledon, Hawthorne, North Haledon, Passaic, Paterson, Pompton Lakes, Prospect Park, Wayne (part, also 11th; includes Pines Lake and part of Preakness)

Recent election results from statewide races

class=wikitable

! Year

! Office

! Resultshttps://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::6ff0b024-2e5d-4e9b-ba0e-56f6de17ea80https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1SXtNRjZ9ccOn58-X9_W2Qo7XSgu7GTsqRlK9UxooOkU/edit?gid=78360187#gid=78360187

|2008

| President

| align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}}|Obama 61% - 38%

|2012

| President

| align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}}|Obama 66% - 34%

|2016

| President

| align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}}|Clinton 61% - 37%

|2017

| Governor

| align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}}|Murphy 63% - 36%

|2018

| Senate

| align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}}|Menendez 60% - 37%

rowspan=2|2020

| President

| align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}}|Biden 59% - 40%

Senate

| align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}}|Booker 61% - 36%

|2021

| Governor

| align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}}|Murphy 54% - 46%

rowspan=2|2024

| President

| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|Trump 49% - 48%

Senate

| align="right" {{party shading/Democratic}}|Kim 51% - 45%

List of members representing the district

class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
style="vertical-align:bottom

! Member
{{Small|(District home)}}

! Party

! Years

! Cong
ress

! Electoral history

! Counties/towns

style="height:3em"

| colspan=6 | District established March 4, 1903

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Allan Benny
{{Small|(Bayonne)}}

| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| nowrap | March 4, 1903 –
March 3, 1905

| {{USCongressOrdinal|58}}

| Elected in 1902.
Lost re-election.

| rowspan=4 | Hudson County (except parts of Jersey City)

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Marshall Van Winkle
{{Small|(Jersey City)}}

| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican

| nowrap | March 4, 1905 –
March 3, 1907

| {{USCongressOrdinal|59}}

| Elected in 1904.
Retired.

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | Eugene W. Leake
{{Small|(Jersey City)}}

| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| nowrap | March 4, 1907 –
March 3, 1909

| {{USCongressOrdinal|60}}

| Elected in 1906.
Retired.

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Eugene F. Kinkead
{{Small|(Jersey City)}}

| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| nowrap | March 4, 1909 –
March 3, 1913

| {{USCongressOrdinal|61|62}}

| Elected in 1908.
Re-elected in 1910.
Redistricted to the {{ushr|New Jersey|8|C}}.

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Walter I. McCoy
{{Small|(East Orange)}}

| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| nowrap | March 4, 1913 –
October 3, 1914

| rowspan=2 | {{USCongressOrdinal|63}}

| Redistricted from the {{ushr|New Jersey|8|C}} and re-elected in 1912.
Resigned on appointment as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.

| rowspan=8 | Parts of Essex (East Orange, Orange, and parts of South Orange and Newark)

style="height:3em"

| colspan=2 | Vacant

| nowrap | October 3, 1914 –
December 1, 1914

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Richard W. Parker
{{Small|(Newark)}}

| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican

| nowrap | December 1, 1914 –
March 3, 1919

| {{USCongressOrdinal|63|65}}

| Elected to finish McCoy's term.
Also elected to the next full term.
Re-elected in 1916.
Lost re-election.

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Daniel F. Minahan
{{Small|(Orange)}}

| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| nowrap | March 4, 1919 –
March 3, 1921

| {{USCongressOrdinal|66}}

| Elected in 1918.
Lost re-election.

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Richard W. Parker
{{Small|(Newark)}}

| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican

| nowrap | March 4, 1921 –
March 3, 1923

| {{USCongressOrdinal|67}}

| Elected in 1920.
Lost re-election.

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Daniel F. Minahan
{{Small|(Orange)}}

| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| nowrap | March 4, 1923 –
March 3, 1925

| {{USCongressOrdinal|68}}

| Elected in 1922.
Lost re-election.

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Franklin William Fort
{{Small|(East Orange)}}

| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican

| nowrap | March 4, 1925 –
March 3, 1931

| {{USCongressOrdinal|69|71}}

| Elected in 1924.
Re-elected in 1926.
Re-elected in 1928.
Retired to run for U.S. senator.

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Peter Angelo Cavicchia
{{Small|(Newark)}}

| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican

| nowrap | March 4, 1931 –
March 3, 1933

| {{USCongressOrdinal|72}}

| Elected in 1930.
Redistricted to the {{ushr|New Jersey|11|C}}.

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Edward Aloysius Kenney
{{Small|(Cliffside Park)}}

| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| nowrap | March 4, 1933 –
January 27, 1938

| {{USCongressOrdinal|73|75}}

| Elected in 1932.
Re-elected in 1934.
Re-elected in 1936.
Died.

| rowspan=6 | Parts of Bergen and Hudson (North Bergen)

style="height:3em"

| colspan=2 | Vacant

| nowrap | January 27, 1938 –
January 3, 1939

| {{USCongressOrdinal|75}}

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Frank C. Osmers Jr.
{{Small|(Haworth)}}

| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican

| nowrap | January 3, 1939 –
January 3, 1943

| {{USCongressOrdinal|76|77}}

| Elected in 1938.
Re-elected in 1940.
Retired to become a second lieutenant in the 77th Infantry Division.

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Harry Lancaster Towe
{{Small|(Tenafly)}}

| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican

| nowrap | January 3, 1943 –
September 7, 1951

| {{USCongressOrdinal|78|82}}

| Elected in 1942.
Re-elected in 1944.
Re-elected in 1946.
Re-elected in 1948.
Re-elected in 1950.
Resigned to become Assistant Attorney General of New Jersey for Bergen County.

style="height:3em"

| colspan=2 | Vacant

| nowrap | September 7, 1951 –
November 6, 1951

| {{USCongressOrdinal|82}}

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Frank C. Osmers Jr.
{{Small|(Tenafly)}}

| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican

| nowrap | November 6, 1951 –
January 3, 1965

| {{USCongressOrdinal|82|88}}

| Elected to finish Towe's term.
Re-elected in 1952.
Re-elected in 1954.
Re-elected in 1956.
Re-elected in 1958.
Re-elected in 1960.
Re-elected in 1962.
Lost re-election.

style="height:3em"

| rowspan=5 style="text-align:left" | 100px
Henry Helstoski
{{Small|(East Rutherford)}}

| rowspan=5 {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| rowspan=5 nowrap | January 3, 1965 –
January 3, 1977

| rowspan=5 | {{USCongressOrdinal|89|94}}

| rowspan=5 | Elected in 1964.
Re-elected in 1966.
Re-elected in 1968.
Re-elected in 1970.
Re-elected in 1972.
Re-elected in 1974.
Lost re-election.

| {{Data missing|date=August 2020}}

style="height:3em"

| 1967–1969
southern Bergen (Bogota, Carlstadt, Cliffside Park, East Rutherford, Fairview, Fort Lee, Garfield, Hackensack, Hasbrouck Heights, Leonia, Little Ferry, Lodi, Lyndhurst, Maywood, Moonachie, North Arlington, Palisades Park, Saddle Brook, South Hackensack, Ridgefield, Ridgefield Park, Rochelle Park, Rutherford, Teaneck, Teterboro, Wallington, Wood-Ridge)

style="height:3em"

| 1969–1971
Eastern Bergen

style="height:3em"

| 1971–1973
{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}

style="height:3em"

| rowspan=2 | 1973–1977
Eastern Bergen and parts of Hudson

style="height:3em"

| style="text-align:left" | 100px
Harold C. Hollenbeck
{{Small|(East Rutherford)}}

| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican

| nowrap | January 3, 1977 –
January 3, 1983

| {{USCongressOrdinal|95|97}}

| Elected in 1976.
Re-elected in 1978.
Re-elected in 1980.
Lost re-election.

style="height:3em"

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:left" | 100px
Robert Torricelli
{{Small|(Englewood)}}

| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| rowspan=3 nowrap | January 3, 1983 –
January 3, 1997

| rowspan=3 | {{USCongressOrdinal|98|104}}

| rowspan=3 | Elected in 1982.
Re-elected in 1984.
Re-elected in 1986.
Re-elected in 1988.
Re-elected in 1990.
Re-elected in 1992.
Re-elected in 1994.
Retired to run for U.S. senator.

| 1983–1985
eastern Bergen

style="height:3em"

| 1985–1993
Parts of Bergen and Hudson

style="height:3em"

| rowspan=2 | 1993–1997
Parts of Bergen and Hudson

style="height:3em"

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left" | 100px
Steve Rothman
{{Small|(Fair Lawn)}}

| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| rowspan=2 nowrap | January 3, 1997 –
January 3, 2013

| rowspan=2 | {{USCongressOrdinal|105|112}}

| rowspan=2 | Elected in 1996.
Re-elected in 1998.
Re-elected in 2000.
Re-elected in 2002.
Re-elected in 2004.
Re-elected in 2006.
Re-elected in 2008.
Re-elected in 2010.
Lost renomination.

style="height:3em"

| 2003–2013
300px
Parts of Bergen, Hudson (parts of Jersey City, Kearney, North Bergen and Secaucus) and Passaic (Hawthorne)

style="height:3em"

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left" | 100px
Bill Pascrell
{{Small|(Paterson)}}

| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

| rowspan=2 nowrap | January 3, 2013 –
August 21, 2024

| rowspan=2 | {{USCongressOrdinal|113|118}}

| rowspan=2 | Redistricted from the {{ushr|New Jersey|8|C}} and re-elected in 2012.
Re-elected in 2014.
Re-elected in 2016.
Re-elected in 2018.
Re-elected in 2020.
Re-elected in 2022.
Died.

| 2013–2023
100px
Parts of Bergen, Hudson (Secaucus and parts of Kearny), and Passaic (Clifton, Haledon, Hawthorne, Passaic, Paterson and Prospect Park)

style="height:3em"

| rowspan="3" | 2023–present
300px
Parts of Bergen, Hudson (parts of Kearny), and Passaic (Clifton, Haledon, Hawthorne, North Haledon, Passaic, Paterson, Prospect Park, Pompton Lakes, and Wayne)

colspan="2" |Vacant

|August 21, 2024 –
January 3, 2025

|118th

|

style="text-align:left" |100px
Nellie Pou
{{Small|(North Haledon)}}

|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic

|January 3, 2025 –
present

|{{USCongressOrdinal|119|present}}

|Elected in 2024.

Recent election results

= 2012 =

{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey's 9th congressional district, 2012{{cite web |url=https://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/assets/pdf/election-results/2012/2012-official-general-results-house-of-representatives-020513.pdf |title=Election Information |publisher=NJ Department of State|date=November 6, 2012 |access-date=March 9, 2018}}}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Bill Pascrell (incumbent)|votes=162,822|percentage=74.0}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Shmuley Boteach|votes=55,091|percentage=25.0}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Independent|candidate=E. David Smith|votes=1,138|percentage=0.5}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Constitution Party (United States)|candidate=Jeanette Woolsey|votes=1,082|percentage=0.5}}

{{Election box total no change|votes=220,133|percentage=100.0}}

{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}

{{Election box end}}

= 2014 =

{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey's 9th congressional district, 2014{{cite web|last=Haas|first=Karen L.|title=Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2014|url=http://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/|publisher=Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives|access-date=October 28, 2019|date=March 9, 2015}}}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Bill Pascrell (incumbent)|votes=82,498|percentage=68.5}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dierdre G. Paul|votes=36,246|percentage=30.1}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Independent|candidate=Nestor Montilla|votes=1,715|percentage=1.4}}

{{Election box total no change|votes=120,459|percentage=100.0}}

{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}

{{Election box end}}

= 2016 =

{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey's 9th congressional district, 2016{{cite web |url=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2016-results/2016-official-general-results-house-of-representatives.pdf |title=Election Information |publisher=NJ Department of State|date=November 8, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2016}}}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Bill Pascrell Jr. (incumbent)|votes=162,642|percentage=69.8}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Hector L. Castillo|votes=65,376|percentage=28.0}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Libertarian Party (United States)|candidate=Diego Rivera|votes=3,327|percentage=1.4}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Independent|candidate=Jeff Boss|votes=1,897|percentage=0.8}}

{{Election box total no change|votes=233,242|percentage=100.0}}

{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}

{{Election box end}}

= 2018 =

{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey's 9th congressional district, 2018{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Cheryl L.|title=Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 2018|url=http://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/|publisher=Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives|access-date=April 27, 2019|date=February 28, 2019}}}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Bill Pascrell Jr. (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=140,832|percentage=70.3}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Eric P. Fisher|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=57,854|percentage=28.9}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Claudio Belusic|party=Libertarian Party (United States)|votes=1,730|percentage=0.9}}

{{Election box total no change|votes=200,416|percentage=100.0}}

{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}

{{Election box end}}

= 2020 =

{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey's 9th congressional district, 2020{{cite web |title=Official General Election Results: U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/election-results/2020/2020-official-general-results-us-house.pdf|website=New Jersey Department of Elections |access-date=December 7, 2020}}}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Bill Pascrell Jr. (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=203,674|percentage=65.8}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Billy Prempeh|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=98,629|percentage=31.9}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Chris Auriemma|party=Independent|votes=7,239|percentage=2.3}}

{{Election box total no change|votes=309,542|percentage=100.0}}

{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}

{{Election box end}}

= 2022 =

{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey's 9th congressional district, 2022{{cite web |title= 2022 Official General Election Results: U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/assets/pdf/election-results/2022/2022-official-general-results-us-house.pdf |website=New Jersey Department of State - Division of Elections |access-date=December 7, 2022}}}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change

| candidate = Bill Pascrell Jr. (incumbent)

| party = Democratic Party (United States)

| votes = 82,115

| percentage = 55.0

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change

| candidate = Billy Prempeh

| party = Republican Party (United States)

| votes = 65,214

| percentage = 43.6

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change

| candidate = Lea Sherman

| party = Socialist Workers Party (United States)

| votes = 1,103

| percentage = 0.7

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change

| candidate = Sean Armstrong

| party = Libertarian Party (United States)

| votes = 1,050

| percentage = 0.7

}}

{{Election box total no change

| votes = 149,482

| percentage = 100.0

}}

{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}{{Election box end}}

= 2024 =

{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey's 9th congressional district, 2024{{cite web |title= 2024 Official General Election Results: U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/election-results/2024/2024-official-general-results-us-house.pdf |website=New Jersey Department of State - Division of Elections |access-date=January 18, 2025}}}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change

| candidate = Nellie Pou

| party = Democratic Party (United States)

| votes = 130,514

| percentage = 50.8

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change

| candidate = Billy Prempeh

| party = Republican Party (United States)

| votes = 117,939

| percentage = 45.9

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change

| candidate = Benjamin Taylor

| party = Green Party (United States)

| votes = 5,027

| percentage = 2.0

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change

| candidate = Bruno Pereira

| party = Libertarian Party (United States)

| votes = 3,533

| percentage = 1.4

}}

{{Election box total no change

| votes = 257,013

| percentage = 100.0

}}

{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}{{Election box end}}

References

{{Reflist}}

  • {{cite book |title=The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress |last=Martis |first=Kenneth C. |year=1989 |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |location=New York}}
  • {{cite book |title=The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts |last=Martis |first=Kenneth C. |year=1982 |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |location=New York}}
  • [http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present]