Newark Earthworks
{{short description|Archaeological site in Ohio, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Newark Earthworks
| nrhp_type = nhl
| image = Newark Earthworks Wall and Moat.jpg
| caption = View along the main wall and the moat from the outside the Great Circle. The break in the wall - the traditional entrance - is visible in the far distance.
| location = Roughly bounded by Union, 30th, James, and Waldo streets, and OH 16, Newark, Ohio
| coordinates = {{coord|40|2|31.8|N|82|25|48.4|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Ohio#USA
| area = {{convert|190|acre|ha}} (landmarked area)
| built =
| architect =
| architecture = Hopewell culture
| added = October 10, 1966
| designated_nrhp_type = July 19, 1964
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}
The Newark Earthworks in Newark and Heath, Ohio, consist of three sections of preserved earthworks: the Great Circle Earthworks, the Octagon Earthworks, and the Wright Earthworks. This complex, built by the Hopewell culture between 100 BCE and 400 CE, contains the largest earthen enclosures in the world, and was about {{cvt|3000|acres}} in total extent. Less than 10 percent of the total site has been preserved since European-American settlement; this area contains a total of {{convert|206|acres}}. Newark's Octagon and Great Circle Earthworks are managed by the Ohio History Connection. A designated National Historic Landmark, in 2006 the Newark Earthworks was also designated as the "official prehistoric monument of the State of Ohio."
This is part of the Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks, one of 14 sites nominated in January 2008 by the U.S. Department of the Interior for potential submission by the United States to the UNESCO World Heritage List.{{cite web|url=http://www.octagonmoonrise.org/World%20Heritage%20Designation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721000251/http://www.octagonmoonrise.org/World%20Heritage%20Designation.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |title=Newark Earthworks Day |publisher=Octagonmoonrise.org |access-date=2012-11-14}} It was officially designated a World Heritage Site in September 2023 together with the earthworks at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park and Fort Ancient.{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1689/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}
History
Built by the Hopewell culture between 100 BCE and 400 CE,Bradley Lepper, The Newark Earthworks, A Monumental Engine of World Renewal from The Newark Earthworks, Enduring Monuments, Contested Meanings, edited by Lindsay Jones and Richard D. Shiels, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville & London, 2016, pp.41-61 the earthworks were used by the indigenous Native Americans as places of ceremony, social gathering, trade, worship, and honoring the dead.{{cite web|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/newark-earthworks|title=History|website=Ohio History Connection|date=2016|access-date=9 September 2016}} The primary purpose of the Octagon earthwork was believed to have been scientific. Scholars have demonstrated that the Octagon Earthworks comprise a lunar observatory for tracking the Moon's orbit during its 18.6-year cycle.
While limited, the Newark Earthwork site is the largest surviving Hopewell earthwork complex in North America. The culture built many earthen mounds. Over decades, they built what is the single largest earthwork enclosure complex in the Ohio River Valley.
The complex was one of hundreds of Native American ancient monuments identified and surveyed for the Smithsonian Institution in the mid-nineteenth century by Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis, from 1837 to 1847. The work that was published by a nascent Smithsonian Institution was titled Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley.[https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666743/ "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley"]. World Digital Library. 1848. Retrieved 2013-07-29. This study of the prehistoric Mound Builders of North America was a landmark in American scientific research and the early development of archaeology as a scientific discipline. The book was the first volume of the Smithsonian Institution's Contributions to Knowledge series and the Institution's first publication. Squier and Davis' detailed and measured plan of the site is shown on this page.
Great Circle Earthworks
File:A Mound in the Great Circle Earthworks, Heath.jpg
File:End of a ditch at the Great Circle in Newark.jpg
The {{convert|1200|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=}}-wide Newark Earthworks Great Circle (located in Heath, OH) is one of the largest circular earthworks in the Americas, at least in construction effort. A {{convert|5|ft|m|adj=on}} deep moat is encompassed by walls that are {{convert|8|ft|m}} high; at the entrance, the dimensions are even more grand.
Researchers have used archaeogeodesy and archaeoastronomy to analyze the placements, alignments, dimensions, and site-to-site interrelationships of the earthworks. This research has revealed that the prehistoric cultures in the area had advanced scientific understanding which they used as the basis of their complex construction.
Octagon Earthworks
The Octagon Earthworks consists of an Observatory Mound (connected at the southwestern edge of Observatory Circle), Observatory Circle {{cvt|20|acres|0}}, and the connected Octagon {{cvt|50|acres|0}}. The Octagon has eight {{convert|550|ft|m|adj=on}}-long walls, from {{convert|5|ft|m}} to {{convert|6|ft|m}} high. The Octagon is joined by parallel walls to Observatory Circle .
File:Newark Works Squier and Davis Plate XXV.jpg
In 1982 researchers from Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana concluded that the complex was a lunar observatory, designed to track motions of the moon, including the northernmost point of the 18.6-year cycle of the lunar orbit. When viewed from the observatory mound, the moon rises at that time within one-half of a degree of the octagon's exact center. The earthwork is twice as precise as the complex at Stonehenge (assuming Stonehenge is an observatory, which is a disputed theory).{{cite news |first=Christopher |last=Maag |title=Ohio Indian Mounds: Hallowed Ground and a Nice Par 3 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/28/national/28mounds.html |work=New York Times |date=2005-11-28 }}
From 1892 to 1908, the state of Ohio used the Octagon Earthworks as a militia encampment. Immediately after this, the Newark Board of Trade owned the property, until 1918. In 1910, the property was leased to Moundbuilders Country Club (MBCC), which developed the site as a golf course. As a result of a Licking County Common Pleas Court case, a trustee was named to manage the property from 1918 to 1933.
In 1997 the Ohio Historical Society (now the Ohio History Connection) signed a lease until 2078 with the country club. MBCC maintains, secures, and provides restricted public access to the land.{{cite news |last1=Withrow |first1=Brandon |title=The US' 2,000-year-old mystery mounds |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20221204-the-us-2000-year-old-mystery-mounds |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=bbc.com |language=en}} Some citizens believe the country club is an inappropriate use of the sacred site.{{cite web|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/newark-earthworks|title=Visit|website=Ohio History Connection|date=2016|access-date=9 September 2016}} There has been increasing public interest in the earthworks. Activists have pressed for more public access to the site to witness the moonrise, which observance was planned in the design and construction by the original native builders.
In 2022 the Ohio Supreme Court had ruled that the historical society could use eminent domain to buy out the lease from the Moundbuilders Country Club. On August 2024 a deal was reached and the Country Club left from the site on 1 January 2025.{{Cite web |date=1 August 2024 |title=Golf Course Atop Ancient Native American Earthworks to Be Removed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/01/arts/design/octagon-earthworks-ohio-golf-course.html |website=The New York Times}}
Wright Earthworks
The Wright Earthworks consist of a fragment of a geometrically near-perfect square enclosure and part of one wall that originally formed a set of parallel embankments, which led from the enclosure to a large oval yard. The Newark square's sides formerly ranged from about {{convert|940|ft|m|-2}} to {{cvt|950|ft|m|-2}} in length, enclosing a total area of about {{convert|20|acres|0}}.
Much of the square enclosure and its associated mounds was destroyed during nineteenth-century European-American development: construction related to building the Ohio Canal, as well as the streets and houses of the city of Newark. Clearing and cultivation of fields for farming also destroyed much of the monument. The remaining segment of one wall of the square is less than {{convert|200|ft|m|-1}} long.{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927021602/www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2753|archive-date=2012-09-27|url-status=dead|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2753 |title=Wright Earthworks – Ohio History Central – A product of the Ohio Historical Society |publisher=Ohio History Central |date=2006-11-14 |access-date=2012-01-26}}
The Wright Earthworks are named in honor of Mrs. Frances Rees Wright, who donated the site in 1934 to the Ohio Historical Society.
Gallery
Color photos are of the Great Circle, located in Heath. The black-and-white photos of the Octagon Earthworks in Newark were taken from the air in the 1980s, showing the interposition of country club golf sand traps and greens with the surviving parts of the ancient circles, walls, Observatory Circle and Octagon.
File:Ohio Newark Great Circle01 02.jpg|Panoramic view from within the Great Circle, the wall of which can be seen in the background.
File:Newark Great Circle Central Mound.jpg|Man on top of the central mound at the Great Circle in 2024
File:TouristsAtGreatCircleEarthworks.jpg|Tourists at Great Circle Earthworks, Heath
File:Newark Mounds, Newark, Ohio, USA.jpg|Octagon Earthworks, Newark - small ancient walled circle
File:Newark Mounds,10 Newark, Ohio, USA.jpg|Octagon Earthworks - walls of ancient causeway
File:Newark Mounds,11 Newark, Ohio, USA.jpg|Octagon Earthworks - small ancient circle and other walls
File:Newark Mounds,13 Newark, Ohio, USA.jpg|Octagon Earthworks
File:Newark Mounds,14 Newark, Ohio, USA.jpg|Octagon Earthworks - Observatory Circle in lower right; part of straight walls of Octagon in left center
File:Newark Mounds,15 Newark, Ohio, USA.jpg|Octagon Earthworks
File:Newark Mounds,17 Newark, Ohio, USA.jpg|Octagon Earthworks
File:Newark Mounds,20 Newark, Ohio, USA.jpg|Octagon Earthworks - Observatory Circle in upper right, and part of Octagon visible below that after short causeway
File:Newark Mounds,21 Newark, Ohio, USA.jpg|Octagon Earthworks - walls of Observatory Circle
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- [https://www.ancientohiotrail.org/sites/newark Newark Earthworks, The Ancient Ohio Trail]
- [https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/browse-historical-sites/newark-earthworks/ Official website] from the Ohio Historical Society
- [https://earthworks.osu.edu/ The Newark Earthworks Center], The Ohio State University
- [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1689 Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks UNESCO World Heritage Site]
- [http://jqjacobs.net/archaeo/newark.html The Great Circle Earthwork, Newark, Ohio]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160406052054/http://www.copperas.com/octagon/ The Octagon Earthworks: A Neolithic Lunar Observatory]
{{Hopewellian peoples}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}
{{National Register of Historic Places}}
{{authority control}}
Category:National Historic Landmarks in Ohio
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Licking County, Ohio
Category:Ohio History Connection
Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio