Newsreel

{{short description|Form of short documentary film, containing news stories}}

File:1965-02-08 Showdown in Vietnam.ogv, with narration by Ed Herlihy.]]

A newsreel is a form of short documentary film, containing news stories and items of topical interest, that was prevalent between the 1910s and the mid 1970s. Typically presented in a cinema, newsreels were a source of current affairs, information, and entertainment for millions of moviegoers. Newsreels were typically exhibited preceding a feature film, but there were also dedicated newsreel theaters in many major cities in the 1930s and ’40s,{{Cite web|url=http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/film/image/King.html|title=The Moving Image|website=wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au|url-status=dead | archive-date=March 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315140512/http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/film/image/King.html}} and some large city cinemas also included a smaller theaterette where newsreels were screened continuously throughout the day.

By the end of the 1960s television news broadcasts had supplanted the format. Newsreels are considered significant historical documents, since they are often the only audiovisual record of certain cultural events.

History

File:Universal-Animated-Weekly-ad-1914-01-10.jpg in 1913]]

File:Mahatma Gandhi Arrives in the U.K. (1931) - British Pathé.webm newsreel of Mahatma Gandhi arriving in London.]]

File:News cameramen LOC hec 24719.jpg

File:1946-01-31 Radar makes Round Trip To Moon.ogv army engineers sending a radar signal to the moon.]]

Silent news films were shown in cinemas from the late 19th century. In 1909 Pathé started producing weekly newsreels in Europe. Pathé began producing newsreels for the UK in 1910 and the US in 1911.{{sfn | Fielding | 2015 | pp=44-46}}

Newsreels were a staple of the typical North American, British, and Commonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia, and New Zealand), and throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role. The National Film and Sound Archive in Australia holds the Cinesound Movietone Australian Newsreel Collection, a comprehensive collection of 4,000 newsreel films and documentaries representing news stories covering all major events.

The first official British news cinema that only showed newsreels was the Daily Bioscope that opened in London on May 23, 1909.{{sfn | Popple | Kember | 2019 | p=69}} In 1929, William Fox purchased a former cinema called the Embassy.{{sfn | Diamonstein-Spielvogel | 2011 | p=}} He changed the format from a $2 show twice a day to a continuous 25-cent programme, establishing the first newsreel theater in the United States; the idea was such a success that Fox and his backers announced they would start a chain of newsreel theaters across the country.{{cite news| title=Newsreel Theater |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738070,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306105718/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738070,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 6, 2009 |work=Time magazine |date=November 18, 1929 |access-date=October 31, 2008 }}{{efn|The six or seven minutes of newsreel exhibited in ordinary program houses are selected from many reels of current events. Nowhere could one be sure of seeing all the newsreels made in any one week. In Manhattan, William Fox, in collaboration with Hearst Metro tone, found what to do with the newsreels discarded weekly by their companies. He took over a Broadway theater (Embassy) and changed its program from a $2 show twice a day to a continuous 25¢ show. He made the program all newsreels, to run for an hour, a full photographic report of the pictorial parts of the week's news.}} The newsreels were often accompanied by cartoons or short subjects.

The First World War saw the major countries using the newest technologies to develop propaganda for home audiences. Each used carefully edited newsreels to combine straight news reports and propaganda.{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/filmhistory.2010.22.4.408 | jstor=10.2979/filmhistory.2010.22.4.408 | doi=10.2979/filmhistory.2010.22.4.408 | title=1914–1918, the first media war of the twentieth century: The example of French newsreels | year=2010 | last1=Véray | journal=Film History | volume=22 | issue=4 | pages=408–425 | s2cid=191452425 }}{{sfn | Ward | 1985 | p=}}Wolfgang Miihl-Benninghaus, "Newsreel Images of the Military and War, 1914-1918" in A Second Life: German Cinema's First Decades ed. by Thomas Elsaesser, (1996) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt45kfh9.21.pdf online]. During the Second World War, the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, a state organization in Nazi Germany for disseminating stories favorable to the administration's goals, created Die Deutsche Wochenschau (1940–1945). There were no other newsreels disseminated within the country during the war.

In some countries, newsreels generally used music as a background for usually silent on-site film footage. In some countries, the narrator used humorous remarks for light-hearted or non-tragic stories. In the U.S., newsreel series included The March of Time (1935–1951), Pathé News (1910–1956), Paramount News (1927–1957), Fox Movietone News (1928–1963), Hearst Metrotone News (1914–1967), and Universal Newsreel (1929–1967). Pathé News was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures from 1931 to 1947, and then by Warner Brothers from 1947 to 1956.

An example of a newsreel story can be found in the film Citizen Kane (1941), which was prepared by RKO's actual newsreel staff. Citizen Kane includes a fictional newsreel called "News on the March" that summarizes the life of title character Charles Foster Kane while parodying The March of Time.

On August 12, 1949, one hundred twenty cinema technicians employed by Associated British Pathé in London went on strike to protest the dismissal of fifteen men on the grounds of redundancy while conciliation under trade union agreements was pending. Their strike lasted through to at least Tuesday August 16, the Tuesday being the last day for production on new newsreels shown on the Thursday. Events of the strike resulted in over three hundred cinemas across Britain having to go without newsreels that week.{{cite news |title=No Newsreels in 300 Cinemas: Technicians On Strike |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sG5RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IjQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4701%2C8061977 |work=The Glasgow Herald |date=August 17, 1949 |access-date=August 4, 2013 }}

Television news

In 1936, when the BBC Television Service was launched in the United Kingdom, it was airing the British Movietone and Gaumont British newsreels for several years (except for a hiatus during World War II), until 1948, when the service launched their own newsreel programme, titled Television Newsreel, that would last until July 1954, when it was replaced by News and Newsreel.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/100-voices/birth-of-tv/opening-night|title=Opening Night: November 1936|website=BBC|access-date=March 11, 2023}}{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00qkgzr | title=BBC - Television Newsreel }}{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/july/bbc-television-news-and-newsreel|title=BBC Television News and Newsreel|website=BBC Online|access-date=March 11, 2023}}

On February 16, 1948, NBC launched a ten-minute television program called Camel Newsreel Theatre with John Cameron Swayze that featured newsreels with Swayze doing voiceovers. Also in 1948, the DuMont Television Network launched two short-lived newsreel series, Camera Headlines and I.N.S. Telenews, the latter in cooperation with Hearst's International News Service.

On August 15, 1948, CBS started their evening television news program Douglas Edwards and the News. Later the NBC, CBS, and ABC(USA) news shows all produced their own news film.

In New Zealand, the Weekly Review was "the principal film series produced in the 1940s".{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/weekly-review-1942/series|title=Weekly Review (Series) |website= NZ On Screen .com|language=en|access-date=March 21, 2018}} The first television news broadcasts in the country, incorporating newsreel footage, began in 1960.{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/tv-history/news|title=Early evening news on Television {{!}} New Zealand history |website=NZHistory.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=March 21, 2018}}

== Demise ==

Newsreel-producing companies excluded television companies from their distribution, but the television companies countered by sending their own camera crews to film news events.

Newsreels died out because of the nightly television news broadcast,{{cite book |last1=Brasch |first1=Ilka |title=Film Serials and the American Cinema, 1910-1940: Operational Detection |date=2018 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press via Project MUSE |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |isbn=9789462986527 |access-date=3 July 2024 |jstor=j.ctv7xbs29 |jstor-access=free |pages=285–302 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/66391 |chapter=7: Conclusion: Telefilm, Cross-Media Migration, and the Demise of the Film Serial}}{{cite web |title=Newsreel |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/newsreel |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en}} and technological advances such as electronic news-gathering for television news, introduced in the 1970s, rendered them obsolete.

Newsreel cinemas either closed or went to showing continuous programmes of cartoons and short subjects, such as the London Victoria Station News Cinema, later Cartoon Cinema{{cite web |title=Victoria Station Cartoon Cinema in London, GB |url=https://cinematreasures.org/theaters/1248/ |website=Cinema Treasures |access-date=3 July 2024}} that opened in 1933 and closed in 1981.

The last American newsreel was released on December 26, 1967, the day after Christmas.{{sfn | Cohen | 2000 | p=}} Nonetheless, some countries such as Cuba, Japan, Spain, and Italy continued producing newsreels into the 1980s and 1990s.{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D26989%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=Original Negative of the Noticiero ICAIC Lationamericano |access-date=November 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112082603/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D26989%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=November 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all |website=UNESCO }}

UK newsreels

The first British newsreel was Pathé Animated Gazette (June 1910–1970).{{cite web | url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/476463/index.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040116080652/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/476463/index.html | archive-date=January 16, 2004 | title=Screenonline: Newsreels }}http://media.bufvc.ac.uk/newsonscreen2/newsreel/histories/pathegazettehistory.pdf Other British newsreels include:

Gaumont Graphic (1910–1932){{Cite web|url=https://focalint.org/members/profile/2248/british-pathe-ltd|title=British Pathé Ltd|website=Focal International}}{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/newsonscreen/search/search.php?adv_index1=source&adv_q1=%22Gaumont+Graphic+Issue+Sheets+%5BBUFVC%5D%22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303100704/http://bufvc.ac.uk/newsonscreen/search/search.php?adv_index1=source&adv_q1=%22Gaumont+Graphic+Issue+Sheets+%5BBUFVC%5D%22 | archive-date=March 3, 2015 | title=Results: Stories · British Universities Film & Video Council }}
Warwick Bioscope Chronicle
Topical Budget
Empire News Bulletin (1926–1930)
British Movietone News ( -May 1979)
British Paramount (1931–1957)
Gaumont British (1934–1959)
Visnews (1957–1984)

Retrospectives

An Australian movie production dramatizing the cameramen and producers of newsreels was released in 1978. The title was Newsfront.David Stratton, The Last New Wave: The Australian Film Revival, Angus & Robertson, 1980 p207-211 Some events featured during the presentation were regarding the 1949 election of the Australian Prime Minister, the rabbit plague, and the introduction of television (1956).

A 2016 Irish documentary, Éire na Nuachtscannán ("Ireland in the Newsreels") looked at the newsreel age in Ireland, mostly focusing on Pathé News and how the (British) company altered its newsreels for an Irish audience.{{Cite web|url=https://www.irelandinthenewsreels.com/|title=Ireland in the Newsreels | A six part television series for TG4 by LMDÓC}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyedge.ie/rathmines-stella-cinema-2682126-Mar2016/|title=These amazing photos show what Rathmines' Stella Cinema is like inside these days|website=The Daily Edge |date=March 26, 2016 |first1=Amy |last1=O'Connor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928144144/https://www.dailyedge.ie/rathmines-stella-cinema-2682126-Mar2016/ |archive-date=September 28, 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://ifi.ie/film/afternoon-talk-ireland-in-the-newsreels/|title=Afternoon Talk: Ireland in the Newsreels |website=Irish Film Institute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319003646/https://ifi.ie/film/afternoon-talk-ireland-in-the-newsreels/ |archive-date= March 19, 2023 }}

Notes

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References

Bibliography

{{cite book | last=Fielding | first=R. | title=The American Newsreel: A Complete History, 1911-1967, 2d ed. | publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4766-0794-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCYkCQAAQBAJ | access-date=March 18, 2024}}
{{cite book | last1=Popple | first1=S. | last2=Kember | first2=J. | title=Early Cinema: From Factory Gate to Dream Factory | publisher=Columbia University Press | series=Short Cuts | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-231-85031-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmiuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT69 | access-date=March 18, 2024}}
{{cite book | last=Diamonstein-Spielvogel | first=B. | title=The Landmarks of New York, Fifth Edition: An Illustrated Record of the City's Historic Buildings | publisher=State University of New York Press | series=Excelsior Editions | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-4384-3771-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8ym5NeiylkC | access-date=March 18, 2024}}
{{cite book | last=Ward | first=L.W. | title=The Motion Picture Goes to War: The U.S. Government Film Effort During World War I | publisher=UMI Research Press | series=Studies in cinema | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8357-1683-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9VmAAAAMAAJ | access-date=March 18, 2024}}
{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=D. | title=Yellow Journalism: Scandal, Sensationalism, and Gossip in the Media | publisher=Twenty-First Century Books | series=Book Collection Nonfiction: Middle School Edition | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-7613-1502-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7dg05qPZg0C | access-date=March 18, 2024}}