Nikolai Lukin

Lukin was born in the village of Kuskovo in the Spasskaya volost of the Moscow Governorate (now within the city of Moscow) into the family of an elementary school teacher. Lukin was a cousin of Nikolai Bukharin;{{sfn|Dunaevsky|1990}} Lukin's sister, Nadezhda Mikhailovna (1887–1940), was Bukharin's first wife.{{cn|date=June 2020}}{{efn|In his first marriage, Bukharin was married to his cousin, Nadezhda Mikhailovna Lukina, the sister of Nikolai Lukin.{{cn|date=March 2024}} }}

He graduated with a gold medal from the 2nd Moscow Gymnasium and entered the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University (1903).

Lukin was a member of the Revolution of 1905–1907. In 1906 he became a member of the Moscow Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In 1907 he was arrested and after four months of imprisonment he was exiled to Yaroslavl.

At the end of 1908, he returned to Moscow and was restored at the university, from which he graduated in 1909 with a first degree diploma. His graduation work, "The Fall of the Gironde", carried out under the direction of Robert Wipper, was awarded a faculty prize. At the request of Wipper he was left at the Department of General History to prepare for the professorship. He was appointed Privatdozent (associate professor) in the same place in 1916. Many years later, Wipper recalled of him:{{sfn|Chudinov|2006|loc=[https://annuaire-fr.narod.ru/bibliotheque/Istorik-vojujushij-Lukine.html#_ftnref6 fn 6]}} "It was interesting and useful to deal with him (Lukin). He read a lot, appreciated the sources, plunged into their analysis{{nbsp}}... He enthusiastically and fruitfully explored the French Revolution. His thesis 'The Fall of the Gironde' was fresh, original."

From 1915, he taught at Moscow University.

He was a participant in the 1917 Revolution, when he joined the group of "Left Communists". Prokhorov, Alexander (ed.) (1969–1978). "Left Communists". Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (3rd ed). Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia

From March 1918 he was an employee of Pravda.

In June 1918, he became a professor of the Socialist Academy (later Communist Academy ) Academy, and a full member on April 27, 1919. From 1919, he also worked at the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University, where he was dean. In 1921 he worked at the Department of History at the Yakov Sverdlov Communist University, then at the Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army, the Institute of Red Professors, and a research associate at the Institute of Russian History Association of Research Institutes of Social Sciences. Albert Manfred would later write:{{sfn|Chudinov|2006|loc=[https://annuaire-fr.narod.ru/bibliotheque/Istorik-vojujushij-Lukine.html#_ftnref25 fn 25]}} {{Blockquote|Vyacheslav Volgin, Nikolai Lukin–Antonov, Fedor Rothstein, David Ryazanov – this is the whole list of Marxist historians who worked in the field of foreign history, prominent scientists who stood at the origins of Soviet historiography.}}

In 1922, Lukin's book "The Paris Commune of 1871" laid the foundation for a new direction in his scientific research. In it, Lukin noted that the Paris Commune was the first attempt of the proletariat to give the bourgeoisie a general battle, and that is what remained in the memory of subsequent generations.{{sfn|Dunaevsky|Tsfasman|1985}}

In 1921, he was a member of the "Rothstein Commission". Since 1927, he was a member of the main editorial board of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, and together with Fedor Rothstein, editor of the department of modern and recent history of Western countries. In 1928, he was on a two-month scientific trip to France. In 1929, he was involved in the Academic Affairs. Since 1931, he headed the Department of Modern History at first at the {{interlanguage link|Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature, and History|hy|Մոսկվայի փիլիսոփայության, գրականության և պատմության ինստիտուտ|pl|Moskiewski Instytut Filozofii, Literatury i Historii|ru|Московский институт философии, литературы и истории|uk|Московський інститут філософії, літератури та історії}}, and since 1934, with the restoration of the History Department at Moscow State University, he headed the Department of Modern History there.

In 1932–1936, Lukin was the director of the Institute of History of the Communist Academy. From then, until February 1937, he was director of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.Artizov, Andrey. [http://old.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/papers/vhist/1994/7/34-48.pdf The Fate of the Historians of the School of Mikhail Pokrovsky (mid-1930s)]. p. 38 At that point, the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union dismissed Lukin from the post of director of the Institute of History, leaving him as a full member of the Institute, while also appointing him head of the sector of modern history there.{{citation|title=Хроника: В Президиуме Академии Наук СССР |trans-title=Chronicle: At the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences |date=1938

|url=http://www.ras.ru/FStorage/download.aspx?Id=fc4bec1a-6591-49af-afc0-2871846866f6 |language=ru |quote= The Presidium released Academician. N. M. Lukin from the post of director of the Institute of History, leaving him as a full member of the Institute and head of the Sector of New History. The Presidium appointed Academician. B. D. Grekova as acting director of the Institute of History.}}

In 1933, he headed the delegation of Soviet historians at the 7th International Congress of Historians in Warsaw. From 1933 until 1938, he was the editor-in-chief of the journal "Marxist Historian". From 1926, he had been a member of its first editorial board.{{cite news |last= Sheveleva |first= P. V. |title=Образ «красного профессора» (по материалам журнала «Историк-марксист») |trans-title=The image of a 'Red professor' (based on the materials of Тhe Historian-Marxist magazine) |date=2007 |work=Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University |url=http://www.lib.csu.ru/vch/099/147.pdf |number=21 |volume=22|pages=146–162|language=ru}}

• {{lang|ru|Шевелева, П. В.|italic=no}}. {{lang|ru|"Образ «красного профессора» (по материалам журнала «Историк-марксист»)"|italic=no}}. {{lang|ru|Вестник Челябинского государственного университета}}. № 21. Вып. 22. С. 146–162.

In May 1937, Lukin declared: "We, comrades, are undoubtedly facing the danger of a new world war, a war that will be a decisive clash of two systems – socialist and capitalist".[http://www.fedy-diary.ru/?page_id=5745 "Speeches by Nikolai Lukin, Vladimir Maksakov, Olga Weiland, L. I. Ryklin 1937. Institute of Red Professors."] Compiled by Andrei Artizov, V. N. Chernous Domestic History. 1992. No. 2. pp. 119–146

On August 22, 1938, Lukin was arrested, and on May 26, 1939, he was sentenced by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union, which stated that Nikolai Lukin was "found guilty of committing crimes under Articles 17-58-8 and 58-11 of the Criminal Code Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and sentenced to imprisonment in forced labor camps for a term of 10 years with a defeat in political rights for five years and confiscation of all personally owned property. The verdict is final and not subject to appeal".{{sfn|Dunaevsky|1990}} At the trial, Nikolai Lukin said: "I ask the court to consider that, due to my painful condition, I could not tolerate physical influences, as a result of which I slandered myself and slandered others".{{sfn|Dunaevsky|1990}}

He died in custody. Nikolai Lukin was buried at the Vagankovo Cemetery.{{Cite book|last=Artamonov|first=M. D. |title=Vagankovo. M.: Mosk. worker|year=1993}}{{fcn|date=March 2023}}

On March 16, 1957, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union adopted a ruling according to which the sentence against Nikolai Lukin of May 29, 1939, was quashed "for lack of corpus delicti".{{sfn|Dunaevsky|1990}}

• "Maximilian Robespierre" (1919; 2nd Edition – 1924);
• "Paris Commune of 1871" (1922; 2nd Edition – 1924; 3rd – 1926; 4th – 1932);
• "From the History of Revolutionary Armies. Lectures" (1923);
• "The Recent History of Western Europe" (1923; 2nd Edition – 1925);
• "Essays on the Recent History of Germany. 1890–1914" (1925);
• "The Problem of Studying the Era of Imperialism" (1930);
• Selected Works. Volume 1–3. Moscow, 1960–1963.

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{{Reflist}}

• Europe in Modern and Contemporary Times. Collection of Articles in Memory of Academician Nikolai Lukin. Moscow, 1966
• Prokhorov, Alexander (editor–in–chief) (1969–1978). "Lukin Nikolai Mikhailovich". Great Soviet Encyclopedia: in 30 Volumes. (3rd ed). Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia
• {{cite book|last=Chudinov |first=Alexander |date=2006 |url=http://annuaire-fr.narod.ru/bibliotheque/Istorik-vojujushij-Lukine.html |chapter= Историк воюющий: Н.М. Лукин [Warring Historian: Nikolai Lukin] |title=Историк и власть: советские историки сталинской эпохи |trans-title=Historian and Power: Soviet Historians of the Stalin Era |publisher=Nauka |location=Saratov|language=ru |pages=199–250}}
• Chudinov, Alexander (2007). [http://annuaire-fr.narod.ru/bibliotheque/AVTch-mono-FR/Chapter1-2.pdf "Nikolai Lukin: At the Origins of Soviet Historiography"] in Alexander Chudinov (ed). French Revolution: History and Myths. Moscow: Nauka
• {{cite magazine|last1=Dunaevsky|first1=Vladimir|last2=Tsfasman|first2=Arkady|title=Academician Nikolai Mikhailovich Lukin: (Historian. 1885–1940. On the Occasion of the 100th Birthday)|url=http://www.ras.ru/FStorage/download.aspx?Id=cb985966-ed60-4781-b224-393f42c0e357|magazine=Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union |year=1985|number=7|pages=96–103}}
• {{cite magazine|first1=Vladimir |last1=Dunaevsky |first2=Arkady |last2=Tsfasman|title=Nikolai Lukin|location=Moscow|publisher=Nauka |year=1987|magazine=Scientific Biographies and Memoirs of Scientists}}
• {{cite journal|first=Vladimir|last=Dunaevsky|title='Case' of Academician Nikolai Mikhailovich Lukin|journal=Novaya I Noveishaya Istoriya|url=http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/papers/dun90nh.htm|edition=New and Recent History|type=Scientific Historical Journal|location=Moscow|publisher=Nauka|year=1990|number=6|issn=0130-3864}}
• {{cite book |first=Vladimir |last=Dunaevsky|chapter=Nikolai Mikhailovich Lukin |url=http://vive-liberta.narod.ru/ref/n-m-loukin.pdf |title=Portraits of Historians: Time and Fate |editor= Grigory Sevostyanov|location=Moscow|publisher=University Book|year=2000|volume=2|series=Russian Propylaea|isbn=5-7914-0034-9}}
• {{cite book|first=Ilya |last=Galkin|title=Nikolai Lukin – Revolutionary and Scientist|location=Moscow|publisher=Moscow State University Publishing House|year=1984}}

• [http://www.ras.ru/win/db/show_per.asp?P=.id-51151.ln-ru Profile of Nikolai Mikhailovich Lukin] on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• [https://bigenc.ru/world_history/text/3825803 Article] in the Great Russian Encyclopedia
• {{cite web|url=http://letopis.msu.ru/peoples/1287|title=Lukin, Nikolay Mikhailovich|website=Chronicle of Moscow University|ref=Chronicle of Moscow University}}
• [http://hrono.ru/biograf/lukin_sg.html Lukin, Nikolai Mikhailovich]. On the Chronos website.
• [http://isaran.ru/?q=ru/person&guid=DA483226-C4FB-8732-F451-AEED0F9B89E4 Historical Background] on the website of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• [http://www.ras.ru/nappelbaum/29ad8e70-c8b4-4668-9e70-ec2b3064f806.aspx Biographical Sketch]

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{{succession box

| before = Vyacheslav Volgin

| after = Victor Seryozhnikov

| title = Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Moscow State University

| years = 1921–1923

}}

{{succession box

| before = Mikhail Pokrovsky

| after = Emelyan Yaroslavsky

| title = Editor-in-chief of the magazine "Marxist Historian"

| years = 1933–1938

}}

{{succession box

| before = No

| after = Boris Grekov

| title = Director of the Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union

| years = 1936–1937

}}

{{succession box

| before = No

| after = Boris Grekov

| title = Responsible Editor of the collection "Historical Notes"

| years = 1937–1938

}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lukin, Nikolai}}

Category:1885 births

Category:1940 deaths

Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences

Category:20th-century Russian historians

Category:Bolsheviks

Category:Left communists

Category:Russian Marxist historians

Category:Soviet Marxist historians

Category:Historians of the French Revolution

Category:Soviet historiographers