Nikolay Zhukovsky (scientist)
{{short description|Russian scientist (1847–1921)}}
{{Other people|Zhukovsky|Zhukovsky (disambiguation){{!}}Zhukovsky}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nikolay Zhukovsky
| native_name = {{nobold|Николай Жуковский}}
| image = Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky - 1913 year.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1847|01|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Orekhovo, Vladimir Governorate, Russian Empire
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1921|03|17|1847|01|17|df=y}}
| death_place = Moscow, Russian SFSR
| resting_place =
| citizenship =
| nationality = Russian
| fields = Aerodynamics
| workplaces = Imperial Moscow University
Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Moscow State University
| alma_mater = Moscow State University
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors = August Davidov
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students = S. Chaplygin
L. I. Sedov
V. V. Shuleikin
Leonid Leibenson
Andrei Tupolev
| known_for = Joukowsky equation
Joukowsky transform
Kutta–Joukowski theorem
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| awards = Order of Saint Anna
Order of Saint Stanislaus
Order of Saint Vladimir
| signature = Sign of Nikolai Zhukovsky.png
| footnotes =
| spouse =
}}
Nikolay Yegorovich ZhukovskyHis surname is usually romanised as Joukovsky or Joukowsky in the literature. See for example Joukowsky transform, Kutta–Joukowski theorem and so on. ({{lang-rus|Никола́й Его́рович Жуко́вский|p=ʐʊˈkofskʲɪj}}; {{OldStyleDate|17 January|1847|5 January}} – 17 March 1921) was a Russian scientist, mathematician and engineer, and a founding father of modern aero- and hydrodynamics. Whereas contemporary scientists scoffed at the idea of human flight, Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow. He is often called the Father of Russian Aviation.
The Joukowsky transform is named after him, while the fundamental aerodynamical theorem, the Kutta–Joukowski theorem, is named after both him and German mathematician Martin Kutta.
Life
Zhukovsky was born in the village of Orekhovo, Vladimir Governorate, Russian Empire. In 1868 he graduated from Moscow University where he studied under August Davidov. From 1872 he was a professor at the Imperial Technical School. In 1904, he established the world's first Aerodynamic Institute in Kachino near Moscow. He was influenced by both Ernst Mach and his son Ludwig Mach.{{cite book|last1=Blackmore|first1=John T.|title=Ernst Mach; His Work, Life, and Influence|date=1972|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520018495|url=https://archive.org/details/ernstmachhiswork0000blac|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/ernstmachhiswork0000blac/page/235 235]|quote=ernst mach Karl Lueger.|access-date=16 December 2017|language=en}} From 1918 he was the head of TsAGI (Central AeroHydroDynamics Institute).
File:Zhukovskij marka SSSR 1963.jpg
Zhukovsky was the first scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift, through his circulation hypothesis, the first to establish that the lift force generated by a body moving through an ideal fluid is proportional to the velocity and the circulation around the body. He is credited with the Joukowsky airfoil - an ideal shape of the aerodynamic profile having as essential elements a rounded nose (leading edge), double surface (finite thickness), cambered or symmetrical, and a sharp tail (trailing edge). He built the first wind tunnel in Russia. He was also responsible for the eponymous water hammer equation used by civil engineers.
He published a derivation for the maximum energy obtainable from a turbine in 1920, at the same time as German scientist Albert Betz.Gijs A.M. van Kuik, [http://www.tudelft.nl/live/ServeBinary?id=5b6d6215-c7cd-4867-9712-e4c9d74ed533&binary=/doc/The%20Lancheste%20Betz%20Joukowsky%20limit%20WE10-3%20GvK.pdf The Lanchester-Betz-Joukowsky Limit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609032218/http://www.tudelft.nl/live/ServeBinary?id=5b6d6215-c7cd-4867-9712-e4c9d74ed533&binary=%2Fdoc%2FThe%20Lancheste%20Betz%20Joukowsky%20limit%20WE10-3%20GvK.pdf|date=June 9, 2011}}, Wind Energ. 2007; 10:289–291 This is known controversially as Betz's law, as this result was also derived by British scientist Frederick W. Lanchester. This is a famous example of Stigler's law of eponymy.
In December 1918 at Zhukovsky's proposal and with his active participation, the Soviet government founded the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), of which he became the first head. At the same time, theoretical courses for military pilots were founded, later transformed into the Moscow Aviation Technical College. The Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet was established on its base in 1920, and in May 1922 it became the Air Force Engineering Academy named after Zhukovsky.
File:Tomb in Cemetery in Donskoy Monastery 11.jpg
Zhukovsky died in Moscow in 1921.
Recognition
A city near Moscow and the crater Zhukovskiy on the Moon are both named in his honor.
The State Zhukovsky Prize was established in 1920 'for the best works in mathematics'.
The Russian Air Force's engineering academy was named for him, later reorganized into the Zhukovsky – Gagarin Air Force Academy. In May 2016 Moscow's fourth largest airport was named in his honor.
Mosfilm produced a 1950 eponymous biopic directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin with music by Vissarion Shebalin, which earned Pudovkin and Shebalin the USSR State Prize in 1951.
The Russian Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute and the Ukrainian National Aerospace University – Kharkiv Aviation Institute are named after him.
The Zhukovsky House is a museum dedicated to his memory
File:Museum of Moscow Aviation Institute 2016-02-02 009 (cropped).JPG
File:Airfoil geometry.svg
Stamp of USSR 1105.jpg|1947 stamp
See also
References
- {{MacTutor Biography|id=Zhukovsky}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline|Nikolai Zhukovsky}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhukovsky, Nikolay Yegorovich}}
Category:Physicists from the Russian Empire
Category:Moscow State University alumni
Category:People from Sobinsky District
Category:19th-century mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Category:20th-century Russian mathematicians
Category:Academic staff of Imperial Moscow University