No wave

File:Glenn Branca.jpg performing in New York in the early 1980s]]

No wave is not a clearly definable musical genre with consistent features, but it generally was characterized by a rejection of the recycling of traditional rock aesthetics, such as blues rock styles and Chuck Berry guitar riffs in punk and new wave music. No wave groups drew on and explored such disparate stylistic forms as minimalism, conceptual art, funk, jazz, blues, punk rock, and avant garde noise music.{{cite book | editor=Romanowski, P. | others=H. George-Warren & J. Pareles | title=The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll | orig-year=1983 | edition=Revised | year=1995 | publisher=Fireside | location=New York | isbn=0-684-81044-1 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonee00patr/page/717 717] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonee00patr/page/717 }} According to Village Voice writer Steve Anderson, the scene pursued an abrasive reductionism which "undermined the power and mystique of a rock vanguard by depriving it of a tradition to react against".{{cite book|last1=Foege|first1=Alec|title=Confusion Is Next: The Sonic Youth Story|date=October 1994|publisher=Macmillan|pages=68–9|isbn=9780312113698|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sw6GE_5XTz4C&q=New+York's+last+stylistically+cohesive+avant-rock+movement}} Anderson claimed that the no wave scene represented "New York's last stylistically cohesive avant-rock movement".

There were, however, some elements common to most no-wave music, such as abrasive atonal sounds; repetitive, driving rhythms; and a tendency to emphasize musical texture over melody—typical of La Monte Young's early downtown music. In the early 1980s, Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transitioned from its abrasive origins into a more dance-oriented sound, with compilations such as ZE Records's Mutant Disco (1981) highlighting a playful sensibility borne out of the city's clash of hip hop, disco and punk styles, as well as dub reggae and world music influences.{{sfn|Reynolds|2005|pp=269}}

No wave music presented a negative and nihilistic world view that reflected the desolation of late 1970s Downtown New York and how they viewed the larger society. In a 2020 essay, Lydia Lunch stated there were many problems in the years that led into the 1970s, and that calling 1967 the Summer of Love was a bald-faced lie.{{Cite web|date=2020-01-16|title=Beth B: War Is Never Over|url=https://iffr.com/en/blog/beth-b-war-is-never-over|access-date=2020-10-02|website=IFFR|language=en}} The term "no wave" might have been inspired by the French New Wave pioneer Claude Chabrol, with his remark "There are no waves, only the ocean".{{cite journal|last1=O'Brien|first1=Glenn|title=Style Makes the Band|journal=Artforum International|date=October 1999}}Kalat, David. "Ch 20 The Story of Chabrol". The Strange Case of Dr. Mabuse: A Study of the Twelve Films and Five Novels. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2005. not pag. Print.

There are different theories about how the term was coined. Some suggest Lydia Lunch coined the term in an interview with Roy Trakin in New York Rocker.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=January 2008|title=NO!: The Origins of No Wave|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/6764-no-the-origins-of-no-wave/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Pitchfork}} Others suggest it was coined by Chris Nelson (of Mofungo and The Scene Is Now) in New York Rocker.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=August 1997|title=Mofungo|url=https://www.furious.com/perfect/mofungo.html|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Perfect Sound Forever}}{{Cite web|last=Lang|first=Dave|date=July 1998|title=The SST Records story – Part 3|url=http://www.furious.com/perfect/sst3.html|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Perfect Sound Forever}} Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth claimed to have seen the term spray-painted on CBGB's Second Avenue Theater at 66 Second Avenue before seeing it in the press.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=June 2008|title=Conversations with Thurston Moore: No Wave|url=http://charmicarmicat.blogspot.com/2008/06/conversations-with-thurston-moore-no.html|access-date=2021-05-01|website=}}

Nihilist Spasm Band were an early noise music/noise rock{{cite web | url=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/the_nihilist_spasm_band_invented_noise_rock_in_1965 | title=The Nihilist Spasm Band invented noise rock in 1965 | date=10 February 2017 }} band from the 1960s. Their debut record No Record, released in 1968, has been described as being a '60s precursor to no wave, with its nihilistic world view and complete disregard for any sort of musical structure, as evinced by the freely improvised noise of songs such as "Destroy The Nations" and "Dog Face Man". The band plastered the word "NO" on much of their equipment and handmade instruments, and recorded a film between 1965 and 1966 entitled "NO Movie". Member Bill Exley would sometimes wear a monkey mask on stage to conceal his identity.{{Cite web |last=Breznikar |first=Klemen |author-link=Klemen Breznikar |date=October 24, 2014 |title=The Nihilist Spasm Band Interview |url=https://www.psychedelicbabymag.com/2014/11/nihilist-spasm-band-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903071033/https://www.psychedelicbabymag.com/2014/11/nihilist-spasm-band-interview.html |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=It's Psychedelic Baby! Magazine |language=en-US}} They've been cited as an influence by Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth.{{Cite web |last=Breznikar |first=Klemen |date=2014-11-24 |title=The Nihilist Spasm Band {{!}} Interview |url=https://www.psychedelicbabymag.com/2014/11/nihilist-spasm-band-interview.html |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=It's Psychedelic Baby Magazine |language=en-US}}

The Velvet Underground, a 1960s New York City band, are also seen as early contributors to the no wave movement. As described by Pitchfork's Marc Masters: "Mixing the noisy rock leanings of Lou Reed, the minimalist drones of John Cale (via his work with avant-garde pioneer LaMonte Young), and the art world influence of Andy Warhol's Factory, this seminal band provided a comprehensive model for No Wave."{{cite web | url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/6764-no-the-origins-of-no-wave/ | title=NO!: The Origins of No Wave | website=Pitchfork | date=15 January 2008 }}

Captain Beefheart's polarizing brand of avant-rock music has been cited as laying "the groundwork for post-punk, new wave, and no wave, allowing the likes of Brian Eno and David Bowie to pick up from where Beefheart had left off".{{cite web | url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/how-captain-beefheart-changed-rock-music-forever/ | title=How Captain Beefheart changed rock music forever | date=15 January 2021 }}

Cromagnon were a 1960s New York City band whose sole album Orgasm was cited by AllMusic's Alex Henderson as foreshadowing no-wave.{{AllMusic|class=album|id=mw0000619006|title=Cromagnon – Orgasm}}

Suicide was a New York City duo that was formed in 1970 by Alan Vega and Martin Rev. They have been cited by Marc Masters as having "the biggest influence on no-wave".

In 1978, a punk subculture-influenced noise series was held at New York's Artists Space.{{cite web| url = http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/31364/Interview_Interview_James_Chance| title = James Chance interview {{!}} Pitchfork}} No wave musicians such as the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham began experimenting with noise, dissonance and atonality in addition to non-rock styles.{{sfn|Reynolds|2005|pp=140}} The former four groups were included on the compilation No New York, often considered the quintessential testament to the scene.{{cite book |last=Masters |first=Marc |title=No Wave |publisher=Black Dog Publishing |location=New York City |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-906155-02-5 |page=9}} The no wave-affiliated label ZE Records was founded in 1978, and would also produce acclaimed and influential compilations in subsequent years.{{sfn|Reynolds|2005|pp=269}}

In 1978, Rhys Chatham curated a concert at The Kitchen with two electric guitar noise music bands that involved Glenn Branca (Theoretical Girls and Daily Life, performed by Branca, Barbara Ess, Paul McMahon, and Christine Hahn) and another two electric-guitar noise music bands that involved Chatham himself (The Gynecologists and Tone Death, performed by Robert Appleton, Nina Canal, Chatham, and Peter Gordon). Tone Death performed Chatham's 1977 composition for electric guitars Guitar Trio, that was inspired by La Monte Young's minimalist composition Trio for Strings and Chatham's exposure to The Ramones at CBGB via Peter Gordon.{{sfn|Nickleson|2023|p=159}} This proto-No Wave concert was followed a few weeks later when Artists Space served as a site of concrete inception for the No Wave music movement, hosting a five night underground No Wave music festival, organized by artists Michael Zwack and Robert Longo, that featured ten local bands; including Rhys Chatham's The Gynecologists, Glenn Branca's Theoretical Girls, Rhys Chatham's Tone Death,{{sfn|Nickleson|2023|p=158}} and Branca's Daily Life.{{sfn|Nickleson|2023|pp=151–152}}{{sfn|Reynolds|2005|page=146}}

The final two days of the show featured DNA and the Contortions on Friday, followed by Mars and Teenage Jesus and the Jerks on Saturday.{{sfn|Reynolds|2005|page=146}} English musician and producer Brian Eno, who had originally come to New York to produce the second Talking Heads album More Songs About Buildings and Food, was in the audience.{{sfn|Reynolds|2005|page=146}} Impressed by what he saw and heard, and advised by Diego Cortez to do so, Eno was convinced that this movement should be documented and proposed the idea of a compilation album, No New York, with himself as a producer.{{sfn|Reynolds|2005|page=147}}

By the early 1980s, artists such as Liquid Liquid, the B-52's, Cristina, Arthur Russell, James White and the Blacks and Lizzy Mercier Descloux developed a dance-oriented style described by Lucy Sante as "anything at all + disco bottom".{{sfn|Reynolds|2005|pp=268}} Other no-wave groups such as Swans, Suicide, Glenn Branca, the Lounge Lizards, Bush Tetras and Sonic Youth instead continued exploring the forays into noise music abrasive territory.{{sfn|Reynolds|2005|pp=139–150}} For example, Noise Fest was an influential festival of no wave noise music performances curated by Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth at the New York City art space White Columns in June 1981. Sonic Youth made their first live appearances at this show.Simon Reynolds, Rip It Up and Start Again: Post-punk 1978–1984 (2006) Penguin

The Noise Fest inspired Speed Trials, the noise rock five-night concert series held May 4–8, 1983, that was organized by Live Skull members in May 1983, also at White Columns (then located at 91 Horatio Street). Among an art installation created by David Wojnarowicz and Joseph Nechvatal, Speed Trials included performances by the Fall, Sonic Youth,{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/06/arts/art-rock-6-groups-play.html|author=John Rockwell|title=Art Rock: 6 Groups Play|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 6, 1983}} Lydia Lunch, Mofungo, Ilona Granet, pre-rap Beastie Boys, 3 Teens Kill 4, Elliott Sharp as Carbon, Swans, the Ordinaires, and Arto Lindsay{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26651|tab=biography|title=Arto Lindsay|last1=Dougan|first1=John|last2=Westergaard|first2=Sean}} as Toy Killers. On May 10, the San Francisco noise-punk band Flipper closed the series out with a live concert at Studio 54. This event also included performances by Zev and Eric Bogosian and a video presentation by Tony Oursler. Speed Trials was followed by the short-lived after-hours audio art Speed Club that was established by Nechvatal and Bradley Eros at ABC No Rio that summer.Carlo McCormick, The Downtown Book: The New York Art Scene, 1974–1984, Princeton University Press, 2006

No Wave Cinema was an underground low-budget film scene in Tribeca and the East Village from the late-1970s to the mid-1980s. Rooted in the gritty, rebellious ethos of the Lower East Side’s no wave post-punk art scene, No Wave Cinema was marked by its DIY approach, low budgets, and an unpolished aesthetic that rejected mainstream filmmaking conventions. Musicians, visual artists, and filmmakers converged, regularly working across multiple mediums. This interdisciplinary collaboration and a sense of community was a hallmark of No Wave Cinema.

Avant-garde filmmakers like Andy Warhol, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Jean-Pierre Melville, Rainer Werner Fassbinder and Jack Smith were notable influences, as was French Nouvelle Vague cinema, Italian neorealism, early 1970s intimate low budget European films, such as Bernardo Bertolucci’s 1972 film Last Tango in Paris, and a general interest in the history of film noir. Handheld Super 8 film cameras were initially the means to shoot the films often in the street, in downtown nightclubs, in cars, or apartments using available light.

The first No Wave film was Ivan Kral and Amos Poes 1976 film The Blank Generation that explored the No Wave music scene in CBGB's with the Ramones, Talking Heads, Blondie and Patti Smith, among several others. No Wave filmmakers included Amos Poe, Eric Mitchell, Scott B and Beth B, Jim Jarmusch, Jamie Nares, Coleen Fitzgibbon, Diego Cortez, Charlie Ahearn, Tom DiCillo, Lizzie Borden, Susan Seidelman, Vincent Gallo, Charlie Ahearn, Adele Bertei, David Wojnarowicz, Vivienne Dick, Kiki Smith, Michael McClard, Andrea Callard and Seth Tillett.{{Cite web|url=http://www.luxonline.org.uk/articles/no_wavelength(1).html|title=Luxonline|website=www.luxonline.org.uk}} Eric Mitchell’s 1985 film The Way It Is or Eurydice in the Avenues is considered the climatic apogee of low-budget production values of no wave filmmaking as the film’s dialogue track was dubbed over the 35mm film in editing.[https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/3976] The Way It Is or Eurydice in the Avenues at MoMA

For many years the scene was centered around the Mudd Club and Colab's New Cinema Screening Room on St. Marks Place in the East Village. No Wave Cinema actors included Patti Astor, Steve Buscemi, Cookie Mueller, Debbie Harry, John Lurie, Eric Mitchell, Rockets Redglare, Vincent Gallo, Duncan Hannah, Anya Phillips, Rene Ricard, Arto Lindsay, Tom Wright, Richard Hell, and Lydia Lunch.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Visual artists played a large role in the no wave scene, as visual artists often were playing in bands, or making videos and films, while making visual art for exhibition. An early influence on this aspect of the scene was Alan Vega (aka Alan Suicide) whose electronic junk sculpture predated his role in the music group Suicide, which he formed with fellow musician Martin Rev in 1970. They released Suicide, their first album, in 1977.

Important exhibitions of no wave visual art were Barbara Ess's Just Another Asshole show and subsequent compilation projects and Colab's organization of The Real Estate Show, The Times Square Show,{{sfn|Masters|2007|p=19}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.timessquareshowrevisited.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830204010/http://www.timessquareshowrevisited.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 August 2012|title=Times Square Show Revisited|website=www.timessquareshowrevisited.com}} and the Island of Negative Utopia show at The Kitchen.{{Cite book|last=Boch|first=Richard|title=The Mudd Club|publisher=Feral House|year=2017|isbn=978-1-62731-051-2|location=Port Townsend, Washington|page=332|oclc=972429558}}Goldstein, Richard, "The First Radical Art Show of the '80s", Village Voice 16, June 1980, pp. 31–32

No wave art found an ongoing home on the Lower East Side with the establishment of ABC No Rio Gallery in 1980, and a no wave punk aesthetic was a dominant strand in the art galleries of the East Village (from 1982 to 1986).

In a foreword to the book No Wave, Weasel Walter wrote of the movement's ongoing influence:

I began to express myself musically in a way that felt true to myself, constantly pushing the limits of idiom or genre and always screaming "Fuck You!" loudly in the process. It's how I felt then and I still feel it now. The ideals behind the (anti-) movement known as No Wave were found in many other archetypes before and just as many afterwards, but for a few years around the late 1970s, the concentration of those ideals reached a cohesive, white-hot focus.{{sfn|Masters|2007}}

In 2004, Scott Crary made the documentary Kill Your Idols, including such no wave bands as Suicide, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, DNA and Glenn Branca as well as bands influenced by no wave, including Sonic Youth, Swans, Foetus and others.

In 2007–2008, three books on the scene were published: Stuart Baker's (editor) Soul Jazz Records New York Noise (with photographs by Paula Court),{{cite web| url = http://www.souljazzrecords.co.uk/releases/?id=10566| title = Soul Jazz Records – New York Noise – Art and Music from the New York Underground 1978–88}} Marc Masters' Black Dog Publishing No Wave (with a foreword by Weasel Walter),[http://www.blackdogonline.com/all-books/no-wave.html No Wave] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114153805/http://www.blackdogonline.com/all-books/no-wave.html |date=14 January 2009 }}, with a foreword by Weasel Walter (London: Black Dog Publishing, 2007), {{ISBN|978-1-906155-02-5}}. and Thurston Moore and Byron Coley's Harry N. Abrams No Wave: Post-Punk. Underground. New York. 1976–1980 (for which Lydia Lunch wrote the Introduction).{{cite web| url = http://www.abramsbooks.com/Books/No_Wave-9780810995437.html| title = Harry N. Abrams, Inc. No Wave| access-date = 2 December 2009| archive-date = 7 April 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150407070737/http://www.abramsbooks.com/Books/No_Wave-9780810995437.html| url-status = dead}}

Coleen Fitzgibbon and Alan W. Moore created a short film in 1978 (finished in 2009) of a New York City no wave concert to benefit Colab titled X Magazine Benefit, documenting performances by DNA, James Chance and the Contortions, and Boris Policeband. Shot in black and white and edited on video, the film captured the gritty look and sound of the music scene during that era. In 2013, it was exhibited at Salon 94, an art gallery in New York City.{{cite web|url=http://www.salon94.com/video-wall|title=Pulse Generator Pastry, NY Mix—Salon 94|work=Salon94|access-date=28 June 2013|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128122847/https://salon94.com/video-wall|url-status=dead}}

In 2023, the No Wave movement received institutional recognition at the Centre Pompidou with a Nicolas Ballet curated exhibition entitled Who You Staring At: Culture visuelle de la scène no wave des années 1970 et 1980 (Visual culture of the no wave scene in the 1970s and 1980s). Musical performances and three recorded conversations with No Wave artists were included as part of the exhibition.[https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/collection/film-and-new-media/who-you-staring-at] Who You Staring At?: Visual culture of the no wave scene in the 1970s and 1980s February 1 – June 19, 2023, Film, Video, Sound and Digital Collections

• No New York (1978) Antilles, (2006) Lilith, B000B63ISE
• Just Another Asshole #5 (1981) compilation LP (CD reissue 1995 on Atavistic # ALP39CD), producers: Barbara Ess and Glenn Branca
• Noise Fest Tape (1982) TSoWC, White Columns
• Speed Trials (1984) Homestead Records HMS-011
• All Guitars (1985) Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine #10, Harvestworks
• N.Y. No Wave (2003) ZE France B00009OKOP
• New York Noise (2003) Soul Jazz Records B00009OYSE
• New York Noise, Vol. 2 (2006) Soul Jazz B000CHYHOG
• New York Noise, Vol. 3 (2006) Soul Jazz B000HEZ5CC

• Scott Crary, Kill Your Idols
• Céline Danhier, Blank City
• Coleen Fitzgibbon and Alan W. Moore, X Magazine Benefit
• Ericka Beckman, 135 Grand Street, New York, 1979

{{Portal|1980s}}

• Tier 3, short-lived no wave Tribeca nightclub
• Pyramid Club, no wave-related East Village, Manhattan nightclub
• Mudd Club, no wave Tribeca nightclub

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book|last=Masters|first=Marc|date=2007|title=No Wave|location=London|publisher=Black Dog Publishing|isbn=978-1-906155-02-5 }}
• {{cite book|last=Nickleson|first=Patrick|title=The Names of Minimalism: Authorship, Art Music, and Historiography in Dispute|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2023|isbn=9780472903009}}
• {{cite book|last=Pearlman|first=Alison|title=Unpackaging Art of the 1980s|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2003}}
• {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first= Simon |chapter=Contort Yourself: No Wave New York |title=Rip It Up and Start Again: Post-punk 1978–84 |location=London |publisher= Faber and Faber, Ltd. |year= 2005 |pages=139–157}}

• Berendt, Joachim-E. The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to Fusion and Beyond, revised by {{ill|Günther Huesmann|de}}, translated by H. and B. Bredigkeit with Dan Morgenstern. Brooklyn: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992. "The Styles of Jazz: From the Eighties to the Nineties," p. 57–59. {{ISBN|1-55652-098-0}}
• Moore, Alan W. "Artists' Collectives: Focus on New York, 1975–2000". In Collectivism After Modernism: The Art of Social Imagination after 1945, edited by Blake Stimson & Gregory Sholette, 203. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.
• Moore, Alan W., and Marc Miller (eds.). ABC No Rio Dinero: The Story of a Lower East Side Art Gallery. New York: Collaborative Projects, 1985
• Taylor, Marvin J. (ed.). The Downtown Book: The New York Art Scene, 1974–1984, foreword by Lynn Gumpert. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-691-12286-5}}

• [http://nowave.pair.com/no_wave/ New York No Wave Photo Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606004929/http://nowave.pair.com/no_wave/ |date=6 June 2007 }}
• [https://www.myspace.com/llikyouridols Official MySpace page] for Kill Your Idols, a documentary about the Cinema of Transgression & the No Wave scene
• [https://archive.org/details/punkcast1382 Video of Thurston Moore] talking about his book "No Wave: Post-Punk. Underground. New York. 1976–1980"

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