Norakuro

{{Short description|Japanese media franchise}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}

{{Expand Japanese|topic=manga|のらくろ|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox animanga/Header

| image = Norakuro bunkoban vol. 1.png

| caption = Manga volume 1 cover (1975 {{Transliteration|ja|bunkoban}} edition)

| ja_kanji = のらくろ

| genre =

}}

{{Infobox animanga/Print

| type = manga

| author = Suihō Tagawa

| publisher = Kodansha

| magazine = Shōnen Kurabu

| magazine_en = {{English manga magazine

| US = Kramer's Ergot

}}

| demographic = {{Transliteration|ja|Shōnen}}

| first = 1931

| last = 1981

| volumes = 36

| volume_list =

}}

{{Infobox animanga/Video

| type = tv series

| director = Toru Murayama

| producer =

| writer =

| music = Hidehiko Arashino

| studio = TCJ

| network = FNS (Fuji TV)

| first = 5 October 1970

| last = 29 March 1971

| episodes = 26

| episode_list =

}}

{{Infobox animanga/Video

| type = tv series

| title = Norakuro-kun

| director = Masami Anno

| producer =

| writer =

| music =

| studio = Pierrot

| network = FNS (Fuji TV)

| first = 4 October 1987

| last = 2 October 1988

| episodes = 50

| episode_list =

}}

{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

{{Nihongo|Norakuro|のらくろ|lead=yes}} is a Japanese manga series created by Suihō Tagawa, originally published by Kodansha in Shōnen Kurabu, and one of the first series' to be reprinted in {{Transliteration|ja|tankōbon}} format.Jason S. Yadao. The Rough Guide to Manga The titular protagonist, Norakuro, or Norakuro-kun, is an anthropomorphic black and white dog inspired by Felix the Cat.{{Cite web|url=http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/norakuro/|title = "Norakuro" {{pipe}}}} The name Norakuro is an abbreviation of {{nihongo|norainu|野良犬||stray dog}} and {{nihongo|Kurokichi|黒吉||the name of the dog, literally meaning "black luck"}}.

Media

=Manga=

File:Norakuro01.jpg comics anthology.]]

In the original story, the central character Norakuro was a soldier serving in an army of dogs called the {{nihongo|"fierce dogs regiment"|猛犬連隊|mōken-rentai}}. The strip's publication began in Kodansha's Shōnen Kurabu in 1931, and was based on the Imperial Japanese Army of the time; the manga artist, Suihō Tagawa, had served in the Imperial Army from 1919 to 1922. Norakuro was gradually promoted from private to captain in the stories, which began as humorous episodes, but eventually developed into propaganda tales of military exploits against the "pigs army" on the "continent" - a thinly-veiled reference to the Second Sino-Japanese War.{{Cite book|last=Exner|first=Eike|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Hw-EAAAQBAJ&dq=norakuro+sino+japanese&pg=PT177|title=Comics and the Origins of Manga: A Revisionist History|date=2021-11-12|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-1-9788-2723-3}} The series became a hit in Japan; Shonen Kurabu's circulation was of 750.000 in 1936,{{Cite book|last=Skabelund|first=Aaron|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zovKIQO6aEYC&dq=norakuro+sino+japanese&pg=PA265|title=Empire of Dogs: Canines, Japan, and the Making of the Modern Imperial World|date=2011-12-15|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-6324-2}} and several Norakuro-themed merchandise (toys, stationery and other products - licensed or not) were sold.{{Cite book|last1=Suzuki|first1=Shige (CJ)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBB8EAAAQBAJ&dq=norakuro+licensed+products&pg=PA134|title=Manga: A Critical Guide|last2=Stewart|first2=Ronald|date=2022-09-22|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-350-07237-4}}{{Cite book|last=McCarthy|first=Helen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qg4FCAAAQBAJ&q=norakuro+helen|title=A Brief History of Manga|date=2014-06-16|publisher=Octopus|isbn=978-1-78157-130-9}} Kimihiko Nakamura argues that "Norakuro connected children with the war and became a representative of wartime children's culture as an unofficial propaganda hero."{{Cite journal|last=Nakamura|first=Kimihiko|title=Norakuro: Imperial Japan's Unofficial Mascot for Children|journal=Aziatische Kunst|publication-date=June 2024|volume=54|issue=2|pages=32}}

Serialization of Norakuro stopped in 1941 for wartime austerity reasons. After the war, due to the popularity of the strip, the character returned in various guises, including a sumo wrestler and a botanist.

There is an excerpt that appears in the sixth Kramer's Ergot comics anthology which is the only example of Tagawa's work published in English.{{cite web| author=Deppey, Dirk| date=25 September 2006| title=Kramers Ergot 6| url=http://archives.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=414&Itemid=70| work=The Comics Journal| access-date=2011-07-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324102709/http://archives.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=414&Itemid=70| archive-date=24 March 2012| url-status=dead}}

=Short films=

At least seven extant animated short films featuring Norakuro were made from June 1933 to 1939.

class="wikitable"
English title

! Japanese title

! Release date

! Directed by

! Written by

! Studio

! Runtime

Private 2nd Class Norakuro: The Training{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327165154/http://www.digital-meme.com/en/our_products/dvds/4dvdset2.html|archive-date=27 March 2016|url=http://www.digital-meme.com/en/our_products/dvds/4dvdset2.html|title=Japanese Anime Classic Collection [Disc 2]|publisher=www.digital-meme.com|access-date=2016-01-10}}{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115152840/https://animation.filmarchives.jp/works/view/11105|archive-date=15 November 2022|url=http://animation.filmarchives.jp/works/view/11105|title=のらくろ二等兵 演習の巻 - のらくろ二等兵 教練の巻|work=animation.filmarchives.jp|language=ja|access-date=19 May 2017}}

| のらくろ二等兵 演習の巻

| 14 June 1933

| Yasuji Murata

| Chuzo Aochi &
Suihō Tagawa

| Yokohama Cinema Company

| 1 film reel{{efn|name="Norakuro"|One film strip was used for these two short films featuring "Private 2nd Class Norakuro".}}

Private 2nd Class Nora-kuro: The Drill

| のらくろ二等兵 教練の巻

| 14 June 1933

| Yasuji Murata

| Chuzo Aochi &
Suihō Tagawa

| Yokohama Cinema Company

| 1 film reel{{efn|name="Norakuro"}}

Corporal Nora-Kuro{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210058/http://www.digital-meme.com/en/our_products/dvds/4dvdset3.html|archive-date=10 August 2017|url=http://www.digital-meme.com/en/our_products/dvds/4dvdset3.html|title=Japanese Anime Classic Collection [Disc 3]|publisher=www.digital-meme.com|access-date=2016-01-10}}

| のらくろ伍長

| 9 March 1934

| Yasuji Murata

| Chuzo Aochi &
Suihō Tagawa

| Yokohama Cinema Company

| 11 minutes

Private 1st Class Nora-Kuro{{cite web|url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1935/bk004720.htm|title=のらくろ一等兵|publisher=Japanese Movie Database|language=ja|access-date=2016-01-10}}

| のらくろ一等兵

| 1935

| Mitsuyo Seo

| Suihō Tagawa

| Seo Talkie Manga Labs

| 1 film reel

Private 2nd Class Nora-Kuro{{cite web|url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1935/bk004730.htm|title=のらくろ二等兵|publisher=Japanese Movie Database|language=ja|access-date=2016-01-10}}

| のらくろ二等兵

| 1935

| Mitsuyo Seo

| Suihō Tagawa

| Seo Talkie Manga Labs

| 2 film reels

Nora-Kuro's Tiger Hunt{{cite web|url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1938/bn005090.htm|title=NoraKuro's Tiger Hunt|publisher=Japanese Movie Database|language=ja|access-date=2016-01-10}}

| のらくろ虎退治

| 1938

| Mitsuyo Seo

| Suihō Tagawa

| Geijutsu Eiga Sha

| 10 minutes

Norakuro The Sergeant: The Air Ride{{Cite web|title=国産動画 - のらくろシリーズ|玩具映画フィルム|おもちゃ映画ミュージアム|url=http://toyfilm-museum.jp/film/domestic/norakuro|access-date=2023-10-06|website=おもちゃ映画ミュージアム|language=ja}}

|のらくろ軍曹 空襲の巻

|c.1939

|Mitsuyo Seo

|Suihō Tagawa

|Geijutsu Eiga Sha

|52 seconds (Surviving print)

=Anime series=

Two post-war animated series of Norakuro, in 1970 and 1987, have also been produced. In the 1970 series, the voice of Norakuro was played by Nobuyo Ōyama, also known as the voice of Doraemon. During the 1980s and early 1990s, Norakuro was the mascot of the Physical Training School (Tai-Iku Gakko) of the Japan Self-Defense Forces.

See also

Notes

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References

{{reflist}}