Normalization of antisemitism

In "Normalization of antisemitism, 1880–1900: the case of a Jesuit community in Rome", David Dahl analyzed the dynamics within La Civiltà Cattolica that led to its gradual acceptance of antisemitism in the late 19th century.{{cite journal |last=Dahl |first=David Lebovitch |date=2014 |title=Normalization of antisemitism, 1880–1900: the case of a Jesuit community in Rome |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=46–66 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2013.874620 |issn=0031-322X}}

In “The ‘Jewish Question’, Hungarian sociology and the normalisation of antisemitism”, Kati Voros described the transformation of antisemitic rhetoric into “what was seen as legitimate social analysis and political critique” within sociological theory in Hungary between 1900 and 1920.{{cite journal |last=Vörös |first=Kati |date=2010 |title=The 'Jewish question', Hungarian sociology and the normalization of antisemitism |url=http://10.1080/00313221003714353. |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=137–160 |doi=10.1080/00313221003714353 |issn=0031-322X |access-date=2025-02-09|url-access=subscription }}

In Alternative für Deutschland: The AfD: Germany's New Nazis or another Populist Party? (Liverpool University Press, 2020), Thomas Klikauer noted that "both AfD and FPÖ work towards the normalisation of Antisemitism, thereby mainstreaming fascism".{{cite book |last=Klikauer |first=Thomas |title=Alternative für Deutschland: The AfD: Germany's New Nazis or another Populist Party? |date=2020-02-21 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78284-680-2 |pages=127–144 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3029sdf.12}}

In 2019, Miriam Elman and Asaf Romirowsky attributed "a significant growth in the normalization of antisemitism" to the impact of the BDS movement.{{cite journal |author=Elman |author2=Romirowsky |date=2019 |title=Postscript: BDS |url=http://10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.18. |journal=Israel Studies |volume=24 |issue=2 |page=228 |doi=10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.18 |access-date=2025-02-09|url-access=subscription }}

In 2024, Lili Levi called the deployment of antisemitism as a political tool a sign of the normalization of antisemitism in the US, noting that Democrats and Republicans accuse each other of complicity in antisemitism.{{cite journal |last=Levi |first=Lili |date=2024 |title=Politicizing Antisemitism Amidst Today's Educational Culture Wars |journal=Lewis & Clark Law Review |volume=27 |issue=4 |page=1185 |issn=1557-6582}} Erica Cervini noted that the normalization of antisemitism had led to increasing attacks on Jewish individuals and businesses, and to students feeling unsafe on university campuses in Australia.{{cite journal |last=Cervini |first=Erica |date=2024-09-23 |title=The normalisation of antisemitism |journal=Eureka Street |volume=34 |issue=19 |page=5 |issn=1833-7724}}

In 2017, the European Jewish Congress described "a distinct normalisation of antisemitism, racism and xenophobia" in Poland following a University of Warsaw study of attitudes toward antisemitic hate speech.{{cite web |date=2017-08-31 |title=European Jews Ring Alarm Bells On 'normalization' Of Anti-Semitism In Poland |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/europe/154387-170831-european-jews-ring-alarm-bells-on-normalization-of-anti-semitism-in-poland |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=i24NEWS}}

In 2018, the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights conducted its second survey on antisemitism in the European Union and issued a report with the statement "Antisemitic harassment is so common that it becomes normalised".{{cite web |date=2018-12-03 |title=Experiences and perceptions of antisemitism |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/experiences-and-perceptions-antisemitism-second-survey-discrimination-and-hate |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights}}

In 2025, the right-wing pro-Israel advocacy group StandWithUs presented its campus antisemitism report to the House of Lords. Conservative member of the House of Lords, Howard Leigh, said the report confirmed the terrible state that the UK is in.{{cite news |last=Stub |first=Zev |last2=Freiberg |first2=Nava |date=2025-05-08 |title=Report details 'terrible,' normalized antisemitism at UK universities |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-details-terrible-normalized-antisemitism-at-uk-universities/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |work=The Times of Israel}}

A 2016 New York Historical Society exhibit, Antisemitism: 1919-1939, addressed how anti-Jewish hatred "can permeate a national discourse and become ‘normal’ for ordinary people”. In addition to newspaper clippings, excerpts from Hitler's speeches, a printing of the Nuremberg laws, and park bench signs forbidding Jews, the exhibit focused on children's toys and books which desensitized German children toward antisemitic tropes from an early age.{{cite web |last=Wecker |first=Menachem |date=2016-06-27 |title=How the Nazis "Normalized" Anti-Semitism by Appealing to Children |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-nazi-normalized-anti-semitism-appealing-children-180959539/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}

In 2022, PBS featured an episode called "The Normalization of Antisemitism" as part of its Exploring Hate initiative produced by Metrofocus. Interviewees included Atlantic reporter Yair Rosenberg, historian Pamela Nadell, and Race Forward executive VP Eric K. Ward. Host Jenna Flanagan introduced the topic with the assertion by "Jewish leaders and allies" that "celebrities, politicians, and media personalities" were increasingly welcoming antisemites onto their platforms and amplifying antisemitic rhetoric. Flanagan called Ye's praise of Hitler, Donald Trump's dinner with Nick Fuentes, Kyrie Irving's promotion of a film denying the Holocaust, and Dave Chapelle's elevation of antisemitic tropes on SNL "the tip of the iceberg". Ward commented that antisemitism "is not a form of religious bigotry. It’s a form of racialized bigotry."

The May 2023 US Biden-Harris National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism,{{cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=The U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism |url=https://www.justice.gov/hatecrimes/resource/us-national-strategy-counter-antisemitism |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=United States Department of Justice}} a 60-page document issued by the White House,{{cite web |last=Fabian |first=Jordan |date=2023-05-25 |title=White House Steps Up Monitoring of Antisemitism in New Strategy |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-25/white-house-steps-up-monitoring-of-antisemitism-in-new-strategy?embedded-checkout=true |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Bloomberg.com}}{{cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Statement by Ambassador Linda Thomas-Greenfield on the Release of First-Ever United States National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism |url=https://usun.usmission.gov/statement-by-ambassador-linda-thomas-greenfield-on-release-of-first-ever-united-states-national-strategy-to-counter-antisemitism/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=United States Mission to the United Nations}} called its third pillar “Reverse the Normalization of Antisemitism and Counter Antisemitic Discrimination: Whole-of-Society Calls to Action”.{{cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=The Bar's Role in the US Strategy and Global Guidelines To Combat Antisemitism |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/about/initiatives/antisemitism/us-strategy-global-guidelines-combat-antisemitism/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=American Bar Association}} Strategic goal 3.1 called for “meaningful accountability for antisemitic conduct” in order to “roll back the normalization of antisemitism”.{{cite web |last=Blazonis |first=Sarah |date=2023-05-25 |title=White House's new national strategy to tackle normalization of antisemitism |url=https://baynews9.com/fl/tampa/news/2023/05/26/counter-antisemitism-strategy |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Spectrum Bay News 9}} The American Bar Association endorsed those goals in a 2024 statement.

In December 2023, following the October 7 Hamas-led attacks on Israel, Representatives Jerrold Nadler, Daniel Goldman, and Jamie Raskin introduced a resolution calling for implementation of the National Strategy. Commenting on the resolution, Congressman Goldman decried “the normalization of antisemitism on our college campuses, on social media, and in our communities”.{{cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=NADLER, GOLDMAN, RASKIN LEAD RESOLUTION CONDEMNING ANTISEMITISM & CALL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE U.S. NATIONAL STRATEGY TO COUNTER ANTISEMITISM |url=https://nadler.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=395106 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Congressman Jerry Nadler}} NCJW CEO Sheila Katz told US officials including Secretary of Education Cardona that she was witnessing a 'normalization of antisemitism', and they agreed with data showing that antisemitic incidents had reached unprecedented levels,{{cite web |last1=Barrón-López |first1=Laura |last2=Schmitz |first2=Ali |last3=Couzens |first3=Ian |date=2023-10-30 |title=Israel-Hamas war leads to increase of antisemitic threats on college campuses |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/israel-hamas-war-leads-to-increase-of-antisemitic-threats-on-college-campuses |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=PBS News}} as in Canada{{cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title='Normalization of hate': B'nai Brith Canada reports dramatic rise in antisemitism |url=https://globalnews.ca/video/10478713/normalization-of-hate-bnai-brith-canada-reports-dramatic-rise-in-antisemitism |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Global News}} and other countries.{{cite web |last=Schickler |first=Jack |date=2025-01-15 |title=Antisemitic attitudes have doubled over a decade, survey finds |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/01/15/antisemitic-atttitudes-have-doubled-over-a-decade-survey-finds |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=euronews}}

In 2022, Hen Mazzig decried the paucity of knowledge about the Holocaust among younger Americans. Mazzig called for more deterrence of antisemitic crimes, calling them “a ‘canary in the coal mine’ indicating that tolerance and democracy itself are in severe distress”.{{cite web |last=Mazzig |first=Hen |date=2022-11-25 |title=We Must Beware of the Normalization of Antisemitism |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/353481/we-must-beware-of-the-normalization-of-antisemitism/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Jewish Journal}}

Raheli Baratz of the World Zionist Organization authored a report on behalf of the WZO and the Jewish Agency for Israel showing that global antisemitic incidents were 340% higher in 2024 than in 2022. The report detailed the increasing use of the term “Zionism” and its derivatives as a euphemism in antisemitic expressions. Baratz commented, “This is not a coincidence — it is a deliberate change in language aimed at making antisemitism socially acceptable”.{{cite web |last1=Stub |first1=Zev |last2=Magid |first2=Jacob |last3=Berman |first3=Lazar |date=2025-01-22 |title=Global antisemitism surged 340% in two years, report finds |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/global-antisemitism-surged-340-in-two-years-report-finds/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The Times of Israel}}

Dara Horn described how the USSR labeled Zionism as “racism” and “colonialism,” eventually exporting those smears to "social-justice-minded circles in the United States".{{cite web |last=Horn |first=Dara |date=2024-02-15 |title=Why the Most Educated People in America Fall for Anti-Semitic Lies |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/02/jewish-anti-semitism-harvard-claudine-gay-zionism/677454/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=The Atlantic}} Jonathan Greenblatt wrote that the ADL’s surveys noted an increase in the percentage of Americans who harbored “extensive antisemitic views” from 9% in 2014, to 20% in 2022, to 24% in 2024, adding “antisemitism can no longer be considered a fringe belief”.{{cite magazine |last=Greenblatt |first=Jonathan A. |date=2024-03-21 |title=The Growing Antisemitism Among Young Americans |url=https://time.com/6958957/growing-antisemitism-young-americans/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |magazine=TIME}}

In 2025, Deborah Lipstadt, the US Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism, said in Brussels: "We are at an inflection point. Antisemitism is becoming increasingly normalized...[antisemitic comments] are freely heard on streets of some of our leading Western democracies in many countries, including this country."{{cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Online Press Briefing with Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism, Ambassador Deborah Lipstadt |url=https://2021-2025.state.gov/brussels-media-hub/releases/2025/01/online-press-briefing-with-special-envoy-to-monitor-and-combat-antisemitism-ambassador-deborah-lipstadt/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=United States Department of State}} David Hirsh noted that in British politics, antisemitism was considered "outside of the boundaries of democratic discourse" from World War II until Jeremy Corbyn's leadership of the Labour Party. He added that currently, expressing support for Zionism "will get you completely marginalized" in many professions.{{cite web |last=Philpot |first=Robert |date=2025-03-05 |title=Oct. 7 is not a 'watershed' event for UK antisemitism, but did bring it to a boil, says expert |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/oct-7-is-not-a-watershed-event-for-uk-antisemitism-but-did-bring-it-to-a-boil-says-expert/?utm_source=The+Daily+Edition&utm_campaign=daily-edition-2025-03-05&utm_medium=email |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=The Times of Israel}}

Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, addressed the persistence of antisemitism throughout his leadership. He emphasized that combating antisemitism required not only legal or political responses but a strengthening of Jewish identity itself. Schneerson taught that "Jewish survival depends not on fighting antisemitism but on strengthening Jewish identity."Jonathan Sacks, A Letter in the Scroll (Free Press, 2000), p. 137. The Rebbe urged Jews to respond to hatred with deeper engagement in Jewish education and observance.Joseph Telushkin, Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson (HarperWave, 2014), p. 295.

In 2019, the World Council of Churches and the International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultations met in Paris for a conference on “The Normalisation of hatred: Challenges for Jews and Christians today”. The Reverend Peter Prove described “a new normalization of hatred, in which antisemitism, among many other old prejudices and discriminatory attitudes, is demonstrably on the rise today”.{{cite journal |last=Prove |first=Peter |date=2019 |title=Antisemitism, Definitions, and Future Cooperation |journal=The Ecumenical Review |volume=71 |issue=5 |page=670 |doi=10.1111/erev.12471 |issn=0013-0796}}

In a 2022 commentary for WGBH called "Why the normalization of antisemitism is not just a crisis for Jews", Reverend Irene Monroe cited the 2017 "Unite the Right" rally and the Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis as examples of rising antisemitism in the United States.{{cite web |last=Monroe |first=Rev. Irene |date=2022-02-03 |title=Why the normalization of antisemitism is not just a crisis for Jews |url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/commentary/2022-02-03/why-the-normalization-of-antisemitism-is-not-just-a-crisis-for-jews |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=GBH}}

In 2022, Northwestern University history professor Peter Hayes said he was "very concerned" about the normalization of antisemitism, noting the increased "public discussion of things that used to be beneath contempt".{{cite news |last=Kunzelman |first=Michael |date=2022-12-04 |title=Antisemitic celebrities stoke fears of normalizing hate |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-ap-donald-trump-nick-fuentes-jonathan-greenblatt-b2238272.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Independent |agency=Associated Press}}

In 2024, New York City Mayor Eric Adams said that hatred was increasing toward various minority groups, adding "What troubles me the most is that we have normalized antisemitism".{{cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Transcript: Mayor Adams Calls in for Live Interview on 105.1 FM HD2 |url=https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/417-24/transcript-mayor-adams-calls-for-live-interview-105-1-fm-hd2-rusa-radio- |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=The official website of the City of New York}} He called out "our major media" for minimizing occurrences of antisemitism at college campus protests. Congressman Ritchie Torres called out a video game maker for "normalizing the most monstrous forms of antisemitic violence and terror—like beheadings, suicide bombings, and the war crimes of October 7th".{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Jackson |date=2024-12-06 |title=Democrat condemns Steam for October 7 massacre video game: 'Barbaric' |url=https://mynbc15.com/news/nation-world/ritchie-torres-condemns-steam-for-october-7-massacre-video-game-barbaric-rep-ritchie-torres-democrat-ny-friday-condemned-video-game-giant-steam-for-allowing-sales-of-a-game-which-lets-players-control-a-palestinian-terrorist-as-they-slay-jewish-israelis |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=WPMI}} Senator John Fetterman noted that “It's crazy now that [Zionism] becomes a slur in certain circles,” adding that “it’s been turned into like, ‘you Zionist,’ or whatever, it’s crazy.”{{cite web |last=Lazaroff |first=Tovah |date=2024-06-27 |title=Fetterman: A reckoning's needed on the political left with antisemitism |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-808107 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=The Jerusalem Post}}

In 2025, when Joe Rogan hosted proponents of antisemitic conspiracy theories on his podcast, academics and political commentators categorized this as a normalization or mainstreaming of antisemitism.{{cite web |last=Kassel |first=Matthew |date=2025-03-07 |title=Joe Rogan invites antisemitic conspiracy theorists into the mainstream |url=https://jewishinsider.com/tag/joe-rogan/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Jewish Insider}}{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Greg |date=2025-03-17 |title=Joe Rogan, Kanye normalize antisemitism. Where is Trump? |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/greg-moore/2025/03/17/trump-silent-kanye-west-joe-rogan-jewish-hate/82413386007/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=azcentral.com and The Arizona Republic}} Susan Benesch, founder of the Dangerous Speech Project, noted that antisemites "mix criticism of Israel and antisemitism". Aaron Pomerantz wrote that normalizing extremism under the guise of "just asking questions" preceded podcasting, arguing the approach was used by George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party.{{cite news |last=Pomerantz |first=Aaron |date=2025-03-21 |title=Memo to podcasters: Free speech does not justify promoting antisemitism |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/5206545-memo-to-podcasters-free-speech-does-not-excuse-promoting-antisemitism/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=The Hill}} Ye's 2025 antisemitic song was noted to "normalize Nazi language".{{cite news |last=Sayre |first=Anne Steele and Katherine |title=‘Gatekeepers Are Dead’: Kanye West’s Antisemitic Song Plays On Despite Takedowns |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/media/gatekeepers-are-dead-kanye-wests-antisemitic-song-plays-on-despite-takedowns-cb351d29 |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}

Following the 2025 killing of Israeli Embassy workers in Washington, D.C, Reihan Salam and Jesse Arm wrote in The Atlantic, that the denial of the legitimacy of the state of Israel and the legitimacy of American Jews participating in public life was "treated as respectable".{{cite magazine |last=Salam |first=Reihan |last2=Arm |first2=Jesse |date=2025-05-26 |title=An American Problem |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2025/05/anti-semitism-violence/682943/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |magazine=The Atlantic}}

• Anti-Semitism in the 21st Century: The Resurgence
• Antisemitism during the Gaza war
• Attitude polarization
• Creeping normality
• Delegitimisation
• New antisemitism
• Normalization (sociology)
• Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century

{{reflist}}

Category:Antisemitism

Category:Attitude change

Category:Judaism-related controversies

Category:Media bias controversies

Category:New antisemitism

Category:Opposition to antisemitism in the United States

Category:Public opinion

Category:Radicalization

Category:Social change