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Northern Borderlands dialect

{{short description|Dialect of Polish language}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Northern Borderlands dialect

|nativename=dialekt północnokresowy

|pronunciation=

|states=Lithuania, Belarus

|region=

|speakers=

|familycolor=Indo-European

|fam2=Balto-Slavic

|fam3=Slavic

|fam4=West Slavic

|fam5=Lechitic

|fam6=Polish

|script=Latin (Polish alphabet)

|isoexception=dialect

|glotto=none

|lingua=

| map = Polszczyzna kresowa.png

| mapcaption = Map of borders of the Second Polish Republic until 1939, and modern state of Poland, including the area of the reach of the Northern Borderlands dialect.

}}Northern Borderlands dialect{{efn|Polish: dialekt północnokresowy}} is a dialect of the Polish language, spoken by the Polish minorities in Lithuania and in northwestern Belarus.{{cite book | author =Zofia Kurzowa | title =Ze studiów nad polszczyzną kresową | year =2007 | editor =Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław | publisher =Universitas | location =Kraków | isbn=978-83-242-0683-4 |language=pl}}{{cite book | author =Zofia Kurzowa | title =Język polski Wileńszczyzny i kresów północno-wschodnich | year =2006 | editor =Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław | publisher =Universitas | location =Kraków | isbn=83-242-0738-4 |language=pl}}

Phonology

The Northern Borderlands dialect retains the same vowel system as standard Polish, however there is often vowel reduction in unstressed syllables. Most of the major differences appear in the realization of consonants. See Polish phonology for more information on allophones.

  1. Standard Polish {{IPA|/w/}}, spelled <ł>, is pronounced {{IPA|/ɫ/}}, and standard {{IPA|/l/}} is palatalized, yielding {{IPA|/lʲ/}}, like in the Southern Borderlands dialect.
  2. The standard Polish palatal sibilants and affricates, {{IPA|/ɕ/}}, {{IPA|/ʑ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}}, and {{IPA|/d͡ʑ/}} (spelled ,<ś>, <ź>, <ć>, and respectively) are pronounced {{IPA|/sʲ/}}, {{IPA|/zʲ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡sʲ/}}, and {{IPA|/d͡zʲ/}}.

The phoneme charts are as follows:

style="vertical-align: top;"

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

|+ Oral vowels

!

! Front

! Central

! Back

Close

| {{IPA link|i}}

| {{IPA link|ɨ}}

| {{IPA link|u}}

Mid

| {{IPA link|ɛ}}

|

| {{IPA link|ɔ}}

Open

|

| {{IPA link|a}}

|

| valign="top" |

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

|+ Nasal vowels

!

! Front

! Back

Mid

| {{IPA link|ɛ̃}}

| {{IPA link|ɔ̃}}

|}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" | Labial

! rowspan="2" | Dental/
alveolar

! rowspan="2" | Post-
alveolar

! rowspan="2" | (Alveolo-)
palatal

! colspan="2" | Velar

{{small|plain}}

! {{small|palatalized}}

colspan="2" | Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n̪|n}}

|

| {{IPA link|ɲ}}

| {{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

rowspan="2" | Plosive

! {{small|voiceless}}

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}

|

|

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPAlink|k̟|kʲ}}

{{small|voiced}}

| {{IPA link|b}}

| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}

|

|

| {{IPA link|ɡ}}

| {{IPAlink|ɡ˖|ɡʲ}}

rowspan="2" | Affricate

! {{small|voiceless}}

|

| {{IPA link|t͡s}}, {{IPA link|t͡sʲ}}

| {{IPA link|t͡ʂ}}

|

|

|

{{small|voiced}}

|

| {{IPA link|d͡z}}, {{IPA link|d͡zʲ}}

| {{IPA link|d͡ʐ}}

|

|

|

rowspan="2" | Fricative

! {{small|voiceless}}

| {{IPA link|f}}

| {{IPA link|s̪|s}}, {{IPA link|sʲ}}

| {{IPA link|ʂ}}

|

| {{IPA link|x}}

| {{IPA link|x̟|xʲ}}

{{small|voiced}}

| {{IPA link|v}}

| {{IPA link|z̪|z}}, {{IPA link|zʲ}}

| {{IPA link|ʐ}}

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Tap/trill

|

| {{IPA link|r}}

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" | Approximant

|

| {{IPA link|lʲ}}, {{IPA link|ɫ}}

|

| {{IPA link|j}}

|

|

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book |url= http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=leksykon&lid=623|title=Kresowe odmiany polszczyzny|last= Karaś|first= Halina |year=2010 |website=Dialekty i gwary polskie |language=pl |trans-title=Borderlands variants of Polish |isbn=978-83-62844-10-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323192518/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=leksykon&lid=623 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |url-status=live}}

{{Polish language}}

{{Languages of Belarus}}

{{Languages of Lithuania}}

Category:Polish dialects

Category:Languages of Lithuania

Category:Languages of Belarus