Northern Frontier District
{{Short description|Territory of British Kenya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
The Northern Frontier Province or Northern Province,{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL GAZETTE COLONY AND PROTECTORATE OF KENYA. |url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/ke/1924/ke-government-gazette-dated-1924-05-20-no-948.pdf |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=Gazettes.Africa}} or initially referred to as 'Northern Frontier District' (NFD) was one of the provinces of British Kenya. Originally, the Northern Frontier covered the northern region of East Africa Protectorate later succeeded by British Kenya, it later included half of the Jubaland Province that remained as part of Kenya when the other half was ceded to the Italian Empire.{{cite book|last=Osman|first=Mohamed Amin AH|title=Somalia, proposals for the future|year=1993|publisher=SPM|pages=1–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSsOAQAAMAAJ}}
By the late 1920s, the Northern Frontier Province covered nearly half of the colony's territory. The population of the region was estimated to be 65,136 in 1931.{{cite web|title=Annual Report of the Colonies, Kenya, 1931|url=https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/5530244/5530244_1931/5530244_1931_opt.pdf|publisher=University of Illinois|access-date=26 September 2023|page=13|year=1931}} It was one of the most underdeveloped region of the colony and was not favoured by settlers due to its arid and semi-arid climate. In 1963, the Northern Province was abolished and its territories spread across three newly created regions of Kenya: Eastern Region, divided into Marsabit and Isiolo districts; Rift Valley covered Turkana District; North Eastern Region contained the Wajir, Mandera and Garissa districts.{{Cite web |title=Kenya Gazette dated 2nd April, 1963 |url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/ke/1963/ke-government-gazette-dated-1963-04-09-no-16.pdf |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=Gazettes.Africa}}
During negotiations for Kenya's independence, Britain granted administration of the whole of the Northern Province to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite showing the overwhelming desire of part of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic.{{Cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=api.parliament.uk}} The North Eastern Region of the Northern Frontier District is, and has historically been, mostly inhabited by Somalis.Rhoda E. Howard, Human Rights in Commonwealth Africa, (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.: 1986), p.95{{cite book|author=William T. Pink, George W. Noblit|title=International Handbook of Urban Education|date=3 September 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|pages=130|isbn=9781402051999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KrqX2WEokcC}}
In present-day usage, the NFD refers to the six counties of Kenya that were established out of the six districts created by the colonial government prior to independence.
History
{{main|Jubaland|Greater Somalia|Shifta War}}
The Northern Frontier Province existed in the East Africa Protectorate as one of nine protectorate's provinces. The formal inception of the administration of the Northern Frontier District commenced in 1909, albeit in an unofficial capacity. This period saw the establishment of stations at Marsabit and Moyale, alongside a police post at Ewaso Ngiro, which was subsequently renamed Archer's Post. Initially, the district was under the nominal jurisdiction of the provincial commissioner of Naivasha Province. However, it was officially recognized in 1910, with its headquarters located at Moyale.
In 1911, the military occupied posts at Loiyangolani near Lake Rudolf, followed by Wajir and Gurreh in 1912. In 1915, these posts were subsequently vacated over the ensuing years, with the exception of a new post established at Buna.
In 1916, Bulesa was designated as a sub-district, achieving full district status in 1917/18, with its headquarters at Garba Tula. However, this status was short-lived, as it reverted to a sub-district in 1919/20. The headquarters of the Northern Frontier District were relocated to Meru, Kenia Province, in 1919.
By 1921, with the military administration, Telemugger, with its headquarters at Sankuri, was transferred to the district from Jubaland. The Samburu received a new headquarters at Barsaloi, and the administrative base for Gurreh was established at Mandera in 1923.
At the time under British colonial administration, the northern half of Jubaland Province was ceded to Italy as a reward for the Italians' support of the Allies during World War I.{{cite book |last=Oliver |first=Roland Anthony |title=History of East Africa, Volume 2 |year=1976 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGkMAQAAIAAJ}} Britain retained control of the southern half of the territory, which was later merged with the Northern Frontier Province
In 1925, the military's role began to diminish, with a partial transition to civil administration, with the exception of Wajir and Mandera, which were civilly administered the following year. The districts of the reorganised Northern Frontier Province included Moyale, Gurreh, Wajir, Telemugger, Garba Tula, Marsabit, and Samburu.
By 1929, the seven districts had been reduced to five: Isiolo, Marsabit, Moyale, Wajir, and Telemugger. The provincial headquarters were subsequently relocated from Meru to Isiolo.
In 1934, the provincial status was withdrawn, and the Samburu were transferred to the Rift Valley Province. Moyale and Mandera were evacuated in 1940, but civil administration was restored the following year.
In 1947, the districts of Turkana and the extraprovincial areas of the Northern Frontier were amalgamated to form the Northern Frontier Province, which included the districts of Turkana, Isiolo, Marsabit, Moyale, Mandera, Wajir, and Garissa. The province was thereafter administered from Marsabit.{{Cite web |title=description of the districts and provinces |url=https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=6&article=1005&context=books&type=additional |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Syracuse University|page=5}}
On 26 June 1960, four days before granting British Somaliland independence, the British government declared that all Somali-inhabited areas of East Africa, Greater Somalia should be unified in one administrative region. Which meant Kenya was to cede part of the Northern Frontier. However, after the dissolution of the former British colonies in the region, Britain granted administration of the Northern Frontier to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic,David D. Laitin, Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p.75 and the fact that the NFD was majorly inhabited by ethnic Somalis in the North-Eastern region.Francis Vallat, First report on succession of states in respect of treaties: International Law Commission twenty-sixth session 6 May-26 July 1974, (United Nations: 1974), p.20
In December 1962, at the urging of the Somalia government, the British appointed a commission to ascertain the desires of the inhabitants of the Northern Frontier District regarding its future. The commissioners reported that the inhabitants of five of the six administrative areas of the Northern Frontier District favoured union with the Somali Republic.{{Cite book|title=The Somali Dispute|last=Drysdale|first=John|publisher=Pall Mall Press|year=1964}} According to the Somali Republic, unification was favoured by 88% of the inhabitants.Somalia Republic, The Somali Peoples' Quest for Unity, 1965. Early in 1963, Britain assured Somalia that no decision would be made regarding the Northern Frontier without prior consultation with the Republic. However, Britain did not follow the wishes of the overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of the Northern Frontier and cede the territory to the Somalia Republic. Instead, on 8 March 1963, Britain announced the creation of the North Eastern Region out of the Northern Frontier District. Unsatisfied with this solution, the Somali Republic severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 18 March 1963.{{Cite journal|last=Kromm|first=David|date=1967|title=Irredentism in Africa: The Somali-Kenya Boundary Dispute|jstor=3627482|journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science|volume=70|issue=3|pages=359–365|doi=10.2307/3627482}}
On the eve of Kenya's independence in August 1963, British officials belatedly realized that the new Kenyan regime was not willing to give up the Somali-inhabited areas it had just been granted administration of. Led by the Northern Province People's Progressive Party (NPPPP), Somalis in the NFD vigorously sought union with their kin in the Somali Republic to the north.Bruce Baker, Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences, (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83
In response, the Kenyan government enacted a number of repressive measures designed to frustrate their efforts in what came to be known as the shifta period: Somali leaders were routinely placed in preventive detention, where they remained well into the late 1970s. The North Eastern Province was closed to general access (along with other parts of Kenya) as a "scheduled" area (ostensibly closed to all outsiders, including members of parliament, as a means of protecting the nomadic inhabitants), and news from it was very difficult to obtain. A number of reports, however, accused the Kenyans of mass slaughters of entire villages of Somali citizens and of setting up large "protected villages"—in effect concentration camps. The government refused to acknowledge the ethnically based irredentist motives of the Somalis, making constant reference in official statements to the shifta (bandit) problem in the area.
Although the main conflict ended in a cease-fire in 1967, Somalis in the region still identify and maintain close ties with their brethren in Somalia.Godfrey Mwakikagile, Kenya: identity of a nation, (Godfrey Mwakikagile: 2007), p.79. They have traditionally married within their own community and formed a cohesive ethnic network.{{cite book|last=Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Research Production and Extension Division|title=Proceedings of 2005 JKUAT Scientific, Technological, and Industrialisation Conference: "leveraging indigenous products and technologies through research for industrialisation and development" : 27th-28th October, 2005|year=2006|publisher=Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Research Production and Extension Division|isbn=9966923284|pages=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4y2AAAAIAAJ}}