Nothofagus menziesii

Nothofagus menziesii (silver beech) is an evergreen tree in the family Nothofagaceae. It reaches a height of up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off|sigfig=1}} tall, with a trunk measuring up to {{convert|1–2|m|abbr=on}} in diameter. In subalpine forests, N. menziesii typically grows to a height of {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}} with a diameter of {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}}. The trunks are generally straight or slightly curved, with narrow crowns. However, when grown in open areas, individuals tend to develop extensive branching close to the ground, resulting in broad, spreading crowns.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|pp=1–2}} Its bark is smooth and is a silvery-greyish colour on young trees, with horizontal lenticels, gradually becoming more furrowed on older trees.{{Sfn|Crowley|Langhorne|2025|p=6}} N. menziesii has an estimated lifespan of 600 years.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=7}}

Its leaves are thick and rigid, coriaceous (leather-like) in character, measuring 6–15{{nbsp}}mm long{{nbsp}}× 5–15{{nbsp}}mm wide, with petioles that are 2–3 mm long. Its lamina (leaf blades) are smooth except for the veins on the underside, broadly triangular to nearly circular in shape, with double-toothed edges and a wedge-shaped base.{{Sfn|Ward|2025}} Juvenile leaves of N. menziesii are sometimes red in colour.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=7}} Its cupules are 6–7 mm long, divided into 4 segments, and adorned with 4–5 rows of gland-tipped projections, accompanied by 2 leaf-like bracts. N. menziesii also produces nuts which are puberulous (slightly hairy) in character, 5 mm long; lateral ones are triquetrous (triangular) in character and are about 5 mm long, pale brown to reddish-brown in colour. Its wings are tipped with glands, and may differ in shape: the lateral ones are triangular and three-winged, while the terminal ones are flat and two-winged, with the wings extending upwards. N. menziesii{{'}}s nuts also contain a single seed,{{Sfn|Crowley|Langhorne|2025|p=6}}{{Sfn|Ward|2025}} the seeds weigh about 4–5 mg and are characterised by their narrow wings.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=5}} Fruiting of N. menziesii occurs from January to March.{{Sfn|Ward|2025}}

Flowering occurs from November to January. In staminate specimens, inflorescences (flower clusters) are arranged in clusters of 1–4 per branchlet, with sparsely hairy stalks that are 2–3 mm long and support a single terminal flower. The perianth (floral structure) is 5–6 mm in diameter, consisting of 2 uneven lobes, each further divided into 2–3 segments. There are 30–36 stamens with anthers (pollen-containing part) measuring 2–3 mm, which are red on top and greenish or straw-coloured below. In pistillate specimens, inflorescences occur 1–4 times per branchlet, with 2–3 flowers on short, densely hairy stalks. Its lateral flowers are arranged in groups of three, while terminal flowers appear in pairs or are undeveloped; the stigma are elongated and are strap-shaped.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|pp=1–2}}{{Sfn|Ward|2025}}

At least forty-two flavonoids and a stilbene (pinosylvin) have been described from various Nothofagus species from a scientific study published in 2003. N. menziesii has twelve known compounds and has an "almost identical" flavonoid profile with N. alpina (recorded in the study as N. nervosa).{{sfn|Wollenweber|Stevens|Dörr|Rozefelds|2003|pp=1–4}}

File:Nothofagus menziesii developing nuts.jpg|A cluster of developing nuts and cupule valves with rows of stalked appendages with globular glands.|alt=Refer to caption.

File:Nothofagus menziesii leafage.jpg|Foliage of an individual; its leaves are thick, leathery, and rigid, with short petioles about 2–3 mm long.|alt=Refer to caption.

File:Nothofagus menziesii in Fiordland National Park 03.jpg|Silvery bark of an individual; its bark is smooth with horizontal lenticels.|alt=Refer to caption.

File:Nothofagus menziesii (silver beech).jpg|An inflorescence; its perianth (floral structure) consists of 30–36 stamens with tiny anthers, which are coloured-red on the top.|alt=Refer to caption.

{{cladogram|align=right|title=

|caption=Cladogram depicting the phylogeny and relationships of species within the subgenus Lophozonia in the genus Nothofagus.

|clades={{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%;width:245px;

|label1=        

|1={{clade

|label1=     

|1={{clade

|label1=     

|1={{extinct}}N. microphylla

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=N. cunninghamii

|2={{extinct}}N. maidenii

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=N. moorei

|2={{extinct}}N. tasmanica

}}

|2={{clade

|1=N. menziesii

|2={{extinct}}N. pachyphylla

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|label1=      

|1={{extinct}}N. carpinoides

|2={{clade

|1=N. alpina

|2=N. elongata

}}

|3={{clade sequential

|1={{extinct}}N. glaucifolia

|2=N. multinervis

|3={{clade

|1={{extinct}}N. beardmorensis

|2=N. glauca

|3=N. obliqua

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

Nothofagus is a genus that consists of thirty-seven deciduous and evergreen trees (and occasionally shrubs), in the family Nothofagaceae. The genus only occurs in the Southern Hemisphere at both temperate and tropical latitudes, with species found naturally in: Australia, South America, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and New Guinea.{{sfn|Steed‐Mundin|2025|p=1}}{{sfn|Wollenweber|Stevens|Dörr|Rozefelds|2003|p=1}} N. menziesii was first described by the British botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1871.{{Sfn|Crowley|Langhorne|2025|p=1}} N. menziesii is not closely related to the other New Zealand Nothofagus species. It is most closely related to the Australian N. moorei and N. cunninghamii species.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=3}}{{sfn|Vento|Agrain|Puebla|Pinzon|2023|p=3}}

In 2013, two researchers proposed renaming N. menziesii to Lophozonia menziesii in an article published by Phytotaxa. This is because they argued that the morphological and molecular differences of the groups within the family could be recognised as separate genera.{{sfn|Heenan|Smissen|2013|p=1}} However, a 2015 revision of the genus rejected the proposal, arguing that since fossil taxa dominate the Nothofagaceae family, adopting the classification would cause "significant taxonomic complications" and reduce the importance of fossil records. The 2013 classification has also not been widely accepted outside of New Zealand.{{sfn|Steed‐Mundin|2025|p=5}}

Nothofagus menziesii is categorised in the subgenus Lophozonia within the genus Nothofagus. N. menziesii is the only New Zealand Nothofagus species to belong to the Lophozonia subgenus, which consists of seven species, spread across Australia and South America.{{Sfn|Crowley|Langhorne|2025|p=1}} In 2022, an analysis from Acta Palaeontologica Polonica of the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among extant and extinct species of the Nothofagus genus produced a cladogram; in which N. menziesii was placed in the clade Lophozonia.{{sfn|Vento|Agrain|Puebla|Pinzon|2023|p=3}} The clade is divided into two primary groups based on geographic associations and fossil records. The first group consists of species from Australasia, encompassing one branch with the fossil N. microphylla species and another branch with fossils limited to N. cunninghamii and N. maidenii, the second sub-branch consists of N. tasmanica, N. menziesii and N. pachyphylla. The second group includes species from the Antarctic Peninsula and South America. This clade forms a polytomy, consisting of three branches.{{sfn|Vento|Agrain|Puebla|Pinzon|2023|p=3}} This is summarised in the cladogram at the right.

A 2022 analysis of the genus Nothofagus suggested that the genus originated in the Antarctic Peninsula. An ancestral reconstruction indicates that the common ancestor of Nothofagus likely emerged approximately 80–90 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous epoch in the Antarctic Peninsula.{{sfn|Steed‐Mundin|2025|p=1}}{{sfn|Vento|Agrain|Puebla|2024|pp=6–9}} The historical distribution of Nothofagus, extending the genus into regions like Australasia and South America, was influenced by dispersal and vicariance events in the Antarctic Peninsula.{{sfn|Vento|Agrain|Puebla|2024|pp=6–9}} A later dispersal of the genus extended it to tropical areas such as New Caledonia and New Guinea, with further diversification events occurring in the Palaeocene epoch ({{circa}} 60–65 Ma) and late Eocene to Oligocene epoch ({{circa}} 45–30 Ma).{{sfn|Vento|Agrain|Puebla|2024|pp=6–9}}

The etymology (word origin) of the species' genus, Nothofagus, is a Latin term for the European beech tree and may originate from the Greek words {{lang|el|phago}}, meaning 'to eat', and {{lang|el|notho}}, meaning 'false', a prefix commonly used in scientific naming conventions.{{Sfn|NZPCN|2025}} Joseph Dalton Hooker, who first formally described N. menziessii, named the species in honour of Scottish naturalist, Archibald Menzies, by applying his surname to the specific epithet.{{Sfn|Crowley|Langhorne|2025|p=1}} N. menziesii is commonly known as the 'silver beech' in English.{{sfn|Ward|2025}} In the Māori language, the species is known as {{lang|mi|tawhai rauriki}}.{{Sfn|Crowley|Langhorne|2025|p=1}}

File:Rob Roy Stream through beech forest towards Matukituki Valley.jpg.|alt=A U-shaped valley with a stream running down through the valley with dense native forests along its banks.]]

N. menziesii is endemic to New Zealand. Its range is widespread, although it is not continuous, throughout the North and South Islands.{{Sfn|Crowley|Langhorne|2025|p=15}}{{Sfn|IUCN|2017}} In the North Island, N. menziesii is abundant in montane and subalpine forests across several mountain ranges, and it is only found southwards of the thirty-seventh latitude. However, N. menziesii is also naturally not present on Mount Taranaki and in the Taranaki Region altogether.{{Sfn|Ward|2025}}{{sfn|Rawlence|Potter|Dussex|Scarsbrook|2021|p=3}} N. menziesii also occurs in smaller forest groups on the Mamaku Plateau, Mount Te Aroha, Kaimanawa Range, Kaweka Range, Ahimanawa Range, and the southwestern slopes of Mount Ruapehu.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=8}}

In the South Island, N. menziesii is abundant northwest from the Marlborough Sounds to the Taramakau River and west of a line through the valleys of Lakes Hāwea, Ōhau, Wakatipu, and Wānaka, to the Takitimu Mountains and Longwood Range. In the Westland Region, isolated stands of N. menziesii exist near Otira and in the upper catchments of rivers such as the Karangarua and Mahitahi, as well as other locations such as near the Poulter River and the Blue Mountains.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=8}} Stewart Island, located south of the South Island, and separated by the Foveaux Strait, does not have a natural presence of Nothofagus species.{{sfn|Rawlence|Potter|Dussex|Scarsbrook|2021|p=3}}

A 2020 study in the New Zealand Journal of Botany of the phylogeography of New Zealand's Nothofagus species, using DNA analysis, revealed the glacial cycles that occurred during the Pleistocene epoch have subsequently affected the present-day distribution of Nothofagus species, separated by "beech gaps".{{sfn|Rawlence|Potter|Dussex|Scarsbrook|2021|pp=1–2}} In comparison to other New Zealand Nothofagus species, N. menziesii was described by the researchers to be "relatively genetically diverse", which was defined by the identification of nine identified haplotypes. In their analysis, genetic data from DNA analysis supported significant phylogeographic insight, enabling the assessment of various hypotheses regarding the origins and current distribution of N. menziesii{{'}}s forest diversity.{{sfn|Rawlence|Potter|Dussex|Scarsbrook|2021|p=10}}

Nothofagus menziesii has a broad altitudinal range of about {{convert|0–1280|m|abbr=on}} above sea level and occurs in lowland and montane forests, although the habitat of N. menziesii can differ by elevation and geography.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=8}}{{Sfn|Crowley|Langhorne|2025|p=7}} The upper tree line reaches {{convert|1,430|m|abbr=on}} on Mount Hikurangi, {{convert|1,200–1,280|m|abbr=on}} in the Tararua Ranges and Nelson, and {{convert|910–980|m|abbr=on}} in western Fiordland. In the North Island, N. menziesii is uncommon below {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=8}} The soil content supporting N. menziesii forests differs widely, from shallow rock outcrops and coarse moraine to deep mineral soils and peats, and is typically classified as weakly to moderately weathering yellow-brown earths.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=8}} N. menziesii is less tolerated for infertile and "poorly drained soils" compared to its related species. However, N. menziesii is noted as both the slowest-growing and most cold-tolerant species within New Zealand's Nothofagus genus; withstanding temperatures as low as −8–15°C.{{Sfn|Crowley|Langhorne|2025|p=5}}{{sfn|Rawlence|Potter|Dussex|Scarsbrook|2021|p=2}}

File:Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6 (cropped).jpg

In the North Island, the Nestor meridionalis (kākā) occasionally visit N. menziesii specimens, deeply scarring the branches and trunk of the tree while searching for the larvae of Aenetus virescens (pūriri moth).{{sfn|IUCN|2017}}{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=19}} Between the years 1851–1926, deer were introduced to New Zealand,{{sfn|Forsyth|Thomson|Hartley|MacKenzie|2011|p=2}} deer frequently browse the seedlings and young plants of N. menziesii, which is also the most commonly found food in the stomachs of both red deer (Cervus elaphus) specifically and wapiti (Cervus canadensis), although never in large quantities.{{Sfn|IUCN|2017}}{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=19}} Across New Zealand, deer consume the foliage of the tree, often leading to the death of seedlings within forests. Although seedlings growing in open areas tend to survive more robustly, they are better equipped to endure browsing, but frequently become densely hedged due to grazing pressure.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=19}}{{Sfn|James|1974|p=1}}

A 1958 study found no evidence, based on observations and stomach content analysis, that brushtail possums feed on N. menziesii individuals. Despite this, another study documented moderate browsing of its leaves and buds.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=19}} Possums have typically not been considered a "threat" to Nothofagus forests since they rarely feed on the species.{{Sfn|James|1974|p=1}} N. menziesii trees are also a host for three threatened endemic mistletoe species: Alepis flavida, Peraxilla colensoi, and P. tetrapetala.{{Sfn|IUCN|2017}}

The soils associated with N. menziesii support diverse fungal communities. However, the soil in canopy communities, including ectomycorrhizal and non-ectomycorrhizal fungi, are comparatively "less rich" in diversity than terrestrial fungi.{{sfn|Nilsen|Teasdale|Guy|Summerfield|2020|p=16}} New Zealand botanist G. H. Cunningham recorded many species of fungi in the families Polyporaceae and Thelephoraceae saprophytic on dead stems of N. menziesii. Ectotrophic species of the Agaric genera, such as Cortinarius and Inocybe, have also been recorded by another study.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=19}} A study published in the New Zealand Journal of Botany in the year 2002, recorded nine hundred six fungi taxa that are "closely associated" with New Zealand's Nothofagus species, fifty-six of which are host-specialised to N. menziesii.{{sfn|Johnston|Johansen|Williams|Paula Wikie|2012|pp=1–3}}

Botanist Peter Haase conducted an ecological study of N. menziesii near Otira in 1987. In his study, he noted that after N. menziesii establishes life, it surpasses neighbouring trees in growth rate and reaches greater canopy heights at maturity. This advantage becomes especially evident in montane and subalpine forests, where surrounding vegetation grows increasingly in comparison. N. menziesii exhibits periodic radial stand expansion over a 300–500 year period, gradually spreading into nearby forests. Its marginal spread averages approximately {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} per century (100 years).{{Sfn|Haase|1989|pp=8–9}} The seeds are dispersed by the wind, and can be found up to {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} away from a parent tree.{{Sfn|Allen|1986|p=1}} A growth rate study of N. menziesii revealed most, but not all, seedlings had either exceeded {{convert|35|cm|abbr=on}} in height by 13 years or had died, although a small number of suppressed seedlings persisted at less than {{convert|35|cm|abbr=on}} tall for up to 25 years. The diameter and age of stems larger than {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter at breast height (DBH) were poorly correlated. Its growth rate differed in variation, from 0.30 to 8.52 mm per year.{{Sfn|Allen|1988|p=1}}

The timber of mature Nothofagus is valued in New Zealand for its use in the making of cabinets and other applications.{{Sfn|Jordan|Larcombe|2025|p=4}} Despite the timber being considered a versatile general-purpose material, it is typically not durable outdoors. However, its timber is used for flooring, furniture, and panelling.{{Sfn|Wardle|1967|p=22}}{{Sfn|Jordan|Larcombe|2025|p=5}} N. menziesii timber has also been used for pulpwood.{{Sfn|IUCN|2017}} N. menziesii was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1912, with initial growth on the Isles of Scilly at Tresco Abbey. N. menziesii adapts well to various climates in the United Kingdom, thriving in both colder weather in Scotland and the warmer and drier conditions in Southern England. At Westonbirt Arboretum in Gloucestershire, it grows steadily, although "not with the same vigour" as other Nothofagus species.{{Sfn|Jordan|Larcombe|2025|p=5}}

New Zealand's Nothofagus species are of great importance to Māori, who consider all species to be taonga (treasures).{{Sfn|Jordan|Larcombe|2025|p=4}} Nothofagus forests were also important food sources, as mast seeding of Nothofagus species caused kiore (Rattus exulans) populations to feed on the tree, therefore enabling Māori group harvestings in the forests. Nothofagus timber was crafted into fishing hooks, while the bark of N. menziesii and other bark from Nothofagus species was used in dyeing fibres for weaving purposes of harakeke (Phormium tenax) and tī kōuka (Cordyline australis).{{Sfn|Jordan|Larcombe|2025|p=4}}{{Sfn|Manaaki Whenua|2020}} Māori also used the chipped bark from the tree as bait for fishing.{{Sfn|Manaaki Whenua|2020}}

Its conservation status was assessed by the IUCN Red List in 2017 as "Least Concern", and its population trend was evaluated as "Stable".{{Sfn|IUCN|2017}} Its assessment in the New Zealand Threat Classification System was evaluated in 2023 was evaluated as "Not Threatened".{{Sfn|Ward|2025}}

{{reflist}}

Journals

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite journal |last=Allen |first=R. B. |title=Ecology of Nothofagus menziesii in the Catlins Ecological Eegion, South-east Otago, New Zealand (I) seed production, viability, and dispersal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0028825X.1987.10409953?src=recsys |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=25 |issue=1 |date=1986 |issn=0028-825X |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1987.10409953 |doi-access=free |pages=11–16}}
• {{cite journal |last=Allen |first=R. B. |title=Ecology of Nothofagus menziesii in the Catlins Ecological Region South-east Otago, New Zealand (III) growth and population structure |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=26 |issue=2 |date=1988 |issn=0028-825X |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1988.10410118 |doi-access=free |pages=281–295 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0028825X.1988.10410118 |access-date=7 April 2025}}
• {{cite journal |last=Crowley |first=Dan |last2=Langhorne |first2=Joanna |title=1123. Nothofagus menziesii (Hook. f.) Oerst.: Nothofagaceae |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |date=10 March 2025 |issn=1355-4905 |doi=10.1111/curt.12611 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last=Forsyth |first=Dm |last2=Thomson |first2=C |last3=Hartley |first3=Lj |last4=MacKenzie |first4=Di |last5=Price |first5=R |last6=Wright |first6=Ef |last7=Mortimer |first7=Jaj |last8=Nugent |first8=G |last9=Wilson |first9=L |last10=Livingstone |first10=P |title=Long-term changes in the relative abundances of introduced deer in New Zealand estimated from faecal pellet frequencies |journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |volume=38 |issue=3 |date=2011 |issn=0301-4223 |doi=10.1080/03014223.2011.592200 |doi-access=free |pages=237–249 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03014223.2011.592200 |access-date=8 April 2025}}
• {{cite journal |last=Haase |first=Peter |title=A population study of an isolated stand of Nothofagus menziesii near Otira, South Island, New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=27 |issue=1 |date=1989 |issn=0028-825X |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1989.10410143 |doi-access=free |pages=49–57 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0028825X.1989.10410143?needAccess=true |access-date=26 March 2025}}
• {{cite journal |last=Heenan |first=Peter B. |last2=Smissen |first2=Rob D. |title=Revised circumscription of Nothofagus and recognition of the segregate genera Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Trisyngyne (Nothofagaceae) |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.146.1.1 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=146 |issue=1 |date=12 November 2013 |issn=1179-3163 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.146.1.1 |doi-access=free |page=1}}
• {{cite journal |last=James |first=I.L. |title=Mammals and Beech (Nothofagus) Forests |journal=Proceedings (New Zealand Ecological Society) |publisher=New Zealand Ecological Society |volume=21 |year=1974 |issn=00779946 |jstor=24061489 |pages=41–44 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24061489 |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 April 2025}}
• {{cite journal |last=Johnston |first=Peter R. |last2=Johansen |first2=Renee B. |last3=Williams |first3=Alexandra F.R. |last4=Paula Wikie |first4=J. |last5=Park |first5=Duckchul |title=Patterns of fungal diversity in New Zealand Nothofagus forests |journal=Fungal Biology |volume=116 |issue=3 |date=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2011.12.010 |pages=401–412 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1878614612000025 |url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Gregory J. |last2=Larcombe |first2=Matthew J. |title=Nothofagus in Australia and New Zealand |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/curt.12602 |url-access=subscription |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |date=25 February 2025 |issn=1355-4905 |doi=10.1111/curt.12602}}
• {{cite journal |last=Nilsen |first=Andy R. |last2=Teasdale |first2=Suliana E. |last3=Guy |first3=Paul L. |last4=Summerfield |first4=Tina C. |last5=Orlovich |first5=David A. |title=Fungal diversity in canopy soil of silver beech, Nothofagus menziesii (Nothofagaceae) |journal=PLOS One |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=24 January 2020 |issn=1932-6203 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0227860 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last=Rawlence |first=Nicolas J. |last2=Potter |first2=Benjamin C. M. |last3=Dussex |first3=Nic |last4=Scarsbrook |first4=Lachie |last5=Orlovich |first5=David A. |last6=Waters |first6=Jonathan M. |last7=McGlone |first7=Matt |last8=Knapp |first8=Michael |title=Plio-Pleistocene environmental changes shape present day phylogeography of New Zealand's southern beeches (Nothofagaceae) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0028825X.2020.1791915 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=59 |issue=1 |date=2 January 2021 |issn=0028-825X |doi=10.1080/0028825X.2020.1791915 |doi-access=free |pages=55–71}}
• {{cite journal |last=Steed‐Mundin |first=Olivia |title=The Southern Beeches: an introduction to the genus Nothofagus Blume. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/curt.12603 |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |date=10 March 2025 |issn=1355-4905 |doi=10.1111/curt.12603 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last=Vento |first=Bárbara |last2=Agrain |first2=Federico |last3=Puebla |first3=Garbriela |last4=Pinzon |first4=Diego |title=Phylogenetic relationships in genus Nothofagus: The role of Antarctic fossil leaves |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=68 |date=2023 |doi=10.4202/app.01029.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/article/item/app010292022.html?pdf=39 |access-date=24 March 2025}}
• {{cite journal |last=Vento |first=Bárbara |last2=Agrain |first2=Federico |last3=Puebla |first3=Griselda |title=Ancient Antarctica: the early evolutionary history of Nothofagus |journal=Historical Biology |volume=36 |issue=1 |date=2 January 2024 |issn=0891-2963 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2150549 |pages=136–146 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2022.2150549 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 March 2025}}
• {{cite journal |last=Wardle |first=P. |title=Biological flora of New Zealand: 2. Nothofagus menziesii (Hook.F) OERST. (Fagaceae) silver beech |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=5 |issue=2 |date=1967 |issn=0028-825X |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1967.10428746 |doi-access=free |pages=276–302 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0028825X.1967.10428746?needAccess=true |access-date=24 March 2025}}
• {{cite journal |last=Wollenweber |first=Eckhard |last2=Stevens |first2=Jan F |last3=Dörr |first3=Marion |last4=Rozefelds |first4=Andrew C |title=Taxonomic significance of flavonoid variation in temperate species of Nothofagus |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=62 |issue=7 |date=2003 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00666-0 |pages=1125–1131 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031942202006660 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 April 2025}}

{{Refend}}

Websites

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• {{cite report |last=Barstow |first=M. |last2=Baldwin |first2=H. |last3=Rivers |first3=M. C.|title=Nothofagus menziesii |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61918019/61918061 |website=IUCN Red List |date=15 March 2017 |doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-3.rlts.t61918019a61918061.en |ref={{SfnRef|IUCN|2017}}|doi-access=free}}
• {{Cite web |title=Lophozonia menziesii |url=https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/lophozonia-menziesii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128231113/https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/lophozonia-menziesii/ |archive-date=28 January 2025 |url-status=live |last=Ward |first=M. D. |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network |year=2025}}
• {{Cite web |title=Ngā Rauropi Whakaoranga — Nothofagus menziesii. Tawhai. Silver beech |url=https://rauropiwhakaoranga.landcareresearch.co.nz/names/ca48883f-a5d8-4b4e-b961-4c03d6179ba7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130182831/https://rauropiwhakaoranga.landcareresearch.co.nz/names/ca48883f-a5d8-4b4e-b961-4c03d6179ba7 |archive-date=30 January 2025 |website=Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research |year=2020 |ref={{SfnRef|Manaaki Whenua|2020}}}}
• {{Cite web |title=Nothofagus antarctica |url=https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/nothofagus-antarctica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727120050/https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/nothofagus-antarctica/ |archive-date=27 July 2024 |website=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network |year=2025 |ref={{SfnRef|NZPCN|2025}}}}

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Category:Nothofagaceae

Category:Endemic flora of New Zealand

Category:Trees of New Zealand

Category:Garden plants of New Zealand

Category:Ornamental trees