Notopalaeognathae

{{Short description|Clade of birds}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = Paleocene – Holocene,{{Cite web|title=Notopalaeognathae|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39261&is_real_user=1|access-date=2021-09-25|website=paleobiodb.org}}Van Tuinen M. (2009) Birds (Aves). In The Timetree of Life, Hedges SB, Kumar S (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 409–411. {{fossil range|60|0|earliest=120}}

| image = Rhea americana qtl2.jpg

| image_caption = Greater rhea (Rhea americana)

| taxon = Notopalaeognathae

| authority = Yuri et al., 2013

| subdivision_ranks = Clades

| subdivision = *Rheiformes (rheas)

• Novaeratitae (kiwis, cassowaries, emus and {{extinct}}elephant birds)
• Dinocrypturi Sangster et al., 2022
• Tinamiformes (tinamous)
• {{extinct}}Dinornithiformes (moas)

}}

Notopalaeognathae is a clade that contains the order Rheiformes (rheas), the clade Novaeratitae (which includes the cassowaries and emus, the kiwis, and the extinct elephant birds), and the clade Dinocrypturi (comprising the tinamous and the extinct moas).{{cite journal |author=Yuri, T. |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals |journal=Biology |publisher=MDPI |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=419–44 |doi=10.3390/biology2010419 |pmid=24832669 |pmc=4009869|doi-access=free }} Notopalaeognathae was named by Yuri et al. (2013) and defined in the PhyloCode by Sangster et al. (2022) as "the least inclusive crown clade containing Rhea americana, Tinamus major, and Apteryx australis".{{Cite journal |last1=Sangster |first1=George |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |last3=Johansson |first3=Ulf S. |last4=Kimball |first4=Rebecca T. |last5=Mayr |first5=Gerald |last6=Suh |first6=Alexander |date=2022-01-01 |title=Phylogenetic definitions for 25 higher-level clade names of birds |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/84494/1/1_s2.0_S2053716622000238_main.pdf |journal=Avian Research |volume=13 |pages=100027 |doi=10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100027 |issn=2053-7166|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022AvRes..1300027S }} The exact relationships of this group, including its recently extinct members, have only recently been uncovered. The two lineages endemic to New Zealand, the kiwis and the extinct moas, are not each other's closest relatives: the moas are most closely related to the Neotropical tinamous,{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillips MJ, Gibb GC, Crimp EA, Penny D |title=Tinamous and moa flock together: mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=90–107 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20525622 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syp079|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002| pmid = 21596537| title = Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand| journal = Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger| volume = 194| issue = 1| pages = 36–51| date = 2012-01-20| last1 = Allentoft | first1 = M. E. | last2 = Rawlence | first2 = N. J. | url = http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4368/| url-access = subscription}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1251981| pmid = 24855267| title = Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwis are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution| journal = Science| volume = 344| issue = 6186| pages = 898–900| date = 2014-05-23| last1 = Mitchell | first1 = K. J.| last2 = Llamas | first2 = B.| last3 = Soubrier | first3 = J.| last4 = Rawlence | first4 = N. J.| last5 = Worthy | first5 = T. H.| last6 = Wood | first6 = J.| last7 = Lee | first7 = M. S. Y.| last8 = Cooper | first8 = A.| bibcode = 2014Sci...344..898M| hdl = 2328/35953| s2cid = 206555952| hdl-access = free}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msu153| title = Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites| journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution| year = 2014| last1 = Baker | first1 = A. J.| last2 = Haddrath | first2 = O.| last3 = McPherson | first3 = J. D.| last4 = Cloutier | first4 = A.| volume=31 | issue = 7| pages=1686–1696 | pmid=24825849| doi-access = free}} and the kiwis are sister to the extinct elephant birds of Madagascar, with kiwis and elephant birds together sister to the cassowaries and emu of New Guinea and Australia. The South American rheas are either sister to all other notopalaeognaths{{cite journal | last1 = Hackett | first1 = S.J. |display-authors=etal | year = 2008 | title = A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History | journal = Science | volume = 320 | issue = 5884| pages = 1763–8 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid=18583609| bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1763H | s2cid = 6472805 }} or sister to Novaeratitae. The sister group to Notopalaeognathae is Struthionidae (the ostrich family).