Nuclear program of Egypt

The Egyptian nuclear power program was started in 1954 as the first research reactor ETRR-1 was acquired from the Soviet Union in 1958 and was opened by Gamal Abdel Nasser at Inchass, Nile Delta.{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/egypt/nuke/index.html|title=Nuclear Weapons Program|date=30 May 2012|access-date=9 December 2013|agency=Federation of American Scientists}} The disposal of its spent fuel was controlled by the Soviets.

In 1964, a 150 MWe nuclear power station was proposed, followed by a 600 MWe proposal in 1974. Also, the Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA) was established in 1976, and in 1983 the El Dabaa site on the Mediterranean coast was selected.{{cite web|url=http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf102.html|title=Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries|date=November 2013|work=World Nuclear Association|access-date=9 December 2013}} The nuclear program was then rejected just after Egypt's defeat by Israel in the Six-day War in 1967 and the weakening of the Egyptian economy.{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/egypt/miss.html|title=Egypt's Missile Efforts Succeed with Help from North Korea|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123045225/http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/egypt/miss.html|archive-date=2016-01-23}}

In 1968 Egypt signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but postponed ratifying it citing evidence that Israel had undertaken a nuclear weapons program. Consequently, Egypt lost many of its nuclear experts and scientists who had to travel abroad to seek work opportunities. Some of them joined the Iraqi nuclear program and others emigrated to Canada. Egypt's nuclear plans were frozen after the Chernobyl accident.

In 1992, Egypt acquired a 22MW multi-purpose research reactor ETRR-2 from Argentina.{{cite web|title=ETRR-2|url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/364/|website=NTI Building a Safe World|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies|access-date=31 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131343/http://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/364/|archive-date=1 January 2018|url-status=dead}}

In 2006, Egypt announced it would revive its civilian nuclear power programme, and within 10 years build a 1,000 megawatt nuclear power station at El Dabaa. It was estimated to cost US$1.5bn, and it would be constructed with the participation of foreign investors.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5376860.stm|publisher=BBC|date=25 September 2006|access-date=9 December 2013|title=Egypt unveils nuclear power plan}} In March 2008, Egypt signed with Russia an agreement on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.{{cite news|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP-Middle_Eastern_nations_do_nuclear_diplomacy_250308.html|work=World Nuclear News|date=25 March 2008|access-date=9 December 2013|title= Middle Eastern nations do nuclear diplomacy}}{{Cite journal |last1=Szulecki |first1=Kacper |last2=Overland |first2=Indra |date=April 2023 |title=Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine |journal=Nature Energy |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=413–421 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 |bibcode=2023NatEn...8..413S |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free |hdl=11250/3106595 |hdl-access=free }}

{{As of|2012}}, after years of stop-start efforts, Egypt's nuclear energy ambitions were once again in flux. El Dabaa had been targeted by protesters who were claiming that their land was wrongly taken by the government to make way for the nuclear plant. {{As of|2012}}, as a result of those protests, the site was shut down. The Morsi government did not make any statements about its plans for the plant since construction was suspended.{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/radioactive-material-stolen-in-egypt-1.9867|title=Radioactive material stolen in Egypt|author=Sharon Weinberger|date=20 January 2012|access-date=9 December 2013|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/nature.2012.9867|s2cid=128821998|url-access=subscription}}

Egypt withdrew from talks regarding the implementation and effectiveness of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in Geneva on 29 April 2013, but remains a ratifier of the NPT.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nuclear-npt-egypt-idUSBRE93S0UN20130429|title=Egypt pulls out of talks to protest Middle East nuclear arms|date=29 April 2013|access-date=9 December 2013|work=Reuters}}

In November 2015 and March 2017 Egypt signed preliminary agreements with Russian nuclear company Rosatom for a first VVER-1200 unit at El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant to start in 2024.{{Cite journal |last1=Szulecki |first1=Kacper |last2=Overland |first2=Indra |date=April 2023 |title=Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine |journal=Nature Energy |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=413–421 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 |bibcode=2023NatEn...8..413S |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free |hdl=11250/3106595 |hdl-access=free }} Discussions continue for final approval.{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/11/29/el-dabaa-nuclear-station-to-generate-electricity-in-2024-prime-minister/ |title=El-Dabaa nuclear station to generate electricity in 2024: Prime Minister |first=Toqa |last=Ezzidin |newspaper=Daily News |location=Egypt |date=29 November 2015 |access-date=22 March 2017}}{{cite news |url=http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsegypt-and-russia-agree-on-two-contracts-for-el-dabaa-npp-5765715 |title=Egypt and Russia agree on two contracts for El Dabaa NPP |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=20 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526185723/https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsegypt-and-russia-agree-on-two-contracts-for-el-dabaa-npp-5765715/ |archive-date=26 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2017/03/14/618490/ |title=Russia launches operations of nuclear unit similar to Dabaa units |first=Mohamed |last=Farag |newspaper=Daily News |location=Egypt |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017}}

In August 2022, state-run Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power (KHNP) signed a $2.2 billion deal with Russian state-run ASE (a subsidiary of Rosatom) to help build El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant.{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-korea-signs-deal-with-russia-to-help-build-egypts-first-nuclear-power-plant/|title=South Korea signs deal with Russia to help build Egypt's first nuclear power plant|website=www.timesofisrael.com |access-date=26 August 2022}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-25/korea-in-2-2-billion-deal-with-russia-for-egypt-nuclear-plant |title=Korea in $2.2 Billion Deal With Russia For Egypt Nuclear Plant |last=Magdy |first=Mirette |publisher=Bloomberg |date=25 August 2022 |access-date=26 August 2022}}

In late 2004 and early 2005, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) started to investigate undisclosed experiments,{{cite book|last1=Sullivan|first1=Denis Joseph|last2=Jones|first2=Kimberly|title=Global Security Watch--Egypt: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGWiXfGrBWAC&pg=PA29|access-date=21 April 2015|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780275994822|pages=29–31}} which was published in open sources by former and current staff of the AEA, that indicated nuclear material, activities and facilities connected to uranium extraction, conversion, irradiation and reprocessing that unreported to the agency and a team of Agency inspectors visited the Nuclear Research Center in Inshas from 9 to 13 October 2004.{{cite web|title=Nuclear Weapons Program|url=http://fas.org/nuke/guide/egypt/nuke/|website=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=21 April 2015}}{{cite web|title=Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Arab Republic of Egypt|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/2005/egypt_iaea_gov-2005-9_14nov2005.pdf|website=globalsecurity.org|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency|access-date=21 April 2015}}

On 14 February 2005, IAEA's Director General Mohamed ElBaradei circulated a report to the board of Governors finding "a number of failures by Egypt to report to the agency in accordance with its obligations."{{cite web|title=Case Closed on Egyptian Nuclear Research|url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/case-closed-on-egyptian-nuclear-research/|website=Nuclear Threat Initiative|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629112159/http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/case-closed-on-egyptian-nuclear-research/|archive-date=29 June 2012|url-status=dead}}

Egypt justified its reporting failures as the government and the IAEA had "differing interpretations" of Egypt's safeguards obligations and emphasizing that the country's "nuclear activities are strictly for peaceful purposes."{{cite web|last1=Kerr|first1=Paul|title=IAEA: Egypt's Reporting Failures 'Matter of Concern'|url=http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_03/Egypt|website=Arms Control Association|access-date=6 May 2015|date=1 March 2005}} Accordingly, Egypt had taken corrective actions and maintained full cooperation during the 2004/2005 investigation, which ended that the IAEA found no discrepancies between what have been declared during the investigation and IAEA's findings and no evidences of extraction of plutonium or enrichment of uranium and the investigation had been closed.

In May 2009, according to a restricted IAEA report (IAEA's Safeguards Implementation Report (SIR)

for 2008) obtained by Reuters, the U.N. nuclear watchdog was investigating the discovery of traces of highly enriched uranium (HEU) at a nuclear research facility. The detection was made by the environmental swipe samples taken in 2007 and 2008 at the Nuclear Research Center, which was tested positive for both low enriched uranium (LEU) and highly enriched uranium without confirming whether the (HEU) particles were weapon-grade material.{{cite web|last1=Fitzpatrick|first1=Mark|title=Nuclear capabilities in the Middle East|url=http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/142904/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/7b6d767d-e2b8-4612-8774-8972ada49d0e/en/fitzpatrick.pdf|website=nonproliferation.eu|publisher=EU Non-Proliferation Consortium|access-date=21 April 2015|date=July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035054/http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/142904/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/7b6d767d-e2b8-4612-8774-8972ada49d0e/en/fitzpatrick.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}{{cite news|last1=Heinrich|first1=Mark|title=High-enriched uranium traces found in Egypt: IAEA|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nuclear-iaea-egypt-idUSTRE54543S20090506|access-date=21 April 2015|work=Reuters|agency=Thomson Reuters|date=6 May 2009|location=Vienna}}{{cite web|title=Highly Enriched Uranium Traces in Egypt Prompt IAEA Investigation|url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/highly-enriched-uranium-traces-in-egypt-prompt-iaea-investigation/|website=Global Security Newswire|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative|access-date=21 April 2015|date=7 May 2009}}

Egypt accounted for the discovery of (HEU) material that it "could have been brought into the country through contaminated radioisotope transport containers," and the IAEA's inspectors had not verified the source of the particles, and there were no evidence that Egypt's explanation was not correct. Also, the report concludes that earlier issues of undeclared nuclear activities and material reported to the Board of Governors in February 2005, are no longer outstanding and all declared nuclear material remained in peaceful activities.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

During December, 2004 and January, 2005 inspections the IAEA found that Egypt failed to declare in the initial report in 1982, a 67 kg of imported uranium tetrafluoride (UF₄), 3 kg of imported and domestically produced uranium metal, 9.5 kg of imported thorium compounds, and small amounts of domestically produced uranium dioxide (UO₂), uranium trioxide (UO₃) and UF₄ stored in the basement of the Nuclear Chemistry Building at Inshas. Egypt reported that it had imported nuclear material and carried out uranium conversion using that material prior to the force entry of the Safeguards Agreement and granted the agency with access to the Nuclear Chemistry Building where the experiments on the uranium conversion had been conducted within the framework of staff development for the front end of the fuel cycle, and provided a list of the nuclear material that had been imported and the subsequent nuclear material that had been produced, which was unreported in the initial report in 1982.{{cite web|title=Nuclear Chemistry Building|url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/354/|website=Nuclear Threat Initiative|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122604/http://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/354/|archive-date=1 October 2017|url-status=dead}}

Egypt notified the Agency that, the Nuclear Material Authority (NMA) had conducted a project to recover uranium ore concentrate as a by-product of activities at the Phosphoric Acid Purification Plant in Inshas but failed to separate uranium. Egypt presented to the agency the program for heap leaching of uranium ore in the Sinai and Eastern deserts and declared that none of the uranium ore concentrate produced as a result of the leaching activities had been of a purity and composition that required to be reported.

In December 2004 investigation, Egypt acknowledged that between 1990 and 2003, about 12 unreported experiments to the IAEA performed using a total of 1.15 g of natural uranium compounds and 9 thorium samples had been irradiated and conducted at the ETRR-1 and between 1999 and 2003 about 4 unreported experiments using a total of 0.24 g of natural uranium compounds irradiated at the ETRR-2, these experiments involving the irradiation of small amounts of natural uranium in the reactor to test the production of fission product isotopes for medical purposes and the irradiated compounds had been dissolved in three laboratories located in the Nuclear Chemistry Building with no plutonium or U-233 was separated during these experiments. Egypt provided modified design information for the two reactors and submitted inventory change reports (ICRs). Also, Egypt declared that similar experiments had been conducted between 1982 and 1988, prior the entry of safeguards agreement into force.{{cite web|last1=Nartker|first1=Mike|title=Egypt Failed to Report "A Number" of Nuclear Materials, Activities, Facilities, IAEA Says|url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/egypt-failed-to-report-a-number-of-nuclear-materials-activities-facilities-iaea-says-4666/|website=Nuclear Threat Initiative|publisher=Global Security Newswire|access-date=21 April 2015|date=14 February 2005}}

In March 2001 and July 2002, the IAEA was investigating on the environmental samples which was taken from the ETRR-1's hot cells that revealed traces of actinides and fission products, which was explained by Egypt in July 2003, that the presence of the particles was attributed by a damaged nuclear fuel cladding resulted in contamination of the reactor water that penetrated the hot cells from irradiated sample cans.

In December 2004, Egypt declared that it failed to include in the initial report, a total gross weight (include cladding and containers) of one kilogram of imported unirradiated fuel rods containing 10% enriched U-235, which was used in experiments involved in laboratory scale testing of fuel dissolution prior to the development of a reprocessing laboratory (Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant) and presented to the agency one intact fuel rod enriched 10% U-235, a number of pieces of other fuel rods (natural and enriched uranium), and uranyl nitrate solution with uranium enriched 10% U-235. These experiments were conducted at the Nuclear Chemistry Building prior to force entry of the Safeguards Agreement. Egypt had agreed to correct its initial report to include these materials.

Egypt also declared that, at the end of the 1970s, it concluded several contracts with a foreign company to build the Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant (HPP) and in 1982, laboratory 2 became operational. The Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant designed for conducting bench scale radiochemistry experiments involving the separation of plutonium and uranium from irradiated fuel elements of the ETRR-1 research reactor. In November 2004 and January 2005, Egypt acknowledged that, in 1987, it had carried out acceptance tests in the HPP using unirradiated uranyl nitrate in chemical reagents purchased on the local market while the uranyl nitrate had been mixed with a solution obtained from the dissolution of domestically produced scrap UO₂ pellets (with 1.9 kg of uranium compounds). Egypt did not declare it to the IAEA for safeguarding, due to the fact that the facility was never completed and it was designed for bench scale experiments. Egypt had submitted the Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant design information and had agreed to provide ICRs.{{cite web|title=Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant (HPP)|url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/374/|website=Nuclear Threat Initiative|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies|access-date=21 April 2015}}

In 2004, Egypt shows the IAEA's inspectors the Radioisotope Production Facility at Inshas, which was a new facility under construction intended for the separation of radioisotopes from enriched 19.7% U-235 irradiated at the ETRR-2 reactor while Egypt should have reported the decision to construct the new facility no later than 1997. Egypt took a corrective measure, and provided the agency with the facility design information.{{cite web|title=Radioisotope Production Facility|url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/372/|website=Nuclear Threat Initiative|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies|access-date=21 April 2015}}

{{Portal|Egypt|Energy}}

• Energy in Egypt

{{reflist|30em}}

• [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/egypt/nuke/index.html FAS - Egypt Nuclear Program]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20101106003815/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Egypt/Nuclear/ NTI - Egypt Profile]
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg5nEk7YNscC&dq=robert+einhorn+egypt+nuclear&pg=PA43 The nuclear tipping point: why states reconsider their nuclear choices ]

{{Nuclear Fuel Cycle Activities in Egypt}}

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Category:Nuclear technology in Egypt

Category:Nuclear power in Egypt