Nucleolin

The human NCL gene is located on chromosome 2 and consists of 14 exons with 13 introns and spans approximately 11kb. Intron 11 of the NCL gene encodes a small nucleolar RNA, termed U20.{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: NCL nucleolin| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4691}}

Nucleolin is the major nucleolar protein of growing eukaryotic cells. It is found associated with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles. It induces chromatin decondensation by binding to histone H1. It is thought to play a role in pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly. May play a role in the process of transcriptional elongation. Binds RNA oligonucleotides with 5'-UUAGGG-3' repeats more tightly than the telomeric single-stranded DNA 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats.

Nucleolin is also able to act as a transcriptional coactivator with Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor II (COUP-TFII).{{cite journal | vauthors = Litchfield LM, Riggs KA, Hockenberry AM, Oliver LD, Barnhart KG, Cai J, Pierce WM, Ivanova MM, Bates PJ, Appana SN, Datta S, Kulesza P, McBryan J, Young LS, Klinge CM | title = Identification and characterization of nucleolin as a COUP-TFII coactivator of retinoic acid receptor β transcription in breast cancer cells | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | date = May 2012 | pmc = 3365040 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0038278 | pmid = 22693611 | pages=e38278| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...738278L | doi-access = free }}

Midkine and pleiotrophin bind to cell-surface nucleolin as a low affinity receptor. This binding can inhibit HIV infection.{{cite journal | vauthors = Said EA, Krust B, Nisole S, Svab J, Briand JP, Hovanessian AG | title = The anti-HIV cytokine midkine binds the cell surface-expressed nucleolin as a low affinity receptor | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 40 | pages = 37492–502 | date = Oct 2002 | pmid = 12147681 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M201194200 | s2cid = 41621217 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Said EA, Courty J, Svab J, Delbé J, Krust B, Hovanessian AG | title = Pleiotrophin inhibits HIV infection by binding the cell surface-expressed nucleolin | journal = The FEBS Journal | volume = 272 | issue = 18 | pages = 4646–59 | date = Sep 2005 | pmid = 16156786 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04870.x | s2cid = 21153881 | doi-access = free }}

Nucleolin at the cell surface is the receptor for the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein.{{cite journal | vauthors = Tayyari F, Marchant D, Moraes TJ, Duan W, Mastrangelo P, Hegele RG | title = Identification of nucleolin as a cellular receptor for human respiratory syncytial virus | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 9 | pages = 1132–5 | date = Sep 2011 | pmid = 21841784 | doi = 10.1038/nm.2444 | s2cid = 205388029 }} Interference with the nucleolin{{ndash}}RSV fusion protein interaction has been shown to be therapeutic against RSV infection in cell cultures and animal models.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bilawchuk LM, Griffiths CD, Jensen LD, Elawar F, Marchant DJ | title = The Susceptibilities of Respiratory Syncytial Virus to Nucleolin Receptor Blocking and Antibody Neutralization are Dependent upon the Method of Virus Purification | journal = Viruses | volume = 9 | issue = 8 | pages = 207 | date = Aug 2017 | pmid = 28771197 | doi = 10.3390/v9080207 | pmc = 5580464 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Mastrangelo P, Hegele RG | title = The RSV fusion receptor: not what everyone expected it to be | journal = Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur | volume = 14 | issue = 13 | pages = 1205–10 | date = Nov 2012 | pmid = 22884716 | doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.07.015 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Mastrangelo P, Hegele RG | title = RSV fusion: time for a new model | journal = Viruses | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 873–85 | date = Mar 2013 | pmid = 23518574 | doi = 10.3390/v5030873 | pmc=3705301| doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Shakeri A, Mastrangelo P, Griffin JK, Moraes TJ, Hegele RG | title = Respiratory syncytial virus receptor expression in the mouse and viral tropism | journal = Histology and Histopathology | volume = 30| issue = 30| date = Nov 2014 | pmid = 25374027 | doi = 10.14670/HH-30.401| pages=401–411}}

Nucleolin has been shown to interact with:

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• MTDH,{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee, Seong-Jae, et al. | title = Identification of Nucleolin as a Novel AEG-1-Interacting Protein in Breast Cancer via Interactome Profiling. | journal = Cancers | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 2842 | date = Jun 2021 | pmid = 34200450 | doi = 10.3390/cancers13112842 | pmc = 8201222 | s2cid = 235436955 | doi-access = free }}
• CSNK2A2,{{cite journal | vauthors = Li D, Dobrowolska G, Krebs EG | title = The physical association of casein kinase 2 with nucleolin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 26 | pages = 15662–8 | date = Jun 1996 | pmid = 8663258 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15662 | s2cid = 10750338 | doi-access = free }}
• Centaurin, alpha 1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Dubois T, Zemlickova E, Howell S, Aitken A | title = Centaurin-alpha 1 associates in vitro and in vivo with nucleolin | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 301 | issue = 2 | pages = 502–8 | date = Feb 2003 | pmid = 12565890 | doi = 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)03010-3}}
• HuR,{{cite journal | vauthors = Tominaga K, Srikantan S, Lee EK, Subaran SS, Martindale JL, Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe M | title = Competitive regulation of nucleolin expression by HuR and miR-494 | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 31 | issue = 20 | pages = 4219–31 | date = Oct 2011 | pmid = 21859890 | pmc = 3187287 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.05955-11 }}
• NPM1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Li YP, Busch RK, Valdez BC, Busch H | title = C23 interacts with B23, a putative nucleolar-localization-signal-binding protein | journal = European Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 237 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–8 | date = Apr 1996 | pmid = 8620867 | doi = 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0153n.x | doi-access = free }}
• P53,{{cite journal | vauthors = Daniely Y, Dimitrova DD, Borowiec JA | title = Stress-dependent nucleolin mobilization mediated by p53-nucleolin complex formation | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 16 | pages = 6014–22 | date = Aug 2002 | pmid = 12138209 | pmc = 133981 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.22.16.6014-6022.2002 }}
• PPP1CB,{{cite journal | vauthors = Morimoto H, Okamura H, Haneji T | title = Interaction of protein phosphatase 1 delta with nucleolin in human osteoblastic cells | journal = The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry | volume = 50 | issue = 9 | pages = 1187–93 | date = Sep 2002 | pmid = 12185196 | doi = 10.1177/002215540205000905 | s2cid = 24950287 | doi-access = free }}
• S100A11,{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakaguchi M, Miyazaki M, Takaishi M, Sakaguchi Y, Makino E, Kataoka N, Yamada H, Namba M, Huh NH | title = S100C/A11 is a key mediator of Ca(2+)-induced growth inhibition of human epidermal keratinocytes | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 163 | issue = 4 | pages = 825–35 | date = Nov 2003 | pmid = 14623863 | pmc = 2173690 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.200304017 }}
• Sjögren syndrome antigen B,{{cite journal | vauthors = Fouraux MA, Bouvet P, Verkaart S, van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJ | title = Nucleolin associates with a subset of the human Ro ribonucleoprotein complexes | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 320 | issue = 3 | pages = 475–88 | date = Jul 2002 | pmid = 12096904 | doi = 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00518-1 | hdl = 2066/121576 | hdl-access = free }}
• TOP1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Haluska P, Saleem A, Edwards TK, Rubin EH | title = Interaction between the N-terminus of human topoisomerase I and SV40 large T antigen | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 1841–7 | date = Apr 1998 | pmid = 9512561 | pmc = 147454 | doi = 10.1093/nar/26.7.1841 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Bharti AK, Olson MO, Kufe DW, Rubin EH | title = Identification of a nucleolin binding site in human topoisomerase I | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 4 | pages = 1993–7 | date = Jan 1996 | pmid = 8567649 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.4.1993 | s2cid = 25059254 | doi-access = free }} and
• Telomerase reverse transcriptase.{{cite journal | vauthors = Khurts S, Masutomi K, Delgermaa L, Arai K, Oishi N, Mizuno H, Hayashi N, Hahn WC, Murakami S | title = Nucleolin interacts with telomerase | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 49 | pages = 51508–15 | date = Dec 2004 | pmid = 15371412 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M407643200 | s2cid = 41394148 | doi-access = free | hdl = 2297/15897 | hdl-access = free }}

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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Tuteja R, Tuteja N | title = Nucleolin: a multifunctional major nucleolar phosphoprotein | journal = Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 407–36 | year = 1999 | pmid = 9918513 | doi = 10.1080/10409239891204260 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Pasternack MS, Bleier KJ, McInerney TN | title = Granzyme A binding to target cell proteins. Granzyme A binds to and cleaves nucleolin in vitro | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 266 | issue = 22 | pages = 14703–8 | date = Aug 1991 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98743-0 | pmid = 1860869 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Belenguer P, Caizergues-Ferrer M, Labbé JC, Dorée M, Amalric F | title = Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of nucleolin by p34cdc2 protein kinase | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 3607–18 | date = Jul 1990 | pmid = 2192260 | pmc = 360797 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.10.7.3607}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Srivastava M, Fleming PJ, Pollard HB, Burns AL | title = Cloning and sequencing of the human nucleolin cDNA | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 250 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–105 | date = Jun 1989 | pmid = 2737305 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80692-1 | s2cid = 8690886 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Tuteja N, Huang NW, Skopac D, Tuteja R, Hrvatic S, Zhang J, Pongor S, Joseph G, Faucher C, Amalric F | title = Human DNA helicase IV is nucleolin, an RNA helicase modulated by phosphorylation | journal = Gene | volume = 160 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–8 | date = Jul 1995 | pmid = 7642087 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00207-M }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Jordan P, Heid H, Kinzel V, Kübler D | title = Major cell surface-located protein substrates of an ecto-protein kinase are homologs of known nuclear proteins | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 33 | issue = 49 | pages = 14696–706 | date = Dec 1994 | pmid = 7993898 | doi = 10.1021/bi00253a007 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Nicoloso M, Caizergues-Ferrer M, Michot B, Azum MC, Bachellerie JP | title = U20, a novel small nucleolar RNA, is encoded in an intron of the nucleolin gene in mammals | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 9 | pages = 5766–76 | date = Sep 1994 | pmid = 8065311 | pmc = 359102 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.14.9.5766 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Ishikawa F, Matunis MJ, Dreyfuss G, Cech TR | title = Nuclear proteins that bind the pre-mRNA 3' splice site sequence r(UUAG/G) and the human telomeric DNA sequence d(TTAGGG)n | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 4301–10 | date = Jul 1993 | pmid = 8321232 | pmc = 359985 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.13.7.4301}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Eggert M, Möws CC, Tripier D, Arnold R, Michel J, Nickel J, Schmidt S, Beato M, Renkawitz R | title = A fraction enriched in a novel glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein stimulates receptor-dependent transcription in vitro | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 51 | pages = 30755–9 | date = Dec 1995 | pmid = 8530516 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.51.30755 | s2cid = 25642912 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Bharti AK, Olson MO, Kufe DW, Rubin EH | title = Identification of a nucleolin binding site in human topoisomerase I | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 4 | pages = 1993–7 | date = Jan 1996 | pmid = 8567649 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.4.1993 | s2cid = 25059254 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Li YP, Busch RK, Valdez BC, Busch H | title = C23 interacts with B23, a putative nucleolar-localization-signal-binding protein | journal = European Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 237 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–8 | date = Apr 1996 | pmid = 8620867 | doi = 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0153n.x | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Li D, Dobrowolska G, Krebs EG | title = The physical association of casein kinase 2 with nucleolin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 26 | pages = 15662–8 | date = Jun 1996 | pmid = 8663258 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15662 | s2cid = 10750338 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou G, Seibenhener ML, Wooten MW | title = Nucleolin is a protein kinase C-zeta substrate. Connection between cell surface signaling and nucleus in PC12 cells | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 49 | pages = 31130–7 | date = Dec 1997 | pmid = 9388266 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.49.31130 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Haluska P, Saleem A, Edwards TK, Rubin EH | title = Interaction between the N-terminus of human topoisomerase I and SV40 large T antigen | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 1841–7 | date = Apr 1998 | pmid = 9512561 | pmc = 147454 | doi = 10.1093/nar/26.7.1841 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Borggrefe T, Wabl M, Akhmedov AT, Jessberger R | title = A B-cell-specific DNA recombination complex | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 273 | issue = 27 | pages = 17025–35 | date = Jul 1998 | pmid = 9642267 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.27.17025 | s2cid = 24347735 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Larrucea S, González-Rubio C, Cambronero R, Ballou B, Bonay P, López-Granados E, Bouvet P, Fontán G, Fresno M, López-Trascasa M | title = Cellular adhesion mediated by factor J, a complement inhibitor. Evidence for nucleolin involvement | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 273 | issue = 48 | pages = 31718–25 | date = Nov 1998 | pmid = 9822633 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.48.31718 | s2cid = 8004314 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Parada CA, Roeder RG | title = A novel RNA polymerase II-containing complex potentiates Tat-enhanced HIV-1 transcription | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 18 | issue = 13 | pages = 3688–701 | date = Jul 1999 | pmid = 10393184 | pmc = 1171446 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/18.13.3688 }}

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Category:Proteins