Nyala, South Darfur

Nyala was the capital of the Daju Empire, which was established around Jebel Um-Kurdós. However, many sites of ancient antiquities, pottery, engraved pictures of battles, horses, animals and hunting are still awaiting further scientific archaeological work at Jebel Daju.{{Cite journal | last = Arkell | first = A. J. | author-link = A. J. Arkell | date=June 1951 | title = The History of Darfur 1200-1700 A.D. | journal = Sudan Notes and Records | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages =37–70 | publisher = University of Khartoum | jstor = 41724725 }} The most important archaeological sites discovered yet are Nari, Kedingnyir, Dobo, Simiat Hills, Jebel Keima, Kalokitting, Jebel Wara, and Jebel Marra itself.

Image:Sudan Nyala Airport Ilyushin-76.jpg]]

When the United Kingdom conquered present-day Sudan, the British commander-in-chief met Sultan Adam Suleiman in 1932, seeking his advice for his knowledge of the best places in terms of availability of water sources and land topography in order to establish the British Administration Headquarters in Darfur. Sultan Adam Suleiman had chosen Nyala for that purpose.

During the Darfur conflict, thousands of internally displaced persons have gathered near the city in the hopes of protection. The refugee camp in the southern portion of Nyala is Kalma. Around 90,000 people reside in the camp.{{cite news |last=Steele |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Steele (journalist) |date=27 October 2007 |title=Violence flares in Darfur's Kalma refugee camp as a new cycle of persecution begins |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/27/sudan.international |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=2 February 2014}}{{cite news |author= |title=Sudan 'kills refugees in Darfur' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7580778.stm |publisher=BBC News Online |date=26 August 2008 |access-date=2 February 2014}}

In April 2023, the east of the city and the airport were captured by the RSF during the Sudanese civil war.{{Cite web |date=2023-04-16 |title=Sudan fighting rages for second day despite UN-proposed ceasefire {{!}} Sudan {{!}} The Guardian |website=TheGuardian.com |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/16/sudan-fighting-rages-for-second-day-despite-un-proposed-ceasefire |access-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416191956/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/16/sudan-fighting-rages-for-second-day-despite-un-proposed-ceasefire |archive-date=2023-04-16 }}

Afterwards, satellite images captured neighbouring villages destroyed by the militias, as well as parts of Nyala. According to local activists, over 600,000 people have been displaced from the region and are unable to receive humanitarian aid due to the fighting.{{Cite news |first=Barbara |last=Plett-Usher |date=2023-05-29 |title=Sudan Darfur crisis: 'Everything civilians can use has been burned or destroyed' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65722123 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}} While a ceasefire was declared, sporadic fighting occasionally broke out in the city throughout May. Later that year, on 26 October, reports stated that RSF took control of Nyala, as the conflict forced more than 670,000 people to flee their homes.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67226076 |title=Sudan conflict: RSF takes control of Nyala in Darfur |publisher=BBC News |date=26 October 2023 }}

Local industries produce textiles, as well as processed food and leather goods. Nyala has terminus ends for both road and railway, and also has a domestic airport, Nyala Airport. Nyala serves as a trading place for gum arabic and has branches of the Agricultural Bank of Sudan and the People's Cooperative Bank. Nyala is home to Nyala University, a public university.

File:Nyala market street and post office 2012 P1010331 608 kb.jpg

{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}

Nyala suffers from severe water infrastructure problems caused by droughts and poor water management, including poor source treatment and delivery methods. Most of the water used in and around Nyala is ground water; this is heavily contaminated due to human activity, bearing the consequences of inadequate waste management and lack of proper sanitation. Water resources in the city have tested to contain bacteria levels higher than permissible amounts, which in turn creates health issues. In many cases the water collected for distribution is not properly chlorinated, allowing further increase in bacteria levels.

File:مباني جامعة نيالا.jpg

{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}

The educational institutions in the country nearly doubled between the years of 2000 and 2010. In the year 2000 there were 135 primary schools and 58 secondary schools; in 2010 there were 308 primary schools and 106 secondary schools. The main concern with the educational system in the city is the quality of the education. The schools’ staff is underpaid and unqualified for adequate teaching in these institutions. The government often does not commit to their financial responsibility with the schools. This affects the schools’ operations and burdens the schools to invest from their resources. Also, many children do not attend school so they can work and add to their family’s income.

Despite receiving almost {{convert|400|mm|in|0|disp=or}} of rainfall annually, Nyala has a marginal hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), just below a hot semi-desert climate (BSh), owing to the extremely high potential evapotranspiration.

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| collapsed = yes

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| location = Nyala (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–2020)

| Jan record high C = 40.4

| Feb record high C = 41.9

| Mar record high C = 45.6

| Apr record high C = 43.5

| May record high C = 45.5

| Jun record high C = 42.8

| Jul record high C = 43.3

| Aug record high C = 39.6

| Sep record high C = 40

| Oct record high C = 39.6

| Nov record high C = 40.2

| Dec record high C = 40.2

| year record high C =

| Jan high C = 30.4

| Feb high C = 33.4

| Mar high C = 36.5

| Apr high C = 39.0

| May high C = 39.1

| Jun high C = 37.1

| Jul high C = 33.8

| Aug high C = 32.2

| Sep high C = 34.0

| Oct high C = 35.8

| Nov high C = 34.1

| Dec high C = 31.2

| year high C = 34.7

| Jan mean C = 23.1

| Feb mean C = 25.8

| Mar mean C = 29.0

| Apr mean C = 31.6

| May mean C = 32.1

| Jun mean C = 30.8

| Jul mean C = 28.5

| Aug mean C = 27.3

| Sep mean C = 28.2

| Oct mean C = 29.1

| Nov mean C = 27.2

| Dec mean C = 23.9

| year mean C = 28.0

| Jan low C = 15.7

| Feb low C = 18.2

| Mar low C = 21.5

| Apr low C = 24.2

| May low C = 25.0

| Jun low C = 24.6

| Jul low C = 23.1

| Aug low C = 22.4

| Sep low C = 22.4

| Oct low C = 22.5

| Nov low C = 20.2

| Dec low C = 16.6

| year low C = 21.4

| Jan record low C = 6

| Feb record low C = 9

| Mar record low C = 10.5

| Apr record low C = 14.9

| May record low C = 15.5

| Jun record low C = 14.2

| Jul record low C = 14

| Aug record low C = 15.9

| Sep record low C = 15.2

| Oct record low C = 12.7

| Nov record low C = 10

| Dec record low C = 7

| year record low C = 6

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 0.0

| Feb precipitation mm = 0.0

| Mar precipitation mm = 0.0

| Apr precipitation mm = 1.0

| May precipitation mm = 17.5

| Jun precipitation mm = 50.7

| Jul precipitation mm = 116.7

| Aug precipitation mm = 141.6

| Sep precipitation mm = 80.8

| Oct precipitation mm = 19.3

| Nov precipitation mm = 0.0

| Dec precipitation mm = 0.0

| year precipitation mm = 427.6

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 0.0

| Feb precipitation days = 0.0

| Mar precipitation days = 0.0

| Apr precipitation days = 0.2

| May precipitation days = 2.0

| Jun precipitation days = 4.3

| Jul precipitation days = 8.9

| Aug precipitation days = 10.4

| Sep precipitation days = 6.2

| Oct precipitation days = 2.0

| Nov precipitation days = 0.0

| Dec precipitation days = 0.0

| year precipitation days = 33.9

| Jan humidity = 18

| Feb humidity = 14

| Mar humidity = 12

| Apr humidity = 15

| May humidity = 28

| Jun humidity = 45

| Jul humidity = 62

| Aug humidity = 70

| Sep humidity = 62

| Oct humidity = 36

| Nov humidity = 20

| Dec humidity = 19

| year humidity = 33

| Jan sun = 285.2

| Feb sun = 260.4

| Mar sun = 263.5

| Apr sun = 246.0

| May sun = 244.9

| Jun sun = 216.0

| Jul sun = 201.5

| Aug sun = 182.9

| Sep sun = 213.0

| Oct sun = 291.4

| Nov sun = 297.0

| Dec sun = 300.7

| year sun = 3002.5

| source 1 = NOAA{{cite web

|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Sudan/CSV/Nyala_62790.csv

|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Nyala

|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

|access-date = January 22, 2024}}{{cite web

| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/SU/62790.TXT

| title = Nyala Climate Normals 1961–1990

| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| access-date = January 16, 2015}}

|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)

{{cite web

| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=810

| title = Station Nyala

| publisher = Meteo Climat

|language = fr

| access-date = 22 October 2016}}

}}

Run by Mossaad Mohamed Ali Mossaad and former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, the Amel Center is a treatment and rehabilitation center in Nyala for victims of torture. The center has earned Mossaad and Annan the Olof Palme Prize.{{cite news |last=Savage |first=James |date=30 January 2007 |title=Annan honoured with Olof Palme Prize |url=http://www.thelocal.se/20070130/6249 |newspaper=The Local |location=Stockholm |access-date=2 February 2014}} Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah served as director of the center until 2007, earning the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award for his work.{{cite web |url=http://rfkcenter.org/mohammed-ahmed-abdallah |title=Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah, Sudan |publisher=Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights |access-date=2 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520223008/http://rfkcenter.org/mohammed-ahmed-abdallah |archive-date=20 May 2013 }}

File:Su-map.png

{{reflist}}

• Arckell, A.J., History of Darfur 1200-1700 A.D. SNR.
• UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (UNESCO General History of Africa) by Joseph Ki-Zerbo and DjiBril Tamsir Niane (Paperback - May 10, 1998) – Abridged
• Buchanan-Smith, M. (2011, January). City limits: Urbanisation and vulnerability in Suda [Pdf]. ODI.
• Abdelrahman, A. A., & Eltahir, Y. M. (2010). Bacteriological quality of drinking water in Nyala, South Darfur, Sudan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 175(1-4), 37- 43. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1491-7

{{commonscat|Nyala|Nyala}}

{{Wikivoyage|Nyala}}

• [http://i-cias.com/sudan/nyala.htm Adventures of Sudan: Nyala]
• [http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=627900 Historical weather for Nyala]

{{coord|12|03|N| 24|53|E|region:SD_type:city|display=title}}

Category:Populated places in South Darfur

Category:Darfur

Category:State capitals in Sudan