Okinawan martial arts#Tomari-te
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Image:Karate ShuriCastle.jpg sensei at Shuri Castle {{Circa|1938}}, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan]]
Okinawan martial arts refers to the martial arts, such as karate, tegumi and kobudō, which originated among the indigenous people of Okinawa Island. Due to its location (between "Mainland Japan" and Taiwan), Okinawa was influenced by various cultures with a long history of trade and cultural exchange, including Japan, China and Southeast Asia, that greatly influenced the development of martial arts on Okinawa.
History
In 1429, the three kingdoms on Okinawa unified to form the Kingdom of Ryukyu. When King Shō Shin came into power in 1477, he banned the practice of martial arts, due to fears of the widespread teaching of the art of deception. Tō-te and Ryukyu kobudō (deception) continued to be taught in secret.[http://www.msisshinryu.com/masters/index2.shtml Okinawan Masters]. msisshinryu.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-20. The ban was continued in 1609 after Okinawa was invaded by the Satsuma Domain of Japan. The bans contributed to the development of kobudō which uses common household and farming implements as weaponry.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} The Okinawans combined Chinese martial arts with the existing local variants to form {{Nihongo|Tōde|唐手|Tuudii|Tang hand, China hand}}, sometimes called {{Nihongo|Okinawa-te|沖縄手|Uchinaa-dii}}.{{cite book |last = Higaonna |first = Morio |title = Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1 Fundamental Techniques |date = 1985 |isbn =0-87040-595-0 |pages = 18–19 }}
By the 18th century, different types of te had developed in three different villages – Shuri, Naha and Tomari. The styles were named Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, respectively.
Well into the 20th century, the martial arts of Okinawa were generally referred to as te and tii 手 in Japanese and Okinawan for "hand". Te often varied from one town to another, so to distinguish among the various types of te, the word was often prefaced with its area of origin; for example, Naha-te, Shuri-te, or Tomari-te.
Shuri-te, Naha-te and Tomari-te belong to a family of martial arts that were collectively defined as Tode-jutsu or To-de.{{cite web | title=Tomari-Te: The Place of the Old To-De | url=http://www.msisshinryu.com/history/tomari-te/ | access-date=July 25, 2005 }}{{cite web | title=Koshinrin School of Karate: Katas | url=http://www.koshinrin.ca/katas.htm | access-date=July 25, 2005 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050517052906/http://www.koshinrin.ca/katas.htm | archive-date=May 17, 2005 }}
Karate (Okinawa-te or Karate-jutsu) was systematically taught in Japan after the Taishō era (after 1926).Donn F. Draeger (1974). Modern Bujutsu & Budo. Weatherhill, New York & Tokyo. Page 125.
Shuri-te
Image:Itosu Anko (1831 – 1915).jpg, often called the "Father of modern karate"]]
{{Nihongo|Shuri-te|首里手||Okinawan: Suidii}} is a pre-World War II term for a type of indigenous martial art to the area around Shuri, the old capital city of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Important Okinawan masters of Shuri-te:
- Sakugawa Kanga
- Matsumura Sōkon
- Bushi Tachimura
- Itosu Ankō
- Asato Ankō
- Chōyū Motobu
- Motobu Chōki
- Yabu Kentsū
- Chōmo Hanashiro
- Funakoshi Gichin
- Kyan Chōtoku
- Chibana Chōshin
- Mabuni Kenwa
- Tōyama Kanken
- Tatsuo Shimabuku
Important kata:
The successor styles to Shuri-te include Shotokan, Shitō-ryū, Shōrin-ryū, Shudokan, Shuri-ryū, Shōrinji-ryū, Isshin-ryū, Gensei-ryu and Motobu-ryū.
Tomari-te
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{{Nihongo|Tomari-te|泊手||Okinawan: Tumai-dii}} refers to a tradition of martial arts originating from the village of Tomari, Okinawa.
Important Okinawan masters of Tomari-te:
- Matsumora Kōsaku
- Oyadomari Kokan
- Motobu Chōki
- Kyan Chōtoku
- Nakasone Seiyu
Important kata:
- Naihanchi (Koshiki)
- Eunibu
- Rōhai
- Wanduan
- Passai (Tomari)
- Chintō
- Chinsu
- Chinpu
- Wankan
- Wanshū
- Seisan
- Jumu
- Nichin
- Juma
- Ananku
The successor styles to Tomari-te include Wado-ryu, Motobu-ryū, Matsubayashi-ryu and Shōrinji-ryū
Naha-te
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{{Nihongo|Naha-te|那覇手||Okinawan: Naafa-dii}} is a pre-World War II term for a type of martial art indigenous to the area around Naha, the old commercial city of the Ryukyu Kingdom and now the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture.
Important Okinawan masters of Naha-te:
Important kata:
The successor styles to Naha-te include Shōrei-ryū (earliest school), Gōjū-ryū, Uechi-ryū, Ryūei-ryū, Shito-ryu and Tōon-ryū.
See also
References
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