Old Great Bulgaria

{{main|Origin of the Bulgars}}

The etymology of the ethnonym Bulgar is not completely understood; it is difficult to trace the name back earlier than the 4th century AD.{{cite web |first= Dilian|last= Gurov |date= March 2007 |title= The Origins of the Bulgars |url= https://www.nada.kth.se/~dilian/bulgars.pdf |pages= 3}}{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=103–104}} It is generally believed to derive from the Turkic verb bulğha (to "stir", "mix", "disturb", "confuse"),{{sfn|Bowersock|Brown|Grabar|1999|p= 354}} possibly suggesting that other Turkic peoples regarded the Bulgars as a "mixed" people,{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973|p= 384}} or as "rebellious".{{sfn|Chen|2012|p=97}}

{{cite book |author= Leif Inge Ree Petersen |date= 2013|title= Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BRGaAAAAQBAJ |publisher= Brill|pages= 369 |isbn= 9789004254466}}{{sfn|Golden|1992|p= 104}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p= 143}}{{sfn|Golden|1992|p= 104}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p= 143}}

Later Byzantine scholars implied that the Bulgars had previously been known as the Onogurs (Onoğur). Agathon wrote about the "nation of Onogur Bulğars",{{citation needed|date= April 2018}} Nikephoros I stated that Kubrat was lord of the Onogundurs, Theophanes referred to them as Onogundur Bulgars and Constantine VII remarked that the Bulgars formerly called themselves Onogundurs. Variations of the name include Onoguri, Onoghuri, Onghur, Ongur, Onghuri, Onguri, Onogundur, Unogundur, and Unokundur. There are several theories about the origin of the name Onogur. In some Turkic languages on means "10" and ğur "arrow"; and "ten arrows" might imply a federation of ten tribes, i.e. the Western Turkic Khaganate. Within the Turkic languages, "z" sounds in the easternmost languages tend to have become "r" in the westernmost Turkic languages; therefore, the ethnonym Oghuz may be the source of Oghur; that is, on Oğur would mean "ten clans of Oghuz".

Between 630 and 635, Khan Kubrat managed to unite the Onogur Bulgars with the tribes of the Kutrigurs and Utigurs under a single rule, creating a powerful confederation which was referred to by the medieval authors in Western Europe as Old Great Bulgaria,Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Historia syntomos, breviarium or Patria Onoguria. According to some scholars, it is more correctly called the Onogundur-Bulgar Empire.[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021002118/http://www2.lingfil.uu.se/afro/turkiskasprak/IP2007/ZimonyiIP.pdf Zimonyi Istvan: "History of the Turkic speaking peoples in Europe before the Ottomans".] (Uppsala University: Institute of Linguistics and Philology) (archived from [http://www.lingfil.uu.se/afro/turkiskasprak/IP2007/ZimonyiIP.pdf the original] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722135727/http://www2.lingfil.uu.se/afro/turkiskasprak/IP2007/ZimonyiIP.pdf |date=2012-07-22 }} on 2013-10-21)

Some scholars{{who|date=September 2016}} assume that it stretched as far west as the Pannonian Plain and included among its subjects some of the Pannonian Avars. It is presumed that Kubrat's capital was the ancient city of Phanagoria on the Taman Peninsula. Kubrat's grave was discovered in 1912 at Pereshchepina, Ukraine.Rasho Rashev, Die Protobulgaren im 5.-7. Jahrhundert, Orbel, Sofia, 2005 (in Bulgarian, German summary)

{{main|Kubrat}}

According to the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, Kubrat was from the royal clan Dulo and a rightful heir to the Bulgar throne. He was awarded the title of honorary patrician by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius.Mingazov S. Kubrat - the Ruler of Great Bulgaria and Ketrades - character of John of Nikiu work - Kazan: Institute of History of Academy of Science of Republic of Tatarstan, 2012 Hermann Zotenberg (1883), while translating John of Nikiu's Chronicles from Old Ethiopian, intentionally replaced the name Qetrades to Kubrat. Since then, the historiography holds a misconception that Kubrat was raised and baptized by the Byzantine court, while John's character Qetrades has no real-life connection to the ruler of the Great Bulgaria Kubrat.

Kubrat quickly managed to overthrow Avar domination, extending Onogur influence among the Bulgars in Pannonia in what became known as Hungary. Ultimately, although there is no evidence that the Utigurs were independent of the Onogurs until after Kubrat's empire disintegrated, it is believed he seceded from the Onogurs when they became entangled in dynastic wars. After Kubrat's burial in Mala Pereshchepina, the Khazars, who had triumphed in the collapse of Onoguria, subjugated Kubrat's eldest son and heir Batbayan, forcing his other sons to flee north up the Volga (2nd son Kotrag) and west into the Balkans (4th son Kuber and 3rd son Asparukh) and Italy (5th son Alcek, Alzek)[http://philology-and-culture.kpfu.ru/?q=system/files/39_0.pdf Mingazov S. The Heirs of Great Bulgaria in Western Europe// Philology and Culture. - 2012. - No. 1 (27).- S. 201-207.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120225437/http://philology-and-culture.kpfu.ru/?q=system%2Ffiles%2F39_0.pdf |date=2022-01-20 }} .

The events following Kubrat's death are described by the Byzantine Patriarch Nikephoros I. In the times of Emperor Constantine IV, he narrates, Kubrat died and Batbayan, the eldest of his five sons, was left in charge of the state. Under strong Khazar pressure, Kubrat's other sons disregarded their father's advice to stay together in order to resist the enemies and soon departed, taking their own tribes.

Old Great Bulgaria disintegrated under Khazar pressure in 668.[https://books.google.com/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C&q=old+great+Bulgaria+&pg=PA104 The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, Florin Curta, BRILL, 2008], {{ISBN|9004163891}}, p. 351.

File:Old Great Bulgaria and migration of Bulgarians.png

Some Bulgars remained in the former Onoguria, under the domination of the Khazars.

Some{{who|date=March 2014}} also believe that the present-day Balkars of the Caucasus are the descendants of the Batbayan horde even though they speak a Turkic language of the Kipchak type.

{{main|Volga Bulgaria}}

After Kotrag, the leader of the Kutrigurs, took control of the western steppe, Batbayan led them into the upper Volga-Ural region. There they established Volga Bulgaria, at the confluence of the Volga and Kama. As the Volga or Silver Bulgars (Bessermens), they converted voluntarily to Islam in the 9th century. They managed to preserve their national identity well into the 13th century, by repelling the first Mongol attacks in 1223. However, they were eventually subdued, their capital Bolghar city became one of the major cities of the Golden Horde of the Mongols and the Bulgars mixed with the Tatars. The citizens of the modern Russian republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia are considered to be descendants of those Bulgars.

Kuber ruled in Sirmium over a mixed group of peoples – Bulgars, Byzantine subjects, Slavs, and Germanic tribes – as a vassal of the Avar Khagan. After a revolt, he led his people to Macedonia. There he settled in the region of Keremisia and made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Thessaloniki. After this, he disappeared from history and his people were later consolidated into the First Bulgarian Empire by Khan Krum.

Other Bulgars, circa 662, led by their "Duke Alzeco" (Alcek) sought refuge from the Avars with the Lombards and requested land from the Lombard King Grimoald I in exchange for military service "for an uncertain reason", initially staying near Ravenna and later moving further south. Grimoald sent Alcek and his followers to his son Romuald in Benevento and they were then granted by Romuald land northeast of Naples in the "spacious but up till that time deserted" towns of Sepino, Bovianum (Boiano), and Isernia, in the present-day region of Molise in the Apennines. Instead of the title "Duke", Altzek was granted the Lombard title of "Gastald". Paul the Deacon in his Historia Langobardorum writing after the year 787 says that in his time Bulgars still inhabited the area, and that even though they speak "Latin", "they have not forsaken the use of their own tongue".{{cite book | last = Diaconis | first = Paulus | author-link = Paul the Deacon | title = Historia Langobardorum | date = 787 | location = Monte Cassino, Italy | url = http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/033.php | no-pp = true | page = Book V chapter 29 | access-date = 2012-08-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517112407/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/033.php | archive-date = 2008-05-17 | url-status = dead }}

Excavations in the necropolis of Vicenne-Campochiaro near Boiano, which dates from the 7th century, found among 130 burials that there were 13 human burials alongside horses along with artefacts of Germanic and Avar origin.{{cite journal|title=Sepolture Con Cavallo Da Vicenne (Cb)|journal=I° Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale.|year=2001|first=Bruno|last=Genito|url=http://192.167.112.135/NewPages/COLLANE/TESTISAMI/SAMI1/48.PDF|access-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602175209/http://192.167.112.135/NewPages/COLLANE/TESTISAMI/SAMI1/48.PDF|archive-date=June 2, 2006|url-status=dead}}{{cite journal|title=Anthropological and cultural features of a skeletal sample of horsemen from the medieval necropolis of Vicenne-Campochiaro (Molise, Italy)|journal=Collegium Antropologicum|year=2001|first=M. G.|last=Belcastro|author2=Faccini F.|volume=25|issue=2|pages=387–401|pmid=11811269|url=http://www.collantropol.hr/_doc/Coll.%20Antropol.%2025%20(2001)%202:%20387%E2%80%93401.pdf|access-date=2007-09-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227090628/http://www.collantropol.hr/_doc/Coll.%20Antropol.%2025%20(2001)%202:%20387%E2%80%93401.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-27}}{{cite web |url=http://www.italia.it/it/guide/5,en,SCH1/objectId,SIG56921Pit,curr,EUR,parentId,RGN21it,season,at1,selectedEntry,artculture/intern.html |title=Longobard necropolis of Campochiaro |access-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106041902/http://www.italia.it/it/guide/5,en,SCH1/objectId,SIG56921Pit,curr,EUR,parentId,RGN21it,season,at1,selectedEntry,artculture/intern.html |archive-date=November 6, 2007 |url-status=dead }} Horse burials are characteristic of Central Asian horse-nomads, and therefore these burials are clearly those of the Bulgar settlers of Molise and Campania.Conte Miltenova, N. - I Bulgari di Gallo Matese - Prefazione e postfazione di Giuseppe Mario Tufarulo Passaporto Editore, Roma, 1993. - C.N.R.

{{main|First Bulgarian Empire}}

After the state disintegrated under the Khazar attack in 668, Asparukh parted ways with his brothers and led some of the Bulgars to seek a secure home. He was followed by 30,000 to 50,000 Bulgars.[http://www.promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_b1_1.html Васил Н. Златарски. История на Първото българско Царство. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие с. 188.]

After the Battle of Ongal, Asparukh founded the First Bulgarian Empire, which was officially recognized as an independent state by the Byzantine Empire in 681.

• Transdanubian Bulgaria
• Mount Imeon
• Bulgarian epigraphic monuments

{{reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last1=Bowersock |first1=Glen |author-link1=Glen Bowersock |last2=Brown |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter Brown (historian) |last3=Grabar |first3=Oleg |author-link3=Oleg Grabar |date=1999 |title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World |url=https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe |url-access=registration |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674511736 }}
• {{cite book |last=Chen |first=Sanping |date=2012 |title=Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0812206289 }}
• {{cite book |last=Fiedler |first=Uwe |chapter=Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research |title=The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C |editor-last1=Curta |editor-first1=Florin |editor-link1=Florin Curta |editor-last2=Kovalev |editor-first2=Roman |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |pages=151–236 |isbn=9789004163898 }}
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{{refend}}

• {{Cite book|last=Charles|first=Robert H.|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)|title=The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text|year=2007|orig-year=1916|location=Merchantville, NJ|publisher=Evolution Publishing|isbn=9781889758879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC}}
• {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|author-link=George Ostrogorsky|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=Oxford|publisher=Basil Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}}

{{portalbar|Bulgaria}}

• [http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg5.htm Old Great Bulgaria - facts and sources]
• [http://kroraina.com/macedon/mikul.html Ivan Mikulčić, Towns and castles in medieval Macedonia, Makedonska civilizacija, Skopje, 1996] (in Macedonian)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100604083401/https://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/europe/bulgaria.html The Bulgarians, Minnesota State University]

{{Turkic topics}}

{{Bulgaria topics}}

{{Bulgarian Empire}}

{{Barbarian kingdoms}}

{{History of Chuvashia}}

Category:States and territories established in the 630s

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