Open access in New Zealand
{{short description|Overview of the culture and regulation of open access in New Zealand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
Open access in New Zealand consists of policies and norms affecting making research outputs, data, and education materials openly available. This is influenced by tertiary education institutions as well as national government and changing international norms. The New Zealand Government has applied open access principles to its own work, adopting the New Zealand Government Open Access Licensing Framework (NZGOAL). It has not mandated that these apply to schools or the tertiary sector or to research funding agencies. Some tertiary education institutions have developed their own open access guidelines or policies but neither of the two major research funding agencies in New Zealand—the Marsden Fund and the Health Research Council—have done so, unlike Australia, Canada, Europe or the United States.
New Zealand Government and Open Access
In 2010 the New Zealand Government adopted NZGOAL or the New Zealand Government Open Access Licensing Framework to provide "...guidance for agencies to follow when releasing copyright works and non-copyright material for re-use by others."{{Cite web |url=https://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/ |title=NZGOAL (New Zealand Government Open Access and Licensing) framework | ICT.govt.nz |access-date=2018-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804080208/https://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/ |archive-date=2018-08-04 |url-status=dead }} The stated purpose of the framework is to unlock for reuse the large amounts of material generated by government agencies, since it is "widely recognised, in New Zealand and abroad, that significant creative and economic potential may lie dormant in such material when locked up in agencies and not released on terms allowing re-use by others."State Services Commission (2010) [https://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-framework-version-1/#P13_975 "Purpose, New Zealand Government Open Access and Licensing framework (Version 1)"] Sections 1 and 2. Essentially NZGOAL required government agencies to adopt a Creative Commons licence to data or information released with a high potential for public reuse. Version 2 of NZGOAL was finalised in December 2014.New Zealand Government (2014) [https://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/nzgoal2/ New Zealand Government Open Access and Licensing framework (Version 2)].{{ISBN|978-0-478-10764-7}}. Retrieved 2 August 2018. The framework has also had a software extensionNew Zealand Government. [https://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/nzgoal-se/ NZGOAL Software Extension Policy]. {{ISBN|978-0-478-10772-2}}. Retrieved 2 August 2018 released to "let kiwi techies use government software to help build other innovative software".New Zealand Government (20 July 2016) [https://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/nzgoal-se/ "Guidelines unlock govt software for innovation"]. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
A corollary government instrument was the Declaration on Open and Transparent Government New Zealand Government (2011) [https://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/declaration-open-and-transparent-government/ Declaration on Open and Transparent Government] Retrieved 7 August 2018. in 2011, which sought "to commit to releasing high value public data actively for re-use, in accordance with the Declaration and Principles, and in accordance with the NZGOAL Review and Release process."
Version 1 of NZGOAL applied to all State Sector agencies, including the Public Service and Crown Entities but this specifically excluded tertiary education institutions.State Services Commission (2010) [https://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-framework-version-1/#P38_5061 "Scope, New Zealand Government Open Access and Licensing framework (Version 1)"] Section 7 (c). For Version 2 of NZGOAL, this wording was altered, with Public Service departments being directed to use NZGOAL, while other State Services were strongly encouraged to adopt it; school boards of were to be "invited" to do so.New Zealand Government (2014) [https://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/nzgoal2/#status "Status, New Zealand Government Open Access and Licensing framework (Version 2)"] Section 8. Status.
Formal Open Access Policies in the tertiary sector
In 2010 The Council of New Zealand University Librarians (CONZUL) -- a Committee of Universities New Zealand—released a Statement on Open Scholarship, updated in 2019.Council of New Zealand University Librarians (2019) [https://www.universitiesnz.ac.nz/sites/default/files/uni-nz/CONZUL%20Statement%20on%20Open%20Scholarship%20%20v1.0_0.pdf "Statement on Open Scholarship"]. Retrieved 29 March 2022
In 2013 a group of researchers, lawyers, librarians, research infrastructure providers, technology consultants, and software developers met at an open research conference formulating the 'Tasman Declaration'{{Cite web|last=Mandy Henk|date=2013-04-15|title=The Tasman Declaration on Open Research|url=https://www.tohatoha.org.nz/2013/04/the-tasman-declaration-on-open-research/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Tohatoha|language=en-NZ}} on open research, with the vision that "society [should be] able to access and reuse the outputs of publicly funded research for economic, societal, and environmental benefit." There were around 50 signatories to the Declaration, including those at the event and some who put their name to it after the conference itself. However, the Declaration has not made an impact on the open access landscape in New Zealand.
Subsequently, individual educational institutions have adopted their own open access policies, all following the self-archiving or so-called 'Green' open access model where staff are encouraged to deposit versions of their work in institutional repositories. Open Access Australasia maintains lists of institutional policies.{{Cite web|title=Open Policies|url=https://oaaustralasia.org/directory-type/open-policies|access-date=2021-04-27|publisher=Open Access Australasia|language=en}}
- Auckland University of Technology{{Cite web|title=Open Access Policy|url=https://tuwhera.aut.ac.nz/open-access-policy|access-date=2021-04-27|website=tuwhera.aut.ac.nz|publisher=Tuwhera - Auckland University of Technology}}
- Lincoln University{{Cite web|date=2015-08-21|title=Open Access Policy|url=https://ltl.lincoln.ac.nz/advice/copyright/open-access/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=|publisher=Lincoln University|language=en-NZ}}
- University of Auckland{{Cite web|title=Open Access Guidelines|url=https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/the-university/how-university-works/policy-and-administration/research/output-system-and-reports/open-access-guidelines.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=www.auckland.ac.nz|publisher=University of Auckland}}
- University of Canterbury{{Cite web|last=Library|first=University of Canterbury|title=Open Access Guidelines|url=https://canterbury.libguides.com/scholarly/OA|access-date=2021-04-27|website=canterbury.libguides.com|language=en}}
- University of Otago{{Cite web|last=Otago|first=University of|title=Open Access Policy|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/administration/policies/otago664881.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=www.otago.ac.nz|language=en-nz}}{{Cite web|last=Otago|first=University of|title=Open Access Guidelines|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/administration/policies/otago664883.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=www.otago.ac.nz|language=en-nz}}
- University of Waikato{{Cite web|title=Open Access Mandate Guidelines|url=http://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/186586/open-access-guidlines.pdf|website=waikato.ac.nz|publisher=University of Waikato}}
- Victoria University of Wellington{{Cite web|title=Open Access Policy|url=https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/documents/policy/research-policy/open-access-policy.pdf|website=wgtn.ac.nz|publisher=VU Wellington}}{{Cite web|title=Open Access Guidelines|url=https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/documents/policy/research-policy/open-access-guidelines.pdf|website=wgtn.ac.nz|publisher=VU Wellington}}
Open research repositories and journals
Open Access Australasia maintains lists of institutional research repositories{{Cite web|title=Open Repositories|url=https://oaaustralasia.org/directory-type/open-repositories|access-date=2021-04-27|publisher=Open Access Australasia|language=en}} and open access journals{{Cite web|title=Open Journals|url=https://oaaustralasia.org/directory-type/open-journals|access-date=2021-04-27|publisher=Open Access Australasia|language=en}} hosted by New Zealand institutions.
Open Educational Resources
Open Educational Resources (OERs) have been slow to gain widespread adoption as teaching materials in New Zealand. There has been a lack of national or agency-driven strategy, as there has been in countries like Canada, though there have been a number of institutional or individual developments.
In 2022 the Council of Australian University Librarians announced the Open Educational Resources Collective,{{Cite web|url=https://www.caul.edu.au/programs-projects/enabling-modern-curriculum/oer-collective|title = Open Educational Resources Collective|date = 15 September 2021}} designed to foster the adaptation or creation of OERs in participating institutions, with a particular focus on resources focused on Australia and New Zealand.
Open access in the Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums sector
OpenGLAM is a movement that was born out of the free culture movement. It promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works through free content. The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre was the first organisation to adopt OpenGLAM in 2008. Other institutions that have opened up their images, data and other content include The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the National Library of New Zealand, Auckland War Memorial Museum, Upper Hutt City Library and Auckland Libraries.{{cite book |last1=Fieldsend |first1=Fiona |title=Reflecting on Open GLAMs in Aotearoa New Zealand |date=2015 |publisher=Creative Commons Aotearoa |location=New Zealand |url=http://resources.creativecommons.org.nz/a-quiet-revolution/}}
Creative Commons licences
Adoption of Creative Commons licences for use with open access materials New Zealand has followed similar patterns to other parts of the world and a New Zealand-specific version of the licence was adopted with version 3.0.See, for example, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/nz/ "Attribution 3.0 New Zealand (CC BY 3.0 NZ)"]. With version 4.0 of the international licence New Zealand was the first to translate the English language licence into an indigenous language, the Māori language Te Reo Māori.Henk, Mandy. [https://www.tohatoha.org.nz/2015/07/creative-commons-licences-translated-into-te-reo-maori-2/ "Creative Commons Licences in Te Reo Māori"], 14 July 2015. Retrieved on 2 August 2018.