Operation Deliberate Force

The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1 April 1992 and 14 December 1995. After popular pressure, NATO was asked by the United Nations to intervene in the Bosnian War after allegations of war crimes against civilians were made. In response to the refugee and humanitarian crisis in Bosnia, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 743 on 21 February 1992, creating UNPROFOR. The UNPROFOR mandate was to keep the population alive and deliver humanitarian aid to refugees in Bosnia until the war ended.{{Cite web |date=April 2017 |title=Bosnia, 1995—Operation Deliberate Force. The Value of Highly Capable Proxy Forces |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/9780815732419_ch1.pdf |website=Brookings Institution}}

On 9 October 1992, the UNSC passed Resolution 781, prohibiting unauthorized military flights in Bosnian airspace. This resolution led to Operation Sky Monitor, where NATO monitored violations of the no-fly zone, but it did not take action against violators of the resolution. On 31 March 1993, in response to 500 documented violations, the UNSC passed Resolution 816, which authorized states to use measures "to ensure compliance" with the no-fly zone over Bosnia. In response, on 12 April, NATO initiated Operation Deny Flight, which was tasked with enforcing the no-fly zone and allowed to engage the violators of the no-fly zone. However, Serb forces on the ground continued to attack UN "safe areas" in Bosnia, and the UN peacekeepers were unable to fight back as the mandate did not give them authority to do so. On 4 June, the UNSC passed Resolution 836 authorizing the use of force by UNPROFOR in the protection of specially designated safe zones.{{cite book |title=NATO Handbook |chapter=5: The Alliance's Operational Role in Peacekeeping: The Process of Bringing Peace to the Former Yugoslavia: Evolution of the Conflict |publisher=NATO |date=2002 |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206234650/http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm |archive-date=6 February 2010 }}{{primary source inline|date=August 2021}} Operation Sharp Guard, a naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union, was approved at a joint session of NATO and the WEU on 8 June and began on 15 June.

On 6 February 1994, a day after the first Markale marketplace massacre, UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali formally requested NATO to confirm that air strikes would be carried out immediately.{{cite book|title=The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law|last1=Bethlehem|first1=Daniel L.|last2=Weller|first2=Marc|year=1997|page=liii|series=Cambridge International Documents Series|volume=5|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46304-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR53}} On 9 February, agreeing to the request of the UN, NATO authorized the Commander of Allied Joint Force Command Naples (CINCSOUTH), US Admiral Jeremy Boorda, to launch air strikes against artillery and mortar positions in and around Sarajevo that were determined by UNPROFOR to be responsible for attacks against civilian targets.{{cite book|title=American National Biography|first=Mark Christopher |last=Carnes|page=29|volume=29|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005 |isbn=9780195222029 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZczV8ZxgL4C&pg=PA29}} Only Greece did not support the use of air strikes, but it did not veto the proposal. The council also issued an ultimatum at the 9 February meeting to the Bosnian Serbs, in which they demanded that the Serbs remove their heavy weapons around Sarajevo by midnight of 20–21 February or face air strikes. There was some confusion surrounding compliance with the ultimatum, and Hungarian Prime Minister Péter Boross announced that Hungary's air space would be closed to NATO aircraft in the event of air strikes. On 12 February 1994, Sarajevo enjoyed its first casualty-free day in 22 months since April 1992.

On 28 February, NATO fighters operating under Deny Flight shot down four Bosnian Serb fighters for violating a no-fly zone in what would become known as the Banja Luka incident. This was the first combat operation in the history of NATO.

On 12 March, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) made its first request for NATO air support, but close air support was not deployed, owing to a number of delays associated with the approval process.{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/54/549 |title=A/54/549, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35: The fall of Srebrenica |date=15 November 1999 |website=United Nations}} On 10 and 11 April 1994, UNPROFOR called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area, resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Goražde by two US F-16 jets.{{cite book |title=The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law |last1=Bethlehem|first1=Daniel L. |last2=Weller|first2=Marc |year=1997|page=liiv|series=Cambridge International Documents Series|volume=5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-46304-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR54}} This was the first time in NATO's history it had ever attacked ground targets with aircraft. Subsequently, the Bosnian Serbs took 150 UN personnel hostage on 14 April. On 16 April, a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Bosnian Serb forces. That would become known as the Goražde incident. Around 29 April, a Danish contingent on peacekeeping duty in Bosnia, as part of UNPROFOR's Nordic battalion located in Tuzla, was ambushed when trying to relieve a Swedish observation post that was under heavy artillery fire by the Bosnian Serb Šekovići brigade at the village of Kalesija, but the ambush was dispersed when the UN forces retaliated with heavy fire in what would be known as Operation Bøllebank.{{cite web |url=http://www.milhist.dk/post45/boellebank/boellebank_uk.htm |title=Operation "Hooligan-bashing" – Danish Tanks at War |first=Ole Kjeld |last=Hansen |year=1997 |access-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230137/http://www.milhist.dk/post45/boellebank/boellebank_uk.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}

On 5 August, at the request of the UNPROFOR, two US A-10 Thunderbolts located and strafed a Bosnian Serb anti-tank vehicle near Sarajevo after the Serbs seized weapons that had been impounded by UN troops and attacking a UN helicopter. Afterwards, the Serbs agreed to return the remaining heavy weapons.{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/06/world/us-hits-bosnian-serb-target-in-air-raid.html |title=U.S. Hits Bosnian Serb Target in Air Raid |first=Chuck|last=Sudetic |date=6 August 1994 |newspaper=The New York Times}} On 22 September 1994, NATO aircraft carried out an air strike against a Bosnian Serb tank at the request of UNPROFOR.{{cite press release|title=NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian-Serb Tank |date=22 September 1994 |publisher=NATO|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1994/p94-090.htm}}

On 25–26 May 1995, after violations of the exclusion zones and the shelling of safe areas, NATO aircraft carried out air strikes against Bosnian Serb ammunition depots in Pale. In retaliation, the Bosnian Serbs took 370 UN peacekeepers in Bosnia hostage and subsequently used them as human shields at potential targets in a successful bid to prevent further air strikes. On 2 June, two US Air Force F-16 jets were sent on patrol over Bosnia in support of Operation Deny Flight. While on patrol, an F-16 piloted by Captain Scott O'Grady was shot down by a Bosnian Serb 2K12 Kub surface-to-air missile. O'Grady was forced to eject from the aircraft. Six days later, he was rescued by US Marines from the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit from {{USS|Kearsarge|LHD-3|6}}.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,983055,00.html |title=Rescuing Scott O'Grady: All For One |first1=Kevin |last1=Fedarko |first2=Mark |last2=Thompson |first3=Edward |last3=Barnes |first4=Ann |last4=Blackman |first5=Greg |last5=Burke |first6=Dan |last6=Cray |first7=Douglas |last7=Waller |name-list-style=amp |date=19 June 1995 |magazine=TIME |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109102833/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,983055,00.html |archive-date=9 January 2016}}

On 11 July, NATO aircraft attacked targets in the Srebrenica area of Bosnia and Herzegovina as identified by and under the control of the United Nations.{{cite press release|title=NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support In The Srebrenica Area |publisher=NATO |date=11 July 1995|language=en, fr|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1995/p95-068.htm}}{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/world/massacre-in-bosnia-srebrenica-the-days-of-slaughter.html |title=MASSACRE IN BOSNIA;Srebrenica: The Days of Slaughter |first1=Stephen |last1=Engelberg |first2=Tim |last2=Weiner |date=29 October 1995 |newspaper=The New York Times}} This was in response to Bosnian Serb forces advancing on the UN-declared Safe Area of Srebrenica. Bosnian Serb warlord Ratko Mladić threatened to kill 50 UN peacekeepers who were seized as hostages and also threatened to shell the Muslim population in Srebrenica if NATO air strikes continued. The UN peacekeepers called off the air strikes and agreed to withdraw from Srebrenica as the Bosnian Serbs promised they would take care of the Muslim population for the peacekeepers to spare their own lives. For two weeks, VRS forces under Mladić killed over 8,000 Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in the Srebrenica massacre, which remains the worst act of genocide in Europe since World War II.{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2005-07-11/secretary-generals-message-ceremony-marking-10th-anniversary|title=Secretary-General's message to ceremony marking the 10th anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre (delivered by Mark Malloch Brown, Chef de Cabinet) |date=11 July 2005 |website=United Nations|access-date=26 April 2017}}

On 25 July, the North Atlantic Council authorized military planning aimed at deterring an attack on the safe area of Goražde, and threatened the use of NATO air power if this safe area was threatened or attacked. On 1 August, the Council took similar decisions aimed at deterring attacks on the safe areas of Sarajevo, Bihać, and Tuzla. On 4 August, NATO aircraft conducted air strikes against Croat Serb air defense radars near Udbina airfield and Knin in Croatia. On 10 August, the Commanders of CINCSOUTH and UNPROFOR concluded a memorandum of understanding on the execution of air strikes.{{cite book |title=The changing rules on the use of force in international law |first=Tarcisio |last=Gazzini |year=2005 |page=69 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-7325-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDimGeTLOLkC&pg=PA69}}

On 11 August a USAF RQ-1 Predator drone was shot down by Serb forces over Krepšić, near Brčko. Another one was lost to a mechanical failure some days later.{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=W. Joseph |date=2015-08-12 |title=Predator drone down — over Bosnia, 20 years ago |url=https://1995blog.com/2015/08/12/predator-drone-down-over-bosnia-20-years-ago/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The 1995 Blog |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=ЈЕДИНИЦА |date=2018-09-27 |title=Смрт Предатора изнад Републике Српске |url=https://www.crveneberetke.com/smrt-predatora-iznad-republike-srpske/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Црвене беретке |language=sr-RS}}

On 30 August, the Secretary General of NATO announced the start of air strikes, supported by UNPROFOR rapid reaction force artillery attacks. Although planned and approved by the North Atlantic Council in July 1995, the operation was triggered in direct response to the second Markale massacre on 28 August 1995.{{Cite web |title=Operation Deliberate Force |url=https://skytrailer.nl/combat/operation-deliberate-force/?adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=378C238A6B4545CE87F113B723018E21 |website=Eagle Country}}

File:Bombing republika srpska.jpg

As many as 400 NATO aircraft participated in the air campaign.{{cite book| title=Technology and the American Way of War Since 1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/technologyameric1945mahn/page/n194 |url-access=limited |last=Mahnken |first=Thomas G. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2010 |page=182 |isbn=978-0-231-12337-2 |location=New York}} Overall, 3,515 sorties were flown and a total of 1,026 bombs were dropped on 338 Bosnian Serb targets located within 48 complexes. NATO aircraft struck 97% of their targets, and seriously damaged more than 80% of them.{{cite magazine |magazine=Air Force Magazine |url=http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1997/October%201997/1097deliberate.aspx |title=Deliberate Force |first=John A. |last=Tirpak |date=October 1997 |access-date=13 July 2013}} 708 of the bombs dropped were precision-guided munitions.{{cite book| title=Globalization, Security, And The Nation-State: Paradigms In Transition| last=Brawley| first=Mark R.| publisher=State University of New York Press| year=2005| page=74| isbn=978-0-7914-8348-0}} In the air operation, the United States conducted 2,318 sorties, Great Britain 326, France 284, the Netherlands 198, Turkey 78, Germany 59, Italy 35 and Spain 13.{{cite web|website=AFSOUTH |url=http://www.afsouth.nato.int/factsheets/DeliberateForceFactSheet.htm |title=Operation Deliberate Force|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216031354/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/factsheets/DeliberateForceFactSheet.htm|archivedate=16 February 2011 |date= 16 December 2002|access-date=30 December 2024}} The aircraft involved in the campaign operated from Italian air bases, such as Aviano Air Base, and from the US aircraft carriers {{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71|6}} and {{USS|America|CV-66|6}}, and French aircraft carriers Foch and Clemenceau in the Adriatic Sea. The VRS integrated air defence network, comprising aircraft and surface-to-air missiles, presented a high-threat environment to NATO air operations.

On 30 August, a French Mirage 2000N was shot down by a Bosnian Serb shoulder-fired 9K38 Igla near Pale.{{cite report |title=Balkan battlegrounds: a military history of the Yugoslav conflict, 1990–1995 |author=Central Intelligence Agency |date=2002 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis |volume=1 |page=378}}{{cite news |last=Doyle |first=Alistair |date=19 September 1995 |title=Shot-down French pilots 'held captive' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/shotdown-french-pilots-held-captive-1601799.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/shotdown-french-pilots-held-captive-1601799.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |newspaper=The Independent}} On 1 September, NATO and UN demanded the lifting of the Serbs' Siege of Sarajevo, removal of heavy weapons from the heavy weapons exclusion zone around Sarajevo, and complete security of other UN safe areas. NATO stopped the air raids and gave an ultimatum to Bosnian Serb leaders. The deadline was set as 4 September. On 5 September 1995, NATO resumed air attacks on Bosnian Serb positions around Sarajevo and near the Bosnian Serb headquarters at Pale after the Bosnian Serbs failed to comply with the ultimatum. The same day, Bosnian Serb forces in Herzegovina shot down a USAF MQ-1 Predator drone over Nevesinje.{{Cite web |last=Lakić |first=Marko |date=16 January 2023 |title=Budućnost je počela 1995. kod Nevesinja kada su Srbi oborili prvi dron u istoriji |url=https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/532808/Buducnost-je-pocela-1995-kod-Nevesinja-kada-su-Srbi-oborili-prvi-dron-u-istoriji |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Politika Online |language=Sr}} On the night of 10 September, the {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|1}} {{USS|Normandy|CG-60|6}} launched a Tomahawk missile strike from the central Adriatic Sea against a key air defense radio relay tower at Lisina, near Banja Luka, while US Air Force F-15E and US Navy F/A-18 fighter-bombers hit the same targets with about a dozen precision-guided bombs, and F-16 jets attacked with Maverick missiles.{{Cite news |last=Schmitt |first=Eric |date=11 September 1995 |title=NATO Shifts Focus of its Air Attacks on Bosnian Serbs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/11/world/nato-shifts-focus-of-its-air-attacks-on-bosnian-serbs.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}{{cite book |last1=Rip |first1=Michael Russell |title=The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare |last2=Hasik |first2=James M. |date=2002 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=1-55750-973-5 |page=226}}

On 14 September, NATO air strikes were suspended to allow the implementation of an agreement with Bosnian Serbs to include the withdrawal of heavy weapons from the Sarajevo exclusion zone. The initial 72-hour suspension was eventually extended to 114 hours. Finally on 20 September, General Bernard Janvier and Admiral Leighton W. Smith, Jr. agreed that the resumption of air strikes was not necessary, as Bosnian Serbs had complied with the conditions set out by the UN, and so the operation was terminated.{{Cite web |title=The Balkans Chronology |url=http://planken.org/balkans/chronology/unprofor/1995 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314010216/http://planken.org/balkans/chronology/unprofor/1995 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=5 December 2011 |website=Planken.org}}

Frustrated by the previous absence of results and the resistance of the Serbian parties to any peace progress, the Western powers, led by French President Jacques Chirac, decided to put a deterrent force in-country to support western diplomatic efforts. France, the United Kingdom and the United States decided to send a multinational brigade to the Mount Igman area, supported by an airmobile brigade and an armored battalion in reserve. The Brigade consisted of 2000 French, 1500 British and 500 Dutch troops for a total of 4000 military personnel. The creation of the force was authorized by UNSC Resolution 998 on 16 June 1995.{{Cite web |url=https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/998(1995) |title=Security Council Resolution 998 |date=16 June 1995 |website=UNDocs.org}}

Commanded by French General Andre Soubirou,{{Cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1995/0804/04061.html|title=British, French Forces Eager To Back Up UN in Bosnia|date=4 August 1995|work=Christian Science Monitor}} the MN brigade was operational in August 1995 on Mount Igman. The main force consisted of a mixed artillery regiment, that being a French artillery group with eight 155 mm AUF1 howitzers, British artillery group with twelve 105 mm light guns, French and Dutch 120 mm Heavy Mortar company. Although the artillery fired before and after the Markale Market Massacre, the main action was on 28 and 29 August 1995, firing 1070 shells on Serbian positions, which were 305 155 mm shell, 408 120 mm shell, 357 105 mm shells.{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/terre/actu-terre/1995-l-engagement-du-groupement-d-artillerie-leclerc-le-40e-ra-porte-le-feu-depuis-igman |title=1995 : L'engagement du groupement d'artillerie Leclerc, le 40e RA porte le feu depuis Igman |date=30 May 2017 |website=Ministère des Armées |language=fr}}{{Cite web |url=https://artillerie.asso.fr/basart/article.php3?id_article=1598 |title=Le Groupe d'artillerie Leclerc en Bosnie (Juillet 1995 - Décembre 1995): H. L'heure des premiers bilans |website=Base documentaire des Artilleurs |language=fr}} This artillery group was deployed at the UN base on Mount Igman to support the task of NATO{{'}}s aircraft by pounding Serb artillery positions.{{cite book |last=Franke |first=Volke |date=2005 |title=Terrorism and Peacekeeping: New Security Challenges |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=47 |isbn=0-275-97646-7}}

The German Luftwaffe saw action for the first time since 1945 during Operation Deliberate Force.{{Cite news |date=September 2, 1995 |title=German planes see first action since 1945 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MBwKAAAAIBAJ&pg=4322,202184&dq=tornado+german+sarajevo&hl=en |newspaper=The Victoria Advocate |via=Google News}} Six interdictor-strike version Tornados, escorted by eight ECR Tornados, pinpointed Serb targets around Sarajevo for the Rapid Reaction Force artillery to attack.{{cite book |last=Owen |first=Robert |title=Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning |date=2000 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=1-58566-076-0 |location=Darby, Pennsylvania |page=246}}{{cite book |title=Challenges for the New Peacekeepers |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-829199-X |editor-last=Findlay |editor-first=Trevor |location=Oxford, UK |page=41}} Netherlands and Turkiye participated in the operation with eighteen F-16As and eighteen F-16Cs, respectively.

The two French airmen who were captured after their Mirage 2000N was downed by Bosnian Serb forces on 30 August 1995, Lt. Jose Souvignet and Capt. Frederic Chiffot, were released only upon the end of the Bosnian War, on 12 December 1995. Upon being released, they told reporters that they had been treated well while in captivity.{{cite news |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |location=California |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-12-13-mn-13525-story.html |first1=Scott |last1=Kraft |first2=Dean E. |last2=Murphy |title=Bosnian Serbs Free Downed French Airmen |date=13 December 1995 |access-date=7 December 2012}}{{cite news |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1995/12/13/2-downed-french-airmen/ |first=Tom |last=Hundley |title=2 Downed French Airmen Act Removes Possible Hitch In Signing Of Peace Agreement |date=13 December 1995 |access-date=7 December 2012}}{{cite web |url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/au/owen.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031203163808/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/au/owen.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2003 |title=Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning. Final Report of the Air University Balkans Air Campaign Study |first=Robert C. |last=Owen |date=January 2000 |page=522 |publisher=Air University Press}}{{cite web |url= http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/Owen2001.pdf |title=Operation Deliberate Force: A case study in humanitarian constraints in aerospace warfare |first=Robert C. |last=Owen |date=30 September 2011 |page=63 |publisher= Harvard Kennedy School}}

In December 1995, NATO dispatched a 60,000-strong peacekeeping force into Bosnia as part of the IFOR to enforce the Dayton Peace Agreement to secure peace and prevent renewed hostilities between three warring factions. In December 1996, the NATO-led SFOR was established to replace the IFOR to enforce the Dayton Peace Agreement. This lasted up until December 2004, when Operation Althea replaced the NATO-led SFOR.{{Cite news |date=30 November 2020 |title=EUFOR BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Military Operation ALTHEA |pages=1 |work=Europa |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eufor-althea/eufor-bosnia-herzegovina-military-operation-althea_en?s=324&adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=E5554388DD434259A03FC473B96391FA#top}}

• NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Operation Deliberate Force}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081110153404/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/factsheets/DeliberateForceFactSheet.htm Operation Deliberate Force fact sheet] (NATO website, updated 16 December 2002)
• globalsecurity.org: [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/deliberate_force.htm "Operation Deliberate Force," Globalsecurity.org.]
• Col Robert C. Owen (ed., USAF): [https://media.defense.gov/2017/Apr/05/2001727308/-1/-1/0/B_0074_OWEN_DELIBERATE_FORCE.PDF Deliberate Force. A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning]. Air University Press, January 2000 (PDF, 566 p)
• cnn.com 12 September 1995: [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/Bosnia/updates/sep95/9-12/carrier/index.html Aircraft Carrier USS America Replaces USS Roosevelt in Adriatic]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930213114/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983401-1,00.html "Louder Than Words," TIME magazine, September 11, 1995.]
• [http://www.csmonitor.com/1994/0225/25231.html "If U.S. Force Is Needed In Bosnia," by Michael Johns, The Christian Science Monitor, 25 February 1994.]

{{Yugoslav wars}}

{{American conflicts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deliberate Force, Operation}}

Category:Conflicts in 1995

Category:1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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