Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

{{main|Somalia War (2006–2009)}}

In June 2006, The New York Times declared the U.S. backing of a Somali Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism a failed policy.[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/08/world/africa/08intel.html?ex=1307419200&en=7b3e5a78230b7e10&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Efforts by C.I.A. Fail in Somalia, Officials Charge] New York Times A Reuters report said that support of the ARPCT had backfired and destabilized the area.[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10385312 US cash support for Somali warlords 'destabilising'] Reuters

United States anti-terrorist activities in the region have included advisers, supplies, and other forms of non-combat support, but more prominently have included drone strikes targeted at Al-Shabaab. Other American combat operations include manned airstrikes, cruise missile strikes, and special forces raids.

On 2 January 2006, U.S. Marines operating out of Lamu, Kenya, were said to be assisting Kenyan forces patrolling the border with Somalia with the interception of Islamists.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070104052712/http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143963283 Kibaki meets Somalia president as tension at border persists]}} The Standard On 8 January it was reported that a U.S. Air Force AC-130 gunship had attacked suspected al-Qaeda operatives in southern Somalia. It was also reported that the aircraft carrier {{USS|Dwight D. Eisenhower|CVN-69|6}} had been moved into striking distance.{{cite news | publisher = CNN | title = U.S. targets al Qaeda suspects in Somalia, Pentagon official says | date = 8 January 2007 | url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/africa/01/08/somalia.strike/index.html | access-date =8 January 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070110085125/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/africa/01/08/somalia.strike/index.html |archive-date = 10 January 2007}} The aircraft flew out of its base in Djibouti. Many bodies were spotted on the ground, but the identity of the dead or wounded was not yet established. The targeted leaders were tracked by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as they headed south from Mogadishu starting on 28 December.{{cite news|title=Reports say U.S. targeted al Qaeda suspects in Somalia |date=9 January 2007 |url=http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/articlenews.aspx?storyid=2007-01-09T010418Z_01_N08416210_RTRUKOC_0_UK-SOMALIA-QAEDA-REPORT.xml&type=worldNews&WTmodLoc=World-C3-More-6 |access-date=9 January 2007 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} It was reported that the leader of al-Qaeda in East Africa, Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, was killed in the attack, but later officials confirmed that he survived and also that none of the al-Qaeda operatives were killed. However, at least 10 civilians were killed. On 9 January it was reported U.S. special forces and CIA operatives were working with Ethiopian troops on the ground in operations inside Somalia from a base in Galkayo, in Puntland, and from Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti.{{cite news|date=9 January 2007|title=U.S. Special Forces Engaged in Operations on the Ground in Somalia|publisher=ABC News|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/01/us_special_forc.html|access-date=9 January 2007|archive-date=12 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112145918/http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/01/us_special_forc.html|url-status=dead}}{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} On 12 January, a small team of U.S. forces investigated the site of the U.S. gunship attack to search for information about the identity and fate of the targeted individuals.{{cite news|title=U.S. troops seek airstrike dead in Somalia |url=http://www.dailyindia.com/show/102623.php/US-troops-seek-airstrike-dead-in-Somalia |publisher=United Press International |date=12 January 2007 |access-date=12 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202039/http://www.dailyindia.com/show/102623.php/US-troops-seek-airstrike-dead-in-Somalia |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}

On 17 January 2006, the Assistant Deputy Secretary of Defense for African affairs, Theresa Whelan, clarified the airstrike conducted on 8 January was not the work of the CJTF-HOA, but of another force which she did not specify. The target of the strike was confirmed to be Aden Hashi Farah Ayro, who was believed wounded or possibly dead, while eight members of his group were killed in the attack.{{cite news|title=U.S. raid may have hit top Somali militant: Pentagon |url=http://www.alaskareport.com/reu77361.htm |date=17 January 2006 |agency=Reuters |access-date=17 January 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031050/http://www.alaskareport.com/reu77361.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}

On 1 July 2006, a web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western states that his al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there.{{cite news|title= Bin Laden releases Web message on Iraq, Somalia|url= https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-07-01-bin-laden-plans-message_x.htm |work=USA Today |date=1 July 2007|access-date=3 November 2007}}

On 27 December 2006, The New York Times reported analysts in Nairobi, Kenya claimed U.S. surveillance aircraft were funneling information to Ethiopian forces. A spokeswoman for Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa, Major Kelley Thibode, based in Djibouti, said she was "not at liberty to discuss" the matter.{{Citation | date = 27 December 2006 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/27/world/africa/27somalia.html?hp&ex=1167195600&en=10a88a3be0393151&ei=5094 | title = Islamists in Somalia Retreat From Ethiopia-Backed Forces | newspaper = The New York Times | first=Jeffrey | last=Gettleman}}, Sean Naylor's Relentless Strike describes U.S. SOF personnel accompanying the invading Ethiopian forces. Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi declared one of the key objectives of the offensive on Kismayo was the capture of three alleged al-Qaeda members, suspects wanted for the 1998 United States embassy bombings in East Africa: Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan and Abu Taha al-Sudani. Combined Task Force 150, a U.S.-led task force with its headquarters in Bahrain was operating off the coast of Somalia to disrupt terrorist activity.{{cite news | title = Navy tries to block fleeing jihadists from Somalia | work = Air Force Times | date = 3 January 2007 | url = http://www.airforcetimes.com/story.php?f=1-292925-2458956.php | access-date =4 January 2007}}{{cite news| title= Thousands Flee Somalia Fighting | agency = Associated Press | date = 31 December 2006 | url = http://www.wbbm780.com/pages/157834.php?contentType=4&contentId=268733 | access-date =4 January 2007 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} At the time, the task force included vessels from Canada, France, Germany, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, and the U.S. Arleigh Burke-class destroyer {{USS|Ramage|DDG-61|6}} and the Ticonderoga-class cruiser {{USS|Bunker Hill|CG-52|6}}.{{cite news|title=Ramage, Bunker Hill keeping an eye on Somalia |publisher=MarineTimes.com |date=4 January 2007 |url=http://www.marinetimes.com/story.php?f=1-292925-2461109.php |access-date=4 January 2007 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The aim of the patrols shifted on 2 January 2007, according to diplomats, to "... stop SICC leaders or foreign militant supporters escaping".{{cite news |title=Ethiopian troops to stay in Somalia weeks |date=2 January 2007 |work=Reuters |url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2007-01-02T122054Z_01_L28741526_RTRUKOC_0_US-SOMALIA-CONFLICT.xml&pageNumber=0&imageid=&cap=&sz=13&WTModLoc=NewsArt-C1-ArticlePage4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331061726/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=worldNews |archive-date=31 March 2007}}

Likewise, many airstrikes which resulted in civilian casualties around Afmadow conducted by Ethiopian aircraft were mis-attributed to the United States. On 21 January 2007 the capture of U.S. troops was reported by the Qaadisiya.com site, as well as the death of one due to malaria, but this assertion was denied as "utterly bogus" by Michael Ranneberger, U.S. Envoy to Kenya and Somalia.{{cite news | title = U.S. has ground troops in southern Somalia: Journalist | url = http://www.garoweonline.com/stories/publish/article_7183.shtml | date = 21 January 2007 | publisher = Garowe Online | access-date = 28 February 2007 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} On 24 January, the U.S. admitted to have made a second airstrike, but did not confirm the exact date or location of the strike.{{cite news | title = Military Official Reports Second US Air Strike in Somalia | url = http://voanews.com/english/2007-01-24-voa67.cfm | publisher = Voice of America | date = 24 January 2007 | access-date =6 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070215044053/http://voanews.com/english/2007-01-24-voa67.cfm |archive-date = 15 February 2007}} United States involvement in the conflict continued through 2008 with airstrikes targeting suspected Al Qaeda affiliated militants including a strike of dubious success conducted on 2 March 2008 where at least one U.S. naval vessel launched cruise missiles against an Al Qaeda target in a strike on the village of Dobley and a successful strike on Dhusamareb which killed several militant leaders

On 6 May 2005, a United States Marine Corps unit reportedly landed in Somaliland, the autonomous and self-declared state in northern Somalia. The landings were purportedly conducted to carry out searches, as well as to question locals regarding the whereabouts of terrorist suspects. United States military officials denied the allegations and said operations were not being conducted in Somaliland.{{cite news|title=US denies Somali terror landing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4517971.stm|work=BBC News |date=6 May 2007|access-date=3 November 2007}}

{{main|Somali Civil War (2009–present)}}

Operations against al-Qaeda linked terrorists continued in 2009 when on 14 September several U.S. Navy helicopters launched a raid in Baraawe against Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, killing him as well as five other militants. Also in 2009, British Army soldiers from the Special Air Service and the Special Reconnaissance Regiment were deployed to Djibouti as part of Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa to conduct operations against Islamist terrorists in Somalia. They carried out missions focusing on surveillance and targeting of terrorists, alongside their US counterparts, they have also been carrying out this role in Yemen.{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8104119/Cargo-bomb-plot-SAS-hunting-al-Qaeda-in-Yemen.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8104119/Cargo-bomb-plot-SAS-hunting-al-Qaeda-in-Yemen.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Cargo bomb plot: SAS hunting al-Qaeda in Yemen|work=The Telegraph|date=2 November 2010}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/uk-and-us-spend-millions-to-counter-yemeni-threat-2121366.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/uk-and-us-spend-millions-to-counter-yemeni-threat-2121366.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=UK and US spend millions to counter Yemeni threat|work=The Independent|date=30 October 2010}}

On 28 November 2010 the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer announced that the United States has no intention of committing troops to Somalia to root out al-Qaeda.{{Citation | url = http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/December/20061215170307MVyelwarC0.629574.html | title = US Does Not Plan to Send Troops Against Al-Qaida in Somalia | place = US | publisher = State Department | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101128064104/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/December/20061215170307MVyelwarC0.629574.html | archive-date = 28 November 2010}}.

On 25 January 2012, two U.S. Navy SEAL teams raided a compound {{convert|12|mi|km}} north of Adado, Galmudug, Somalia, freeing two hostages while killing nine pirates and capturing five others.{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-hostages-idUSTRE80O0I220120125 | work=Reuters | title=U.S. commandos free two hostages in daring Somalia raid | date=25 January 2012}}

On 5 October 2013, Naval Special Warfare Development Group SEAL commandos launched an amphibious raid on the town of Baraawe, fighting with al-Shabaab militants and inflicting some casualties on them before withdrawing.{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24423943 | work=BBC News | title=US commando raids: What did they achieve? | date=6 October 2013}} On 5 March 2016, U.S. airstrikes carried out by aircraft and unmanned drones killed more than 150 Al-Shabaab terrorists at a terrorist training camp called "Camp Raso", located about 120 miles north of Mogadishu as they were completing "training for a large-scale attack" according to a Pentagon spokesman. The camp had been under surveillance for some time before the strike.{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/more-150-shebab-fighters-killed-us-drone-strike-171223047.html|title=US strike kills at least 150 Shebab fighters in Somalia|publisher=yahoo news|date=7 March 2016}} In the early hours of 9 March 2016, U.S. special forces and Somali national army special forces killed between 1 and 15 Al-Shabaab terrorists in a heliborne-attack on the Al-Shabaab-controlled town of Awdhegele, as well as capturing an undisclosed number of high-value Al-Shabaab figures the militants were training for a major operation against coalition forces.{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/special-forces-stage-helicopter-raid-somalias-shebab-083932693.html?nf=1|title=US troops in helicopter-borne raid in Somalia: Pentagon|publisher=yahoo news|date=9 March 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35761891|title=Somalia al-Shabab: US forces took part in raid on militants|work=BBC News|date=9 March 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/09/africa/somalia-al-shabaab-fighters-killed/index.html|title=U.S., Somali commandos nab valuable Al-Shabaab figures, spokesman says|publisher=CNN|date=10 March 2016}} On 11/12 April 2016, two U.S. airstrikes on Al-Shabaab targets in the town of Kismayo killed about a dozen suspected militants who posed an "imminent threat" to American troops in the country.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-somalia-airstrikes-idUSKCN0X9231|title=U.S. air strikes kill suspected al Shabaab militants in Somalia|publisher=reuters|date=12 April 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/12/africa/somalia-us-airstrikes/|title=U.S. airstrikes hit Al-Shabaab camp in Somalia after 'imminent threat'|publisher=CNN|date=12 April 2016}} As of May 2016, roughly 50 U.S. special operations troops operate at undisclosed locations across southern Somalia, with their headquarters at the airport in Mogadishu; advising and assisting, Kenyan, Somali and Ugandan forces in their fight against Al-Shabaab. Also in that month, U.S. personnel helped those forces plan an operation against illegal checkpoints.{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/11/politics/special-ops-small-wars-isis-al-qaeda/|title=U.S. special forces wage secretive 'small wars' against terrorists|publisher=CNN|date=12 May 2016}} On 13 May, a U.S. strike targeted nine al-Shabab militants, three of them were allegedly killed.{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/4-us-airstrikes-targeted-al-shabab-militants-in-somalia-last-month-1.415200|title=4 US airstrikes targeted al-Shabab militants in Somalia last month|publisher=stars and stripes|date=17 June 2016}} On 1 June 2016, the Pentagon announced that it had conducted an airstrike that killed a senior Al-Shabaab leader in Somalia on 27 May.{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/al-shabaab-commander-killed-in-us-airstrike-in-somalia|title=Al Shabaab commander killed in US airstrike in Somalia|publisher=fox news|date=1 June 2016}} On 3 August 2016, a contingent of elite American troops acting as military advisers assisted Somali commandos in an assault on an al-Shabaab checkpoint in Saakow, as the Somali-led force approached the checkpoint the militants opened fire, a gun battle ensued that resulted in 3 militants killed.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/17/world/africa/somalia-shabab.html?_r=0|title=Somali Forces, Backed by U.S., Kill Shabab Militants in Raid|work=The New York Times|date=16 August 2016}} On 29 September 2016, the Military Times reported that on 26 September a bomb-manufacturing network linked al-Shabaab attacked a small team of U.S. and Somali troops, who were conducting an operation near Kismayo, with small-arms fire. A Pentagon spokesman said the U.S. military "conducted a self-defense strike to neutralize the threat and in doing so killed nine enemy fighters." Also on 28 September, near the town of Galkayo, a Somali army unit conducting counterterrorism operations nearby, when the Somali soldiers came under fire from al-Shabab militants. The Somali soldiers engaged them, then broke contact and rejoined with their nearby American advisers and soon afterwards the militants "began to maneuver in an offensive manner" so the U.S. conducted a self-defense airstrike, killing 4 militants.{{cite web|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/attacks-on-us-troops-in-somalia-leads-to-air-strikes-on-al-shabab|title=Attacks on U.S. troops in Somalia leads to airstrikes on al-Shabab|publisher=militarytimes|date=29 September 2016}}

{{See also|American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)}}

• On 25 June 2011, U.S. Predator drones attacked a Shabaab training camp south of Kismayo. Ibrahim al-Afghani, a senior al Shabaab leader was rumored to be killed in the strike.{{cite web|last1=Roggio|first1=Bill|last2=Joscelyn|first2=Thomas|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/07/senior_shabaab_comma_1.php|title=Senior Shabaab commander rumored to have been killed in recent Predator strike|work=The Long War Journal|date=9 July 2011|access-date=15 November 2015}}
• On 6 September 2011, a U.S. drone struck a large Al-Shabaab base, killing 35 militants.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
• A drone strike on 17 September killed 17 militants.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
• A U.S. drone strike occurred near Mogadishu on 21 January 2012, killing British al-Qaeda operative Bilal el-Berjawi.{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/22/british-al-qaida-suspect-drone-somalia | location=London |work=The Guardian | first=Ian | last=Cobain | title=British 'al-Qaida member' killed in US drone attack in Somalia | date=22 January 2012}}
• 4 Al-Shabaab fighters, including a white Kenyan and a Moroccan jihadist named Abu Ibrahim, were killed in a drone strike in the K60 area (60 miles south of Mogadishu) of the Lower Shabelle region in southern Somalia late on 24 February 2012.{{cite news | url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-drone-strike-kills-4-in-somalia/ | title=US Drone Strike Kills 4 in Somalia | publisher=Fox News | date=24 February 2012}}Roggio, Bill, "[http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/02/moroccan_jihadist.php Moroccan jihadist killed in Somalia airstrike]", Long War Journal, 24 February 2012; Retrieved 27 February 2012.

The U.S. Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was created aboard the U.S. Navy command ship Mount Whitney off Djibouti in late 2002.

In February 2007, United States President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the United States Africa Command which took over all of the area of operations of CJTF-HOA in October 2008.{{cite news|title=DoD Establishing U.S. Africa Command|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/News/NewsArticle.aspx?id=2940|publisher=United States Department of Defense|date=6 February 2007|access-date=6 February 2007}}{{cite news | title= Africans Fear Hidden U.S. Agenda in New Approach to Africom | url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,430564,00.html | agency= Associated Press | date= 30 September 2008 | access-date= 30 September 2008 | publisher= Fox News | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130402051847/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,430564,00.html | archive-date= 2 April 2013 | url-status= dead}}

CJTF-HOA consists of about 2,000 servicemen and women from the United States military and allied countries. The official area of responsibility comprises Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, the Seychelles and Kenya. Outside the Combined Joint Operating Area, CJTF-HOA has operations in Mauritius, Comoros, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania.{{cite web|url=http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=3967&lang=0 |title=CJTF-HOA Factsheet |publisher=Hoa.africom.mil |access-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916154416/http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=3967&lang=0 |archive-date=16 September 2012}}

27 U.S. servicemen have been killed in non-hostile incidents in Djibouti since the start of operations in the Horn of Africa.{{cite web|url=http://icasualties.org/App/AfghanFatalities |title=Operation Enduring Freedom, Djibouti, Fatalities |publisher=iCasualties |date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021}} (Note: apply filter for Country = Djibouti){{Citation | url = https://www.voanews.com/usa/plane-crash-kills-four-us-military-personnel-djibouti | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210913231954/https://www.voanews.com/usa/plane-crash-kills-four-us-military-personnel-djibouti | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 September 2021 | title = Plane crash kills four US military personnel in Djibouti | newspaper = Voice of America | date = 20 February 2012}}.{{Cite web|url=https://thefallen.militarytimes.com/army-pvt-2-james-henry-ebbers/457971|title=Army Pvt. 2 James Henry Ebbers| Military Times|website=thefallen.militarytimes.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://thefallen.militarytimes.com/army-staff-sgt-bradley-c-hart/5767958|title=Army Staff Sgt. Bradley C. Hart| Military Times|website=thefallen.militarytimes.com}}{{Citation | url = https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1554839/dod-identifies-navy-casualty/ | title = DOD Identifies Navy Casualty | publisher = AFRICOM | date = 19 June 2018}}.{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2085550/dod-identifies-army-casualty/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FReleases%2FRelease%2FArticle%2F2085550%2Fdod-identifies-army-casualty%2F|title=DOD Identifies Army Casualty|website=U.S. Department of Defense}}

Four U.S. soldiers were killed in accidents in Kenya.{{cite web|url=http://icasualties.org/App/AfghanFatalities |title=Operation Enduring Freedom, Kenya, Fatalities |publisher=iCasualties |date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021}} (Note: apply filter for Country = Kenya){{Cite web|url=https://thefallen.militarytimes.com/army-staff-sgt-marek-soja/6568530|title=Army Staff Sgt. Marek Soja| Military Times|website=thefallen.militarytimes.com}}

Two U.S. soldiers were killed in a vehicle accident in Ethiopia.{{cite web|url=http://www.icasualties.org/OEF/Fatalities.aspx |title=Operation Enduring Freedom, Ethiopia, Fatalities |publisher=iCasualties |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=19 September 2011}} (Note: apply filter for Country of Death = Ethiopia)

Two U.S. servicemen were killed in the Republic of Seychelles and in the Gulf of Oman, respectively.{{cite web|url=http://www.icasualties.org/OEF/Fatalities.aspx |title=Operation Enduring Freedom, Fatalities |publisher=iCasualties |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=19 September 2011}} (Note: apply filter for Country of Death accordingly)

Piracy off the coast of Somalia presented a hazard to all shipping in the Gulf of Aden and down the coast of East Africa. It began to escalate after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which heavily impacted livelihoods along the coast of southern Somalia.{{Cite journal |last=Westberg |first=Andreas Bruvik |date=2015-11-11 |title=Bloodshed and Breaking Wave: The first outbreak of Somali Piracy |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/smsajms/article/view/125490 |journal=Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.5787/43-2-1122 |issn=2224-0020}}

CJTF-HOA is primarily an air and land task force. It did not control naval actions against piracy, which fell under U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT). The Combined Maritime Forces, under the direction of NAVCENT, directed Combined Task Force 150, and Combined Task Force 151. Pakistan joined CTF 150.

The European Union Military Staff directed the EU anti-piracy Operation Atalanta. NATO later ran Operation Ocean Shield.

Independent anti-piracy operations were conducted off the coast of Somalia by other countries such as China and Russia.

• Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
• Terrorism in Yemen
• Baraawe raid
• Manhunt (military)

{{Reflist|30em}}

• Defence Technical Information Centre, [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA494376.pdf]
• {{cite web |last=Rozoff |first=Rick |title=AFRICOM's First War: U.S. Directs Large-Scale Offensive in Somalia |url=http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article24996.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115103546/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article24996.htm |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=9 September 2013 |publisher=Information Clearing House}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103055228/http://www.hoa.africom.mil/ Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa] Official U.S. Military web site
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100707072951/http://www.warshipsifr.com/terrorism_special17.html USCGC Munro and UK Navy] US And UK Navies Resolve Hi-Jacking

{{War in Somalia (2006–09)}}

{{War in Somalia (2009–)}}

{{War on Terrorism}}

{{Pirates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn Of Africa}}

Category:Military operations of the Somali Civil War

Category:Piracy in Somalia

Category:Counterterrorism in the United States

Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

Category:War on terror

Category:History of the Horn of Africa

Category:United States Marine Corps in the 21st century

Category:Anti-piracy

Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

Category:American involvement in the Somali Civil War