Oracle Solaris

In 1987, AT&T Corporation and Sun announced that they were collaborating on a project to merge the most popular Unix variants on the market at that time: Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), UNIX System V, and Xenix. This became Unix System V Release 4 (SVR4).{{cite book

|title=A Quarter Century of Unix

|last=Salus

|first=Peter

|publisher=Addison-Wesley

|year=1994

|isbn=0-201-54777-5

|pages=199–200

}} About 40 AT&T and Sun programmers would work together in the San Francisco Bay area, the two companies said, with the goal of SunOS compliance with SVR4 in 1988 and addition of BSD 4.2 features in 1989.{{Cite magazine |last=Patton |first=Carole |date=18 January 1988 |title=Sun and AT&T Plan to Engineer Next-Generation Unix System

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=InfoWorld |page=11 |volume=10 |issue=3}}

On September 4, 1991, Sun announced that it would replace SunOS 4, with one based on SVR4. This was identified internally as SunOS 5, but a new marketing name was introduced at the same time: Solaris 2.{{cite press release

| title = SunSoft introduces first shrink-wrapped distributed computing solution: Solaris

| publisher = Sun Microsystems, Inc.

| date = September 4, 1991

| url = http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/media/presskits/25years/pr.html#solaris

| access-date = August 7, 2007

| archive-date = February 2, 2008

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202213359/http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/media/presskits/25years/pr.html#solaris

| url-status = live

}} The justification for this new overbrand was that it encompassed not only SunOS, but also the OpenWindows graphical user interface and Open Network Computing (ONC) functionality.

Although SunOS 4.1.x micro releases were retroactively named Solaris 1 by Sun, the Solaris name is used almost exclusively to refer only to the releases based on SVR4-derived SunOS 5.0 and later.{{cite web

| url = http://kb.iu.edu/data/agjq.html

| title = What are SunOS and Solaris?

| access-date = November 10, 2014

| date = May 20, 2013

| work = Knowledge Base

| publisher = Indiana University Technology Services

| archive-date = November 4, 2013

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104000433/https://kb.iu.edu/data/agjq.html

| url-status = live

}}File:Solaris 9 logo.svgFor releases based on SunOS 5, the SunOS minor version is included in the Solaris release number. For example, Solaris 2.4 incorporates SunOS 5.4. After Solaris 2.6, the 2. was dropped from the release name, so Solaris 7 incorporates SunOS 5.7, and the latest release SunOS 5.11 forms the core of Solaris 11.4.File:Solaris OS logo.svgAlthough SunSoft stated in its initial Solaris 2 press release their intent to eventually support both SPARC and x86 systems, the first two Solaris 2 releases, 2.0 and 2.1, were SPARC-only. An x86 version of Solaris 2.1 was released in June 1993, about 6 months after the SPARC version, as a desktop and uniprocessor workgroup server operating system. It included the Wabi emulator to support Windows applications.{{cite news |first1=Noel-Marie |last1=Taylor |first2=Mark |last2=Wallace |title=Solaris 2.1: The Rise of a New Sun? |newspaper=PC Magazine |date=June 15, 1993 |pages=243–244 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMKfH6i9OcYC&pg=PA244}} At the time, Sun also offered the Interactive Unix system that it had acquired from Interactive Systems Corporation.{{cite news |first=Steven J. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |title=Interactive Unix |newspaper=PC Magazine |date=June 15, 1993 |page=240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMKfH6i9OcYC&pg=PA240}} In 1994, Sun released Solaris 2.4, supporting both SPARC and x86 systems from a unified source code base.

In 2011, the Solaris 11 kernel source code leaked.[https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTAzMDE Oracle Solaris 11 Kernel Source-Code Leaked] on Phoronix by Michael Larabel (on 19 December 2011)[https://arstechnica.com/business/2011/12/disgruntled-employee-oracle-doesnt-seem-to-care-about-solaris-11-code-leak/ Disgruntled employee? Oracle doesn’t seem to care about Solaris 11 code leak] on Ars Technica by Sean Gallagher (Dec 21, 2011)

On September 2, 2017, Simon Phipps, a former Sun Microsystems employee not hired by Oracle in the acquisition, reported on Twitter that Oracle had laid off the Solaris core development staff, which many interpreted as sign that Oracle no longer intended to support future development of the platform.{{Cite web |url=https://www.itwire.com/opinion-and-analysis-sp-481/open-sauce/79738-bye,-bye-solaris,-it-was-a-nice-ride-while-it-lasted.html|title=Bye, bye Solaris, it was a nice ride while it lasted|last=Varghese|first=Sam|website=ITWire|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-09-04}} While Oracle did have a large layoff of Solaris development engineering staff, development continued and Solaris 11.4 was released in 2018.{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/solaris/continuous-delivery,-really|title=Continuous Delivery, Really?|last=Lynn|first=Scott|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-date=January 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123163819/https://blogs.oracle.com/solaris/continuous-delivery,-really|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/solaris/2017-in-review-and-looking-ahead-to-2018|title=2017 in Review and Looking ahead to 2018|last=Lynn|first=Scott|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-date=January 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123170913/https://blogs.oracle.com/solaris/2017-in-review-and-looking-ahead-to-2018|url-status=live}}

Solaris uses a common code base for the platforms it supports: 64-bit SPARC and x86-64.{{Cite web |title=Oracle Solaris 11 - Downloads {{!}} Oracle Technology Network {{!}} Oracle |url=https://www.oracle.com/solaris/solaris11/downloads/solaris-downloads.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205033816/https://www.oracle.com/solaris/solaris11/downloads/solaris-downloads.html |archive-date=December 5, 2024 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=www.oracle.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}

Solaris has a reputation for being well-suited to symmetric multiprocessing, supporting a large number of CPUs.{{cite news

| first = Ashlee

| last = Vance

| author-link = Ashlee Vance

| title = Sun rethinks Solaris on Intel

| url = http://www.infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/02/04/19/020419hnsecretsix.html

| work = Infoworld

| publisher = IDG

| date = April 19, 2002

| access-date = December 11, 2006

| quote = Neither Microsoft Windows nor Linux can match Solaris in this type of high-end architecture, said Tony Iams, an analyst at Port Chester, N.Y., research company D.H. Brown and Associates. "Solaris has earned its reputation over a long period of time," Iams said. "They have been working on high-end scalability features for 10 years, and that's the only way you can get solid results."

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153147/http://infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/02/04/19/020419hnsecretsix.html

|archive-date = October 12, 2007}} It has historically been tightly integrated with Sun's SPARC hardware (including support for 64-bit SPARC applications since Solaris 7), with which it is marketed as a combined package. This has led to more reliable systems, but at a cost premium compared to commodity PC hardware. However, it has supported x86 systems since Solaris 2.1 and 64-bit x86 applications since Solaris 10, allowing Sun to capitalize on the availability of commodity 64-bit CPUs based on the x86-64 architecture. Sun heavily marketed Solaris for use with both its own x86-64-based Sun Java Workstation and the x86-64 models of the Sun Ultra series workstations, and servers based on AMD Opteron and Intel Xeon processors, as well as x86 systems manufactured by companies such as Dell,{{cite web |url=https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000147631/oracle-solaris |title=Oracle Solaris |publisher=Dell USA |access-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714221938/https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000147631/oracle-solaris |url-status=live }} Hewlett-Packard, and IBM. {{as of|2009}}, the following vendors support Solaris for their x86 server systems:

• Dell – will "test, certify, and optimize Solaris and OpenSolaris on its rack and blade servers and offer them as one of several choices in the overall Dell software menu"{{cite web

| title = Dell to Offer Sun's Solaris, OpenSolaris in Servers

| publisher = eWeek

| date = November 14, 2007

| url = http://www.eweek.com/article2/0%2C1895%2C2216876%2C00.asp

| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130122193340/http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,2216876,00.asp

| url-status = dead

| archive-date = January 22, 2013

| access-date = November 14, 2007

}}

• Intel{{cite press release

| title = Intel Carrier Grade Platforms Certified for Sun Solaris

| publisher = Intel Corp.

| date = July 16, 2007

| url = http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20070716corp_b.htm

| access-date = August 16, 2007

| archive-date = December 16, 2007

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071216161008/http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20070716corp_b.htm

| url-status = live

}}

• Hewlett Packard Enterprise{{cite press release

| title = Oracle Solaris Certification and Support

| publisher = Hewlett Packard Enterprise

| url = http://h17007.www1.hpe.com/us/en/enterprise/servers/supportmatrix/solaris.aspx

| access-date = February 3, 2019

| date = 2019

| archive-date = January 27, 2019

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190127204217/http://h17007.www1.hpe.com/us/en/enterprise/servers/supportmatrix/solaris.aspx

| url-status = live

}} – distributes and provides software technical support for Solaris on BL, DL, and SL platforms

• Fujitsu Siemens{{cite press release

| title = Sun Microsystems and Fujitsu Siemens Computers Power PRIMERGY Servers with Solaris Operating System

| publisher = Sun Microsystems

| url = http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/pr/2008-06/sunflash.20080610.2.xml

| access-date = June 10, 2008

| archive-date = July 8, 2008

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080708230551/http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/pr/2008-06/sunflash.20080610.2.xml

| url-status = live

}}

Solaris 2.5.1 included support for the PowerPC platform (PowerPC Reference Platform), but the port was canceled before the Solaris 2.6 release. In January 2006, a community of developers at Blastwave began work on a PowerPC port which they named Polaris.{{cite web

|url = http://www.itjungle.com/tfh/tfh011606-story02.html

|title = OpenSolaris Community Creates Kernel for Power Chips

|publisher = ITJungle

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120405144010/http://www.itjungle.com/tfh/tfh011606-story02.html

|archive-date = April 5, 2012

}} In October 2006, an OpenSolaris community project based on the Blastwave efforts and Sun Labs' Project Pulsar,{{cite web

|url = http://research.sun.com/spotlight/2006/2006-06-14-SolarisPPC.html

|title = Embedded Solaris on PowerPC

|publisher = Sun Research

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060627042251/http://research.sun.com/spotlight/2006/2006-06-14-SolarisPPC.html

|archive-date = June 27, 2006

}} which re-integrated the relevant parts from Solaris 2.5.1 into OpenSolaris,{{cite web

|url = http://opensolaris.org/os/project/ppc-dev/kickstart/

|title = Kickstarting OpenSolaris on PowerPC

|publisher = OpenSolaris Project

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133259/http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Project+ppc-dev/kickstart

|archive-date = February 29, 2012

}} announced its first official source code release.{{cite web

|url = http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/power_pc/

|title = PowerPC at OpenSolaris

|access-date = October 4, 2007

|publisher = OpenSolaris Project

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133135/http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Community+Group+power_pc/WebHome

|archive-date = February 29, 2012

}}

A port of Solaris to the Intel Itanium architecture was announced in 1997 but never brought to market.{{cite press release

| publisher = Intel Corporation, Sun Microsystems, Inc.

| date = December 16, 1997

| url = http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1997-12/sunflash.971216.3.xml

| title = Sun to deliver enterprise-class solaris for intel's merced processor

| access-date = September 10, 2006

| archive-date = December 5, 2006

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061205030551/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1997-12/sunflash.971216.3.xml

| url-status = live

}}

On November 28, 2007, IBM, Sun, and Sine Nomine Associates demonstrated a preview of OpenSolaris for System z running on an IBM System z mainframe under z/VM,{{cite press release

|url = https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22718.wss

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206163737/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22718.wss

|url-status = dead

|archive-date = February 6, 2008

|title = OpenSolaris Runs on IBM Mainframe

|publisher = IBM

|access-date = January 21, 2018

|date = November 30, 2007

}} called Sirius (in analogy to the Polaris project, and also due to the primary developer's Australian nationality: HMS Sirius of 1786 was a ship of the First Fleet to Australia). On October 17, 2008, a prototype release of Sirius was made available{{cite web

|url = http://opensolaris.org/os/project/systemz/

|title = OpenSolaris Project: Systemz

|publisher = OpenSolaris Project

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090825162814/http://opensolaris.org/os/project/systemz/

|archive-date = August 25, 2009

}} and on November 19 the same year, IBM authorized the use of Sirius on System z Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) processors.{{cite web

| url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/24/ibm_authorizes_mainframe_opensolaris/

| title = IBM authorizes OpenSolaris on mainframes

| date = November 24, 2008

| access-date = November 24, 2008

| work = The Register

| archive-date = December 25, 2008

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081225042159/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/24/ibm_authorizes_mainframe_opensolaris/

| url-status = live

}}

Solaris also supports the Linux platform application binary interface (ABI), allowing Solaris to run native Linux binaries on x86 systems. This feature is called Solaris Containers for Linux Applications (SCLA), based on the branded zones functionality introduced in Solaris 10 8/07.{{cite web

|url = http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/brandz/brandz_lae_faq/

|title = BrandZ/SCLA FAQ

|access-date = September 10, 2006

|publisher = OpenSolaris Project

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://archive.today/20061004053007/http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/brandz/brandz_lae_faq/

|archive-date = October 4, 2006

}}

Solaris can be installed from various pre-packaged software groups, ranging from a minimalistic Reduced Network Support to a complete Entire Plus OEM. Installation of Solaris is not necessary for an individual to use the system. The DVD ISO image can be used to load Solaris, running in-memory, rather than initiating the installation.

Additional software, like Apache, MySQL, etc. can be installed as well in a packaged form from sunfreeware{{cite web|url=http://sunfreeware.com/|title=Sunfreeware Package List|publisher=Sunfreeware|access-date=November 24, 2014|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025121941/http://www.sunfreeware.com/|url-status=live}} and OpenCSW.{{cite web|url=http://www.opencsw.org/packages|title=OpenCSW Package List|publisher=OpenCSW|access-date=November 24, 2014}} Solaris can be installed from physical media or a network for use on a desktop or server, or be used without installing on a desktop or server.{{clarify|reason=As above|date=March 2023}}{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

There are several types of updates within each major release, including the Software Packages, and the Oracle Solaris Image. {{expand section|date=December 2023}}

Additional minor updates called Support Repository Updates (SRUs) and Critical Patch Update Packages (CPUs), require a support credential, thus are not freely available to the public.{{cite web |title=Accessing Support Updates |url=https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/solaris/oracle-solaris/11.4/update-sys-add-sw/accessing-support-updates.html |publisher=Oracle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222073215/https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/solaris/oracle-solaris/11.4/update-sys-add-sw/accessing-support-updates.html |archive-date=December 22, 2022 |pages=1 |language=english}}

File:Sol24-telnet.png

Image:openwindows.jpg with OpenWindows on Solaris]]

Early releases of Solaris used OpenWindows as the standard desktop environment. In Solaris 2.0 to 2.2, OpenWindows supported both NeWS and X applications, and provided backward compatibility for SunView applications from Sun's older desktop environment. NeWS allowed applications to be built in an object-oriented way using PostScript, a common printing language released in 1982. The X Window System originated from MIT's Project Athena in 1984 and allowed for the display of an application to be disconnected from the machine where the application was running, separated by a network connection. Sun's original bundled SunView application suite was ported to X.

Sun later dropped support for legacy SunView applications and NeWS with OpenWindows 3.3, which shipped with Solaris 2.3, and switched to X11R5 with Display Postscript support. The graphical look and feel remained based upon OPEN LOOK. OpenWindows 3.6.2 was the last release under Solaris 8. The OPEN LOOK Window Manager (olwm) with other OPEN LOOK specific applications were dropped in Solaris 9, but support libraries were still bundled, providing long term binary backwards compatibility with existing applications. The OPEN LOOK Virtual Window Manager (olvwm) can still be downloaded for Solaris from sunfreeware and works on releases as recent as Solaris 10.

Image:CDE running on Solaris 10.png (CDE) was open sourced in August 2012. This is a screenshot of CDE running on Solaris 10.]]

Sun and other Unix vendors created an industry alliance to standardize Unix desktops. As a member of the Common Open Software Environment (COSE) initiative, Sun helped co-develop the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). This was an initiative to create a standard Unix desktop environment. Each vendor contributed different components: Hewlett-Packard contributed the window manager, IBM provided the file manager, and Sun provided the e-mail and calendar facilities as well as drag-and-drop support (ToolTalk). This new desktop environment was based upon the Motif look and feel and the old OPEN LOOK desktop environment was considered legacy. CDE unified Unix desktops across multiple open system vendors. CDE was available as an unbundled add-on for Solaris 2.4 and 2.5, and was included in Solaris 2.6 through 10.

Image:Java Desktop running on Solaris 10.png (JDS) running on Solaris 10]]

In 2001, Sun issued a preview release of the open-source desktop environment GNOME 1.4, based on the GTK+ toolkit, for Solaris 8.{{cite web

| url = http://mail.gnome.org/archives/gnome-announce-list/2001-May/msg00046.html

| title = Sun Announces GNOME 1.4 for Solaris

| last = Mannina

| first = Scott

| date = May 23, 2001

| access-date = February 9, 2009

| archive-date = October 15, 2007

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071015182943/http://mail.gnome.org/archives/gnome-announce-list/2001-May/msg00046.html

| url-status = live

}} Solaris 9 8/03 introduced GNOME 2.0 as an alternative to CDE. Solaris 10 includes Sun's Java Desktop System (JDS), which is based on GNOME and comes with a large set of applications, including StarOffice, Sun's office suite. Sun describes JDS as a "major component" of Solaris 10.{{cite web

| url = http://www.sun.com/software/javadesktopsystem/

| title = Sun Java Desktop System

| publisher = Sun Microsystems Inc

| date = May 22, 2006

| access-date = March 10, 2007

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070315004836/http://www.sun.com/software/javadesktopsystem/

| archive-date = March 15, 2007

}} The Java Desktop System is not included in Solaris 11 which instead ships with a stock version of GNOME.{{cite web|url=http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23824_01/html/E24456/desktop-123.html|title=Oracle Solaris 11 Desktop Feature Summary - Transitioning From Oracle Solaris 10 to Oracle Solaris 11|date=March 1, 2011|publisher=Oracle Corporation|access-date=November 24, 2014|archive-date=October 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017172858/http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23824_01/html/E24456/desktop-123.html|url-status=live}} Likewise, CDE applications are no longer included in Solaris 11, but many libraries remain for binary backwards compatibility.

The open source desktop environments KDE and Xfce, along with numerous other window managers, also compile and run on recent versions of Solaris.

Sun was investing in a new desktop environment called Project Looking Glass since 2003. The project has been inactive since late 2006.{{cite web

|url = https://lg3d-core.dev.java.net/

|title = Project Looking Glass Homepage

|access-date = January 6, 2010

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070712044749/https://lg3d-core.dev.java.net/

|archive-date = July 12, 2007

}}

For versions up to 2005 (Solaris 9), Solaris was licensed under a license that permitted a customer to buy licenses in bulk, and install the software on any machine up to a maximum number. The key license grant was:

{{blockquote|License to Use. Customer is granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license ("License") for the use of the accompanying binary software in machine-readable form, together with accompanying documentation ("Software"), by the number of users and the class of computer hardware for which the corresponding fee has been paid.}}

In addition, the license provided a "License to Develop" granting rights to create derivative works, restricted copying to only a single archival copy, disclaimer of warranties, and the like. The license varied only little through 2004.

From 2005 to 2010, Sun began to release the source code for development builds of Solaris under the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL) via the OpenSolaris project. This code was based on the work being done for the post-Solaris 10 release (code-named "Nevada"; eventually released as Oracle Solaris 11). As the project progressed, it grew to encompass most of the necessary code to compile an entire release, with a few exceptions.{{cite web

| url = http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Main/general_faq#HWhatsourcecodedoestheOpenSolarisprojectinclude

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120102124622/http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Main/general_faq#HWhatsourcecodedoestheOpenSolarisprojectinclude3F

|archive-date = 2012-01-02

| title = What source code does the OpenSolaris project include?

| access-date = May 13, 2010

| work = OpenSolaris FAQ

| publisher = OpenSolaris Project

}}

When Sun was acquired by Oracle in 2010, the OpenSolaris project was discontinued after the board became unhappy with Oracle's stance on the project.{{cite web

| url = http://techie-buzz.com/foss/oracle-has-killed-opensolaris.html

| title = Oracle Has Killed OpenSolaris

| publisher = Techie Buzz

| date = August 14, 2010

| access-date = July 17, 2013

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200806044747/https://techie-buzz.com/foss/oracle-has-killed-opensolaris.html

| archive-date = August 6, 2020

}} In March 2010, the previously freely available Solaris 10 was placed under a restrictive license that limited the use, modification and redistribution of the operating system.{{cite web

| last = Paul

| first = Ryan

| date = March 30, 2010

| url = https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2010/03/solaris-10-no-longer-free-as-in-beer-now-a-90-day-trial

| title = Solaris 10 no longer free as in beer, now a 90-day trial

| website = Ars Technica

| access-date = July 17, 2013

}} The license allowed the user to download the operating system free of charge, through the Oracle Technology Network, and use it for a 90-day trial period. After that trial period had expired the user would then have to purchase a support contract from Oracle to continue using the operating system.

With the release of Solaris 11 in 2011, the license terms changed again. The new license allows Solaris 10 and Solaris 11 to be downloaded free of charge from the Oracle Technology Network and used without a support contract indefinitely; however, the license only expressly permits the user to use Solaris as a development platform and expressly forbids commercial and "production" use.{{cite web

| url = http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/licenses/solaris-cluster-express-license-167852.html

| title = Oracle Technology Network Developer License Terms for Oracle Solaris, Oracle Solaris Cluster and Oracle Solaris Express

| publisher = Oracle Corporation

| date = July 13, 2011

| access-date = July 17, 2013

}} Educational use is permitted in some circumstances. From the OTN license:

{{blockquote|If You are an educational institution vested with the power to confer official high school, associate, bachelor, master and/or doctorate degrees, or local equivalent, ("Degree(s)"), You may also use the Programs as part of Your educational curriculum for students enrolled in Your Degree program(s) solely as required for the conferral of such Degree (collectively "Educational Use").}}

When Solaris is used without a support contract it can be upgraded to each new "point release"; however, a support contract is required for access to patches and updates that are released monthly.{{cite web

| url = http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/howto-update-11dot1-ips-1866781.html

| title = How to Update to Oracle Solaris 11.1 Using the Image Packaging System

| publisher = Oracle Corporation

| date = November 30, 2012

| access-date = July 17, 2013

| archive-date = August 9, 2013

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130809152854/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/howto-update-11dot1-ips-1866781.html

| url-status = live

}}

Notable features of Solaris include DTrace, Doors, Service Management Facility, Solaris Containers, Solaris Multiplexed I/O, Solaris Volume Manager, ZFS, and Solaris Trusted Extensions.

Updates to Solaris versions are periodically issued. In the past, these were named after the month and year of their release, such as "Solaris 10 1/13"; as of Solaris 11, sequential update numbers are appended to the release name with a period, such as "Oracle Solaris 11.4".

In ascending order, the following versions of Solaris have been released:

{{Version|l|show=111100}}

{{Timeline Solaris}}

A more comprehensive summary of some Solaris versions is also available.{{cite web

| url = http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/solaris/versions

| title = SunOS & Solaris Version History

| access-date = September 10, 2006

| publisher = UC Berkeley Open Computing Facility

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060708215337/http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/solaris/versions

| archive-date = July 8, 2006

}} Solaris releases are also described in the Solaris 2 FAQ.{{cite web

|url = http://www.science.uva.nl/pub/solaris/solaris2/Q1.5.html

|title = What machines does Solaris 2.x run on?

|access-date = September 10, 2006

|author = Casper Dik

|date = April 26, 2005

|work = Solaris 2 FAQ

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901012636/http://www.science.uva.nl/pub/solaris/solaris2/Q1.5.html

|archive-date = September 1, 2006

}}

The underlying Solaris codebase has been under continuous development since work began in the late 1980s on what was eventually released as Solaris 2.0. Each version such as Solaris 10 is based on a snapshot of this development codebase, taken near the time of its release, which is then maintained as a derived project. Updates to that project are built and delivered several times a year until the next official release comes out.

The Solaris version under development by Sun since the release of Solaris 10 in 2005, was codenamed Nevada, and is derived from what is now the OpenSolaris codebase.

In 2003, an addition to the Solaris development process was initiated. Under the program name Software Express for Solaris (or just Solaris Express), a binary release based on the current development basis was made available for download on a monthly basis, allowing anyone to try out new features and test the quality and stability of the OS as it progressed to the release of the next official Solaris version.{{cite press release

| url = http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2003-09/sunflash.20030916.5.xml

| date = September 16, 2003

| title = 10 New Network Services Components Featured in Sun's Java Enterprise System; New Software Express Program Accelerates Customer Access to Future Technologies

| access-date = August 16, 2008

| publisher = Sun Microsystems

| archive-date = March 25, 2007

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070325054726/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2003-09/sunflash.20030916.5.xml

| url-status = live

}} A later change to this program introduced a quarterly release model with support available, renamed Solaris Express Developer Edition (SXDE).

In 2007, Sun announced Project Indiana with several goals, including providing an open source binary distribution of the OpenSolaris project, replacing SXDE.{{cite web

|url = http://sun.com/featured-articles/2007-0731/feature/

|title = Project Indiana

|access-date = December 1, 2007

|author = Robert Baty

|date = July 31, 2007

|publisher = Sun Microsystems

}} The first release of this distribution was OpenSolaris 2008.05.

The Solaris Express Community Edition (SXCE) was intended specifically for OpenSolaris developers.{{cite web

|url = http://opensolaris.org/os/downloads/on/

|title = Operating System/Networking (ON) Download Center

|access-date = December 12, 2006

|work = OpenSolaris web site

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061210234421/http://opensolaris.org/os/downloads/on/

|archive-date = December 10, 2006

}} It was updated every two weeks until it was discontinued in January 2010, with a recommendation that users migrate to the OpenSolaris distribution.{{cite web

|url = http://mail.opensolaris.org/pipermail/opensolaris-announce/2010-January/001356.html

|title = Update on SXCE

|access-date = March 21, 2010

|author = Derek Cicero

|date = January 6, 2010

|publisher = Sun Microsystems

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100312151007/http://mail.opensolaris.org/pipermail/opensolaris-announce/2010-January/001356.html

|archive-date = March 12, 2010

}} Although the download license seen when downloading the image files indicates its use is limited to personal, educational and evaluation purposes, the license acceptance form displayed when the user actually installs from these images lists additional uses including commercial and production environments.

SXCE releases terminated with build 130 and OpenSolaris releases terminated with build 134 a few weeks later. The next release of OpenSolaris based on build 134 was due in March 2010, but it was never fully released, though the packages were made available on the package repository. Instead, Oracle renamed the binary distribution Solaris 11 Express, changed the license terms and released build 151a as 2010.11 in November 2010.

{{See also|OpenSolaris#Derivatives|illumos#Current distributions|Comparison of OpenSolaris distributions}}

• illumos – A fully open source fork of the project, started in 2010 by a community of Sun OpenSolaris engineers and Nexenta OS. OpenSolaris was not 100% open source: Some drivers and some libraries were property of other companies that Sun (now Oracle) licensed and was not able to release.
• OpenIndiana – A project under the illumos umbrella aiming "... to become the de facto OpenSolaris distribution installed on production servers where security and bug fixes are required free of charge."{{Citation

| title = Frequently Asked Questions

| url = http://wiki.openindiana.org:8080/display/oi/Frequently+Asked+Questions

| publisher = OpenIndiana

| access-date = 2012-12-29

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094047/http://wiki.openindiana.org:8080/display/oi/Frequently+Asked+Questions

| archive-date = February 9, 2011

| url-status = dead

}}

• SchilliX{{Citation

|title = Preliminary Release

|url = http://schillix.sourceforge.net/

|publisher = Jörg Schilling

|date = 2017-01-17

|access-date = 2017-09-09

|archive-date = September 8, 2024

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240908005502/https://sourceforge.net/projects/schillix/

|url-status = live

}} – The first LiveCD released after OpenSolaris code was opened to public.

• napp-it{{Citation

| title = napp-it ZFS server appliance

| url = http://www.napp-it.org/index_en.html

| access-date = 2012-12-29

| archive-date = April 24, 2021

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210424121855/http://www.napp-it.org/index_en.html

| url-status = live

}} – A webmanaged ZFS storage appliance based on Solaris and the free forks like OmniOS with a Free and Pro edition.

• NexentaStor – Optimized for storage workloads, based on Nexenta OS.
• SmartOS – Virtualization centered derivative from MNX Solutions (previously Joyent).

• OpenSolaris – A project initiated by Sun Microsystems, discontinued after the acquisition by Oracle.
• Nexenta OS (discontinued October 31, 2012) – First distribution based on Ubuntu userland with Solaris-derived kernel.{{Citation

| title = DownloadMirrors - Nexenta Project Wiki

| url = http://www.nexenta.org/os/DownloadMirrors

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100405120551/http://www.nexenta.org/os/DownloadMirrors

| archive-date = 2010-04-05

}}

• StormOS (discontinued September 14, 2012{{Citation

| title = StormOS is dead. Long live osdyson

| url = http://www.stormos.org/node/2378

| publisher = stormos.org

| date = 2012-09-14

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131010001228/http://www.stormos.org/node/2378

| archive-date = 2013-10-10

}}) – A lightweight desktop OS based on Nexenta OS and Xfce.

• MartUX{{Citation

|title = Preliminary Release

|url = http://openindiana.org/pipermail/openindiana-discuss/2012-September/009792.html

|publisher = Martin Bochnig

|date = 2012-09-27

|access-date = 2014-02-13

|archive-date = June 25, 2021

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625133644/https://openindiana.org/pipermail/openindiana-discuss/2012-September/009792.html

|url-status = live

}}{{Citation

| title = MartUX

| url = https://archiveos.org/MartUX/

| date = 2016-06-14

| author = pavroo

| access-date = 2018-02-02}} – The first SPARC distribution of OpenSolaris, with an alpha prototype released by Martin Bochnig in April 2006. It was distributed as a Live CD but is later available only on DVD as it has had the Blastwave community software added.{{cite web |url=http://www.blastwave.org/ |date=September 20, 2006 |title=Blastwave Open Source Sun Software |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920105147/http://www.blastwave.org/ |archive-date=September 20, 2006}} Its goal was to become a desktop operating system. The first SPARC release was a small Live CD, released as marTux_0.2 Live CD{{Citation

| title = Preliminary SPARC 4u Release

| url = http://www.martux.org/

| website = marTux

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060920091101/http://www.martux.org/

| archive-date=2006-09-20

| url-status = usurped

| publisher = Martin Bochnig

| date = 2006-09-13

| access-date = 2014-02-13

}} in summer of 2006, the first straight OpenSolaris distribution for SPARC (not to be confused with GNOME metacity theme). It was later re-branded as MartUX and the next releases included full SPARC installers in addition to the Live media. Much later, MartUX was re-branded as OpenSXCE when it moved to the first OpenSolaris release to support both SPARC and Intel architectures after Sun was acquired by Oracle.{{cite web| url = http://netmgt.blogspot.com/2013/03/tab-update-opensxce-march-3013.html| title = Tab Update: OpenSXCE March 2013 Distribution| website = Network Management| date = March 13, 2013}}

• MilaX – A small Live CD/Live USB{{Citation

|title = MilaX

|url = http://www.milax.org/

|publisher = Alexander R. Eremin

|access-date = 2012-12-29

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180622065618/http://milax.org/

|archive-date = June 22, 2018

|url-status = dead

}}{{Citation

|title = MilaX

|url = https://archiveos.org/milax/

|date = 2015-08-11

|author = pavroo

|access-date = 2018-02-02

|archive-date = February 3, 2018

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180203235712/https://archiveos.org/milax/

|url-status = live

}} with minimal set of packages to fit a 90 MB image.

• Dyson – illumos kernel with GNU userland and packages from Debian. Project is no longer active and the website is offline.
• EON ZFS Storage{{Citation

| title = EON ZFS Storage

| url = http://sites.google.com/site/eonstorage/

| access-date = 2012-12-29

| archive-date = September 8, 2024

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240908005356/https://sites.google.com/site/eonstorage/

| url-status = live

}} – A NAS implementation targeted at embedded systems.

• Jaris OS – Live DVD and also installable.{{Citation|title=Project Jaris |url=http://jaris.jp/index2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722111050/http://jaris.jp/ |archive-date=July 22, 2011 }} Pronounced according to the IPA{{how|date=September 2020}} but in English as Yah-Rees. This distribution has been heavily modified to fully support a version of Wine called Madoris that can install and run Windows programs at native speed. Jaris stands for "Japanese Solaris". Madoris is a combination of the Japanese word for Windows "mado" and Solaris.
• OpenSXCE – An OpenSolaris distribution release for both 32-bit and 64-bit x86 platforms and SPARC microprocessors, initially produced from OpenSolaris source code repository, ported to the illumos source code repository to form OpenIndiana's first[http://openindiana.org/pipermail/openindiana-discuss/2012-September/009792.html 151a0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625133644/https://openindiana.org/pipermail/openindiana-discuss/2012-September/009792.html |date=June 25, 2021 }} (and soon to be last) SPARC distribution.{{Citation

|url = https://archiveos.org/opensxce/

|title = OpenSXCE

|date = January 8, 2016

|author = pavroo

|access-date = 2018-02-02

|archive-date = September 8, 2024

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240908005502/https://archiveos.org/opensxce/

|url-status = live

}} Notably, the first OpenSolaris distribution with illumos source for SPARC based upon OpenIndiana, OpenSXCE finally moved to a new source code repository, based upon DilOS.

• Robert Lipschutz and Gregg Harrington from PC Magazine reviewed Solaris 9 in 2002:{{cite magazine| url = https://www.pcmag.com/archive/solaris-9-not-flashy-but-solid-25318| title = Solaris 9: Not Flashy but Solid| magazine = PC Magazine| date = May 7, 2002| access-date = January 15, 2022| archive-date = January 15, 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115022004/https://www.pcmag.com/archive/solaris-9-not-flashy-but-solid-25318| url-status = live}}

{{cquote|All in all, Sun has stayed the course with Solaris 9. While its more user-friendly management is welcome, that probably won't be enough to win over converts. What may is the platform's reliability, flexibility, and power.}}

• Robert Lipschutz also reviewed Solaris 10:{{cite magazine| url = https://www.pcmag.com/archive/solaris-10-148842| title = Solaris 10| magazine = PC Magazine| date = March 31, 2005}}

{{cquote|Be that as it may, since the Solaris 10 download is free, it behooves any IT manager to load it on an extra server and at least give it a try.}}

• Tom Henderson reviewed Solaris 10 for Network World:{{cite web| url = https://www.networkworld.com/article/861554/lan-wan-solaris-10-heads-for-linux-territory.html| title = Solaris 10 heads for Linux territory| first = Tom| last = Henderson| website = Network World| date = February 28, 2005| access-date = April 26, 2024| archive-date = September 8, 2024| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240908005357/https://www.networkworld.com/article/861554/lan-wan-solaris-10-heads-for-linux-territory.html| url-status = live}}

{{cquote|Solaris 10 provides a flexible background for securely dividing system resources, providing performance guarantees and tracking usage for these containers. Creating basic containers and populating them with user applications and resources is simple. But some cases may require quite a bit of fine-tuning.}}

• Robert Escue for OSNews:{{cite web | url = http://www.osnews.com/story/9865 | title = Review of Solaris 10 | first = Robert | last = Escue | date = March 2, 2005 | website = OSNews | access-date = July 8, 2018 | archive-date = June 20, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153256/http://www.osnews.com/story/9865 | url-status = live }}

{{cquote|I think that Sun has put some really nice touches on Solaris 10 that make it a better operating system for both administrators and users. The security enhancements are a long time coming, but are worth the wait. Is Solaris 10 perfect, in a word no it is not. But for most uses, including a desktop OS I think Solaris 10 is a huge improvement over previous releases.}}

• Thomas Greene for The Register:{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/08/16/solaris_x86_not_too_shabby/ | title = Sun's Linux killer shows promise | first = Thomas C | last = Greene | date = August 16, 2005 | website = The Register | access-date = July 8, 2018 | archive-date = June 20, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180620203731/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/08/16/solaris_x86_not_too_shabby/ | url-status = live }}

{{cquote|We've had fun with Solaris 10. It's got virtues that we definitely admire. What it needs to compete with Linux will be easier to bring about than what it's already got. It could become a Linux killer, or at least a serious competitor on Linux's turf. The only question is whether Sun has the will to see it through.}}

• IBM AIX
• HP-UX
• illumos
• Trusted Solaris
• Oracle VM Server for SPARC

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Official website}}
• [https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/solaris.html Solaris Documentation]
• {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525101430/http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/servers/sparc/oracle-sparc/sparc-roadmap-slide-2076743.pdf |title= Oracle SPARC and Solaris Public Roadmap}}
• [http://www.oracle.com/us/support/library/lifetime-support-hardware-301321.pdf Lifetime Support Policy: Oracle and Sun System Software and Operating Systems]
• [http://www.sunhelp.org SunHELP] – Sun/Solaris News, References, and Information
• [http://www.softpanorama.org/Articles/solaris_vs_linux.shtml Nikolai Bezroukov. Solaris vs. Linux: Ecosystem-based Approach and Framework for the Comparison in Large Enterprise Environments] – Large Softpanorama article comparing Solaris 10 and Linux 2.6
• {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126085820/http://everythingsolaris.org/ |title=Everything Solaris}} – Solaris information site by Michael Holve

{{Unix-like}}

{{Oracle}}

{{Solaris}}

{{Operating system}}

{{Sun Microsystems}}

{{GNOME}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solaris (Operating System)}}

Category:1992 software

Category:Formerly open-source or free software

Category:OpenSolaris

Category:Oracle Corporation

Category:Oracle software

Category:Proprietary operating systems

Category:Sun Microsystems software

Category:UNIX System V

Category:IA-32 operating systems

Category:X86-64 operating systems