Orchard

An orchard's layout is the technique of planting the crops in a proper system.

There are different methods of planting and thus different layouts. Some of these layout types are:{{cn|date=September 2024}}

• Square method
• Rectangular method
• Quincunx method
• Triangular method
• Hexagonal method
• Contour or terrace method

For different varieties, these systems may vary to some extent.

File:A peach orchard in bloom (I0005494).tif]

The most extensive orchards in the United States are apple and orange orchards, although citrus orchards are more commonly called groves. The most extensive apple orchard area is in eastern Washington state, with a lesser but significant apple orchard area in most of Upstate New York. Extensive orange orchards are found in Florida and southern California. In eastern North America, many orchards are along the shores of Lake Michigan (such as the Fruit Ridge Region), Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

In Canada, apple and other fruit orchards are widespread on the Niagara Peninsula, south of Lake Ontario. This region is known as Canada Fruitbelt and, in addition to large-scale commercial fruit marketing, it encourages "pick-your-own" activities in the harvest season.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

In Spain, Murcia is a major orchard area (or la huerta) in Europe, with citrus crops. New Zealand, China, Argentina, and Chile also have extensive apple orchards.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Tenbury Wells in Worcestershire has been called The Town in the Orchard, since the 19th century, because it was surrounded by extensive orchards. Today, this heritage is celebrated through an annual Applefest.{{cite web|url=http://www.applefest.org.uk|title=The Teme Valley Times supports the Tenbury Applefest|work=applefest.org.uk|access-date=2020-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626210845/http://applefest.org.uk/|archive-date=2017-06-26|url-status=dead}}

Streuobstwiese (pl. {{Lang|de|Streuobstwiesen}}) is a German word that means a meadow with scattered fruit trees or fruit trees that are planted in a field.{{cite web|url=http://www.dict.cc/german-english/Streuobstwiese.html|title=dict.cc dictionary :: Streuobstwiese :: German-English translation|work=dict.cc}} {{Lang|de|Streuobstwiese}}, or a meadow orchard,Streuobstwiese: meadow orchard in [http://dictionary.reverso.net/german-english/Streuobstwiese German-English Collins Dictionary] is a traditional landscape in the temperate, maritime climate of continental Western Europe. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, {{Lang|de|Streuobstwiesen}} were a kind of a rural community orchard that were intended for the productive cultivation of stone fruit. In recent years, ecologists have successfully lobbied for state subsidies to valuable habitats, biodiversity and natural landscapes, which are also used to preserve old meadow orchards. Both conventional and meadow orchards provide a suitable habitat for many animal species that live in a cultured landscape. A notable example is the hoopoe that nests in tree hollows of old fruit trees and, in the absence of alternative nesting sites, is threatened in many parts of Europe because of the destruction of old orchards.Berhens M. [http://www.foei.org/en/publications/pdfs/wel-e.pdf Why hoopoes won't trade]. A Pro Natura Publication on the Global Economy and Nature. Pro Natura, Switzerland, pp. 8–9. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327052340/http://www.foei.org/en/publications/pdfs/wel-e.pdf |date=March 27, 2009 }}

File:Lemon Orchard in the Galilee by David Shankbone.jpg|A lemon orchard in the Upper Galilee in Israel

File:Orchard3.jpg|A community apple orchard originally planted for productive use during the 1920s, in Westcliff on Sea (Essex, England)

File:Tuebingen Streuobstwiese.jpg|Streuobstwiese, a rural community orchard, traditionally for productive use. Today endorsed for its quality of habitat and biodiversity.

File:Azwell WA.jpg|Apple orchards in Azwell, Washington, surrounding a community of pickers' cabins

File:Sour cherry 3428.JPG|Sour cherry orchard on Lake Erie shoreline (Leamington, Ontario)

File:AppleOrchard.jpg|Old growth apple orchard in Ottawa, Canada

• Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts, was the residence of American celebrated writer Louisa May Alcott.
• Fruita, Utah, part of Capitol Reef National Park has Mormon pioneer orchards maintained by the United States National Park Service.

Historical orchards have large, mature trees spaced for heavy equipment. Modern commercial apple orchards, by contrast and as one example, are often "high-density" (tree density above {{cvt|150|PD/acre|order=flip|disp=or}}), and in extreme cases have up to {{cvt|9000|PD/acre|order=flip}}. These plants are no longer trees in the traditional sense, but instead resemble vines on dwarf stock and require trellises to support them.{{cite web|last1=Parker|first1=Michael|display-authors=etal|title=High Density Apple Orchard Management|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/high-density-apple-orchard-management|publisher=North Carolina State University|access-date=26 July 2017|ref=AG-581}}

File:Крушови дрвја во Сирково 02.jpg|Pear orchard in Sirkovo, North Macedonia

File:Цреши МК 10.jpg|Cherry orchard in Sirkovo, North Macedonia

File:Овоштарник со праски.jpg|Peach orchard in Sirkovo, North Macedonia

Now new "Smart Orchards" are being set up throughout the world.{{Cite web |last=Sciforce |date=2023-01-25 |title=Smart Farming: The Future of Agriculture |url=https://www.iotforall.com/smart-farming-future-of-agriculture |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=IoT For All |language=en-US}} The first examples of such orchards are the Smart Orchard at Washington , United States of America by Innov8 and Washington State University{{Cite web |title=SMART ORCHARD |url=https://www.innov8.ag/smartorchard |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Innov8 Ag |language=en}} and Samriti Bagh orchard created in Maraog, India by Tejasvi Dogra{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/241575/tejasvi-dogra-apple-orchard-farmer-lawyer-shimla-technology-alexa-smart-farming-italian-apples-himachal-pradesh-him16%E2%80%A8/|title=Shimla Lawyer Controls Irrigation of Apple Orchard Sitting 100 Km Away. Here's How|first=Himanshu|last=Nitnaware|date=November 9, 2020|website=The Better India}} that incorporates the use of various sensors for orchard management.{{Cite web|last=zenger.news|date=2020-11-22|title=Apple Orchards Get Love and Care from Miles Away|url=http://tntribune.com/apple-orchards-get-love-and-care-from-miles-away/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Tennessee Tribune|language=en-US}}

• Natural England, through its Countryside Stewardship Scheme, Environmental Stewardship and Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme, gives grant aid and advice for the maintenance, enhancement or re-creation of historical orchards.{{cite book |title=Entry Level Stewardship Handbook|year=2008 |publisher=Natural England|isbn=978-1-84754-080-5 |page=29}}
• The Orchard Link organisation provides advice on how to manage and restore the county of Devon's orchards, as well as enabling the local community to use the local orchard produce.{{cite web|url=http://www.orchardlink.org.uk|title=Welcome to orchardlink.org.uk|work=orchardlink.org.uk}} An organisation called Orchards Live carries out similar work in North Devon.{{cite web|url=http://www.orchardslive.org.uk/|title=Orchards Live - About Us|work=orchardslive.org.uk}}
• People's Trust for Endangered Species (PTES) has mapped every traditional orchard within England and Wales and manages the national inventory for this habitat.PTES Traditional Orchard Survey
• The UK Biodiversity Partnership lists traditional orchards and a priority UK Biodiversity Action Plan habitat.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukbap.org.uk/|title=Working as a Biologist & Safety At Work Accidents UKBAP|date=January 25, 2017}}
• The Wiltshire Traditional Orchards Project maps, conserves and restores traditional orchards within Wiltshire, England.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
• An interim report from the National Trust showed that orchards had reduced in scale from approximately 95,000 hectares in the period 1892–1914, to 41,000 hectares overall in 2022.{{Cite book |last=Dommett |first=Tom |url=https://nt.global.ssl.fastly.net/documents/lost-blossom-study-2022.pdf |title=Blossom over Time: Interim Report |publisher=National Trust |year=2022 |access-date=2022-08-01 |archive-date=2022-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325040354/https://nt.global.ssl.fastly.net/documents/lost-blossom-study-2022.pdf |url-status=dead }} The campaign #BlossomWatch is part of a wider programme of work by the Trust to plant 68 new orchards by 2025,{{Cite web |date=2019-04-27 |title=National Trust to create 68 orchards by 2025 to boost wildlife |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/27/national-trust-to-create-68-orchards-by-2025-to-boost-wildlife |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=the Guardian |language=en}} and four million trees with blossom by 2030.{{Cite news |date=2022-03-24 |title=Orchards vanishing from the landscape, says National Trust |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60834796 |access-date=2022-07-19}}

• Belle van Dorn Harbert (born 1860), fruit farmer, founder of International Congress of Farm Women{{cn|date=September 2024}}

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• Climate-friendly gardening
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• Forest farming
• Forest gardening
• Fruit tree forms
• Fruit tree pollination
• Fruit tree propagation
• Fruit tree pruning
• Wood industry

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{{Commons}}

• [http://www.homeorchardsociety.org Home Orchard Society]
• [http://ssfruit.cas.psu.edu/ Pennsylvania tree fruit production guide; a guide on how to set up an orchard in practice]
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Orchard}}

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