Ordinary (church officer)#Catholic usage

In canon law, the power to govern the church is divided into the power to make laws (legislative), enforce the laws (executive), and to judge based on the law (judicial).[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_PF.HTM#1.0.0.8.0.0.135 c. 135 §1], Code of Canon Law, 1983 An official exercises power to govern either because he holds an office to which the law grants governing power or because someone with governing power has delegated it to him. Ordinary power is the former, while the latter is delegated power.[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_PF.HTM#1.0.0.8.0.0.131 c. 131 §1], Code of Canon Law, 1983 The office with ordinary power could possess the governing power itself (proper ordinary power) or instead it could have the ordinary power of agency, the inherent power to exercise someone else's power (vicarious ordinary power).§ 2, Code of Canon Law, 1983

The law vesting ordinary power could either be ecclesiastical law, i.e. the positive enactments that the church has established for itself, or divine law, i.e. the laws which were given to the Church by God."[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11284b.htm Ordinary]," The Catholic Encyclopedia As an example of divinely instituted ordinaries, when Jesus established the Church, he also established the episcopate and the primacy of Peter, endowing the offices with power to govern the Church.See Lumen gentium and Pastor aeternus Thus, in the Catholic Church, the office of successor of Simon Peter and the office of diocesan bishop possess their ordinary power even in the absence of positive enactments from the Church.

Many officers possess ordinary power but, due to their lack of ordinary executive power, are not called ordinaries. The best example of this phenomenon is the office of judicial vicar, a.k.a. officialis. The judicial vicar only has authority through his office to exercise the diocesan bishop's power to judge cases.[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P5C.HTM#7.1.0.2.1.1.1419 c. 1420 § 1], Code of Canon Law (1983) Though the vicar has vicarious ordinary judicial power, he is not an ordinary because he lacks ordinary executive power. A vicar general, however, has authority through his office to exercise the diocesan bishop's executive power.[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P1O.HTM#2.2.2.3.2.1.479 c. 479 § 1], Code of Canon Law, 1983 He is therefore an ordinary because of this vicarious ordinary executive power.

{{See also|Hierarchy of the Catholic Church#Ordinaries and local ordinaries|Bishops in the Catholic Church}}

Local ordinaries exercise ordinary power and are ordinaries in particular churches.[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_PF.HTM#1.0.0.8.0.0.134 c. 134 §§1–2], Code of Canon Law, 1983 The following clerics are local ordinaries:

• The Bishop of Rome (the pope) is ordinary for the whole Catholic Church.{{cite web|title=Canon 880–882|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|work=1983 Code of Canon Law|access-date=21 August 2009}}[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canons 43 and 45]
• In Eastern Catholic churches, patriarchs, major archbishops, and metropolitans have ordinary power of governance for the whole territory of their respective autonomous particular churches.[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canons 78, 152 and 157]
• Diocesan/eparchial bishops/eparchs
• Other prelates who head, even if only temporarily, a particular church or a community equivalent to it. Canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law lists five Latin jurisdictional areas that are considered equivalent to a diocese.[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P1C.HTM#2.2.2.1.1.0.368 Code of Canon Law, canon 368] These are headed by:
• A territorial prelate, formerly called a prelate nullius dioceseos (of no diocese), in charge of a geographical area that has not yet been raised to the level of diocese
• A territorial abbot, in charge of an area, which in mission countries can be quite vast, associated with an abbey
• An apostolic vicar (normally a bishop of a titular see), in charge of an apostolic vicariate, usually in a mission country, not yet ready to be made a diocese
• An apostolic prefect (usually not a bishop), in charge of an apostolic prefecture, not yet ready to be made an apostolic vicariate
• A permanent apostolic administrator, in charge of a geographical area that for serious reasons cannot be made a diocese.
• To these may be added:
• An apostolic exarch (normally a bishop of a titular see), in charge of an apostolic exarchate—not yet ready to be made an eparchy—for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area that is situated outside the home territory of that Eastern Church
• A military ordinariate
• A personal prelate, in charge of a group of persons without regard to geography: the only personal prelature existing is that of Opus Dei
• An apostolic administrator of a personal apostolic administration: only one exists, the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney
• An ordinary of a personal ordinariate for former Anglicans[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus of 4 November 2009]
• A superior of an autonomous mission
• Of somewhat similar standing is the diocesan administrator (formerly called a vicar capitular) elected to govern a diocese during a vacancy. Apart from certain limitations of nature and law, he has, on a caretaker basis, the same obligations and powers as a diocesan bishop.[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1H.HTM Code of Canon Law, canons 427–429] Occasionally an apostolic administrator is appointed by the Holy See to run a vacant diocese, or even a diocese whose bishop is incapacitated or otherwise impeded.

Also classified as local ordinaries, although they do not head a particular church or equivalent community are:

• Vicars general and protosyncelli
• Episcopal vicars and syncelli

Major superiors of religious institutes (including abbots) and of societies of apostolic life are ordinaries of their respective memberships, but not local ordinaries.[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_PF.HTM#1.0.0.8.0.0.134 Code of Canon Law, canon 134]

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, a hierarch (ruling bishop) holds uncontested authority within the boundaries of his own diocese; no other bishop may perform any sacerdotal functions without the ruling bishop's express invitation. The violation of this rule is called eispēdēsis (Greek: εἰσπήδησις, "trespassing", literally "jumping in"), and is uncanonical. Ultimately, all bishops in the Church are equal, regardless of any title they may enjoy (Patriarch, Metropolitan, Archbishop, etc.). The role of the bishop in the Orthodox Church is both hierarchical and sacramental.{{Citation|last = Ware|first = Timothy|author-link = Timothy Ware|title = The Orthodox Church|place = London|publisher = Penguin Books|year = 1964|page = [https://archive.org/details/orthodoxchurchac00ware/page/21 21]|isbn = 0-14-020592-6|url = https://archive.org/details/orthodoxchurchac00ware/page/21}}

This pattern of governance dates back to the earliest centuries of Christianity, as witnessed by the writings of Ignatius of Antioch ({{circa|100 AD}}):

The bishop in each Church presides in the place of God.... Let no one do any of the things which concern the Church without the bishop.... Wherever the bishop appears, there let the people be, just as wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church.

• Military ordinariate

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