Ouachita people
{{Short description|Historical Native American tribe in Louisiana}}
{{use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Ouachita
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| total = merged into Caddo Confederacy
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| regions = Louisiana
| languages = Caddoan language
| religions = Indigenous religion
| related_groups = other Caddo peoples
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The Ouachita were a Native American tribe who lived in northeastern Louisiana along the Ouachita River.Sturtevant, 617
Name
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Their name has also been pronounced as Washita by English speakers. The spelling "Ouachita" and pronunciation "Wah-sha-taw" came about as a result of French settlers and their influence. Many landscape features and places have been named for them since colonization of the region by Europeans and Americans.
History
The Ouachita were loosely affiliated with the Caddo Confederacy.Sturtevant, 616 Their traditional homelands were the lower reaches of the Ouachita RiverSturtevant, 630 in present-day northeastern Louisiana and along the Black River.{{cite web |url=http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/indiantribehistory6.htm |title=Small Indian Tribal History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012075446/http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/indiantribehistory6.htm |archive-date=2009-10-12 |work=Access Genealogy |access-date=9 September 2009}} Around 1690, the tribe is believed to have settled at Pargoud Landing on the Ouachita River. This was later the site of a French trading post, and ultimately the present-day city of Monroe, Louisiana developed around it.{{cite web |url=http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/CADDO/tribal2.htm |title=The Caddo Indians of Louisiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231135058/http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/CADDO/tribal2.htm |archive-date=2009-12-31 |publisher=Louisiana Division of Archaeology |access-date=9 September 2009}}
Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, a French-Canadian colonizer, encountered the Ouachita people in 1700. He first met members of the tribe transporting salt to the Taensa. Bienville traveled to the principal Ouachita village, which he described as housing 70 people in five houses. The Ouachita assimilated into the Natchitoches tribe by the 1720s. Today's descendants are enrolled in the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma.
The Ouachita are known for their traditional practice of burying horses.
Namesakes
The Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma and Arkansas and Ouachita River of Arkansas and Louisiana were named for the tribe, as was Lake Ouachita. The Washita River, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, and Washita County, Oklahoma, were also named for the tribe,{{cite journal |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v002/v002p075.html |title=Origin of County Names in Oklahoma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218084724/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v002/v002p075.html |archive-date=2009-02-18 |work=Chronicles of Oklahoma |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=81 |date=March 1924 |access-date=September 9, 2009}} as well as the town of Washita, Oklahoma.
According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the name comes from the French transliteration of the Caddo word washita, meaning "good hunting grounds".{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Cole |first1=Shayne R. |first2=Richard A. |last2=Marston |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |title=Ouachita Mountains |access-date=October 14, 2018|url=http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OU001}} Louis R. Harlan claimed that "Ouachita" is composed of the Choctaw words ouac for buffalo and chito for large, together meaning "country of large buffaloes". At one time, herds of buffalo inhabited the lowland areas of the Ouachitas.{{cite journal|last1=Harlan|first1=L. R.| date=1834|title=Notice of Fossil Bones Found in the Tertiary Formation of the State of Louisiana|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|volume= 4|pages=397–403|doi=10.2307/1004838|jstor=1004838 }} Historian Muriel H. Wright wrote that "Ouachita" is composed of the Choctaw words owa for hunt and chito for big, together meaning "big hunt far from home".{{cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=M. H.|date=1929|title=Some Geographic Names of French Origin in Oklahoma|journal=Chronicles of Oklahoma|volume= 7|issue=2|pages=188–193}}
Spelling variations
Notes
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References
- Bolton, Herbet E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tBEu_DCtDeQC&q=Nocono&pg=PA47 The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans As Seen by the Earliest Europeans.] Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-8061-3441-3}}.
- Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. {{ISBN|0-16-072300-0}}.
External links
- [https://mycaddonation.com/ Caddo Nation]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231135058/http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/CADDO/tribal2.htm The Caddo Indians of Louisiana.]
{{Caddo}}
{{Mississippian and related cultures}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}
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Category:Native American tribes in Louisiana
Category:Native American tribes in Oklahoma