Ouragan-class landing platform dock
{{Short description|Landing platform dock ship built for French Navy}}
| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image |Ship image=Ouragan DN-SC-90-08859s.jpg |Ship caption=Ouragan at sea during exercise Dragon Hammer 90 }} {{Infobox ship class overview |Class name=Ouragan class |Builders=Brest Arsenal (DCN) |Operators={{navy|France|Marine Nationale}} |Class before= |Class after={{sclass|Bougainville|landing platform dock|4}} |Subclasses= |Built range=1962–1968 |In commission range=1965–2007 |Total ships building= |Total ships planned=2 |Total ships completed=2 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost= |Total ships retired= |Total ships preserved= |Total ships scrapped=2 }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption=as built |Ship type= Landing platform dock |Ship displacement=* {{cvt|5800|t|LT|lk=on}} standard
|Ship length=* {{cvt|149.0|m|ftin}} oa
|Ship beam= {{cvt|21.5|m|ftin}} |Ship draught={{cvt|5.4|m|ftin}} |Ship propulsion=* 2 SEMT-Pielstick 12 PC 2V diesel engines, Ouragan total {{cvt|8600|hp|kW|order=flip}}
|Ship speed={{Convert|17|kn|lk=in}} |Ship range={{cvt|9000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}} |Ship complement=211 |Ship sensors=* Ouragan only
|Ship EW= |Ship armament=* Ouragan only
|Ship armour= |Ship aircraft=3 × Aérospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon or 10 Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopters |Ship aircraft facilities= {{cvt|900|m2}} flight deck |Ship notes= }} |
The Ouragan class ({{langx|fr|Hurricane}}) was a series of French landing platform docks operated by the Marine Nationale. They were designated Transport de chalands de débarquement (TCD) (in English: landing craft transport) in French service. The Ouragan class was the first series of landing platform docks designed and constructed by France. The two ships entered service in the late 1960s and both ships saw service in the Pacific Ocean as part of the French nuclear programme. They were initially intended to be replaced by the {{sclass|Foudre|landing platform dock|1}}s in the 1990s. However, due to delays, they were kept in service until they were replaced by the {{sclass|Mistral|amphibious assault ship}}s in the 2000s. A possible sale to Argentina fell through after concerns of asbestos arose. Both ships were taken out of service in 2007 and were scrapped in Belgium in 2016 and 2017 respectively.
Background
In the immediate post-World War II era, the French Navy acquired a series of American and British amphibious warfare ships. This was done in order to gain knowledge and experience with these ship types. The French acquired the {{sclass|Casa Grande|dock landing ship}} {{ship|French ship|Foudre|A646|2}} in 1952 via the Mutual Defense Assistance Program. Foudre served until 1969 and was the basis for French knowledge of the ship type.{{sfn|Jordan|1995|pp=96, 125}}
Design and description
The class was designed for multi-mission capability. They had the ability to complete a fast loading and unloading of landing craft, and other equipment, carrying troops and vehicles for a land mission. The vessels could carry, supply and operate helicopters transporting commandos or providing close support. They could transport the mission crew and command a landing operation of limited scale. The Ouragan class had a standard displacement of {{convert|5800|t|LT|lk=on}} and {{cvt|8500|t|LT}} at full load. They were {{convert|149|m|ftin}} long overall and {{cvt|144.5|m|ftin}} between perpendiculars with a beam of {{cvt|21.5|m|ftin}} and a draught of {{convert|5.4|m|ftin}}.{{sfn|Jordan|1995|p=125}} When completely docked down they had a displacement of {{cvt|15000|t|LT}} and a draught of {{cvt|8.7|m|ftin}}.{{sfn|Sharpe|1991|p=200}} The vessels had a max complement of 213 personnel including 10 officers.{{sfn|Sharpe|1991|p=200}}{{efn|The number of crew fluctuates over time with a crew of 205 including 12 officers in 2004.{{sfn|Saunders|2004|p=238}}}}
Ouragan was powered by two SEMT-Pielstick 12 PC 2V diesel engines turning two shafts and controllable pitch propellers.{{sfn|Jordan|1995|p=125}} Ouragan{{'}}s powerplant created {{convert|8600|hp|kW|lk=on|order=flip}} and Orage{{'}}s, {{cvt|9400|hp|kW|order=flip}}. This gave the ships a maximum speed of {{convert|17|kn|lk=in}} and a range of {{convert|9000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.{{sfn|Saunders|2004|p=238}} The ships both created 2,650 kW of electrical power.{{sfn|Couhat|1986|p=134}}
=Amphibious warfare=
The ship had a {{convert|120|by|13.2|m|abbr=on}} well deck that could be submerged {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}} under water. The movement of water within the ship was control by sluices, valves and automatic pumps. The vessels were capable of filling the deck at {{cvt|3000|m3/h}} controlled from a central position. The well deck was accessed by a {{cvt|14|by|5.5|m}} stern gate.{{sfn|Couhat|1986|p=134}} Since the vessels were designed for multi-mission capability, the Ouragan class had several layouts. The standard layout allowed the vessels to transport 349 troops with 14 officers. For short distances the number could rise to 470 troops. The ships were supplied with two Engin de débarquement d'infanterie et de chars (EDICs) which could transport eleven light tanks or eight loaded Chaland de transport de matériel (CTMs) or with eighteen Mk 6 landing craft mechanized (LCMs) operating from the well deck.{{sfn|Couhat|1986|pp=134–135}}{{sfn|Sharpe|1991|p=200}} A further three landing craft vehicle personnel (LCVPs) could be carried topside.{{sfn|Jordan|1995|p=126}}
Mission flexibility was accomplished through the non-permanent sections of both the internal and external decks that could be removed. A {{convert|90|m|abbr=on}} temporary dock could be created from fifteen temporary sections that allowed for an increase in storage space for equipment, however the docking well was reduced to half its normal size.{{sfn|Couhat|1986|pp=134–135}} Logistically they could carry {{cvt|1500|t}} of equipment which was serviced by the two 35-ton cranes mounted above the docking well.{{sfn|Sharpe|1991|p=200}} Orage{{'}}s interior layout was altered, equipped with an enclosed flag bridge but with the removable decks and surgical compartments removed Furthermore, there was a large provision of decontamination areas. They were also designed as repair ships, able to dock ships up to {{convert|450|t|abbr=on}} within their well and had repair and maintenance facilities along with electrical and ordnance workshops.{{sfn|Jordan|1995|p=126}}
=Armament and electronic warfare=
Ouragan was originally armed with two single-mounted {{convert|120|mm|in|adj=on}} mortars and four single-mounted Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun. The 120 mm mortars had a range of {{cvt|10.8|nmi}} and fired a {{convert|24|kg}} shell. The 40 mm guns had a range of {{cvt|6.5|nmi}}. Orage was unarmed.{{sfn|Sharpe|1991|p=200}} However, in 1993, the two ships were upgraded with two Matra Simbad twin missile launchers armed with the Mistral infrared surface-to-air missile. The anti sea-skimmer missile has a homing range to {{cvt|2.2|nmi}} and carried a {{cvt|3|kg}} warhead. Orage was also given two single-mounted Breda/Mauser {{cvt|30|mm}}/70 guns.{{sfn|Saunders|2004|p=238}}
Ouragan was initially deployed with the SQS-17 sonar system.{{sfn|Jordan|1995|p=125}} In 1993, as part of their modernisation, both ships were equipped with Thomson-CSF DRBV 51A air/surface radar operating on the G band and for weapons control they were given two SAGEM VIGY-105 optronic systems. Ouragan{{'}}s sonar was removed in the refit.{{sfn|Saunders|2004|p=238}}
=Aircraft=
Ships of the Ouragan class had a {{convert|900|m2|adj=on}} flight deck that initially had the ability to operate three Aérospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon helicopters or ten Aérospatiale Alouette IIIs. To accommodate the flight deck, a small island was situated to the starboard side.{{sfn|Jordan|1995|pp=125–126}} They could have one further Super Frelon or three Alouettes fly from a removable six-section {{cvt|36|m}} flight deck area covering their well deck space.{{sfn|Couhat|1986|pp=134–135}} Within its hold, it could carry 18 Super Frelons and 80 Alouettes for transport purposes only.{{sfn|Jordan|1995|p=125}}
Ships in class
| class="wikitable" |
| colspan="7"|Ouragan class construction data{{sfn|Couhat|1986|p=134}} |
|---|
| scope="col"| Pennant no.
! scope="col"| Name ! scope="col"| Builder ! scope="col"| Laid down ! scope="col"| Launched ! scope="col"| Commissioned ! scope="col"| Fate |
| scope="row"| L9021
| {{ship|French landing platform dock|Ouragan|L9021|2}} | rowspan="2" | DCN Brest | June 1962 | 9 November 1963 | 1 June 1965 | Retired 2007, scrapped at Ghent, Belgium in 2016 |
| scope="row"| L9022
| {{ship|French landing platform dock|Orage|L9022|2}} | June 1966 | 22 April 1967 | 1 March 1968 | Retired 2007, scrapped at Ghent, Belgium in 2017 |
Service history
The landing dock ships Ouragan and Orage docked in [[Toulon|thumb]]
File:Ouragan HMS-Intrepid DN-SC-90-08863rc.jpg
Ouragan was assigned to the Pacific Experimental Centre, the French nuclear testing centre while based at Brest. Ouragan took part in nuclear tests and was present for the first French hydrogen bomb test in 1968. In 1975, the ship was ordered to Anjouan to evacuate French citizens from the Cormoros.{{cite web |url=http://www.netmarine.net/bat/tcd/ouragan/histoir1.htm |title=L'histoire du TCD Ouragan (1962–1976) |language=fr |website=Netmarine.net |trans-title=History of TCD Ouragan (1962–1976) |access-date=7 October 2022}}
Following its commissioning, Orage was sent to the Pacific Ocean and assigned to the Pacific Experimental Centre. While deployed with this unit, Orage was unarmed and its surgical compartments and inboard removable decks were replaced with modular structure.{{sfn|Jordan|1995|p=126}} This allowed the vessel to be a floating headquarters ship. The vessel acted as the primary transport for the unit to and from France.{{sfn|Couhat|1986|p=134}} During its career, Orage carried out eleven Pacific cruises before joining the Atlantic fleet in 1977.{{cite web |url=http://www.netmarine.net/bat/tcd/orage/index.htm |title=Transport de chalands de débarquement Orage |work=Netmarine.net |language=fr |access-date=7 October 2022}}
In 1979, Ouragan was sent to Lebanon to embark the French army contingent of UNIFIL. In 1987, Ouragan rescued the small freighter Taporo 1 after the merchant suffered damage to its propulsion and was left adrift on a coral reef.{{cite web |url=http://www.netmarine.net/bat/tcd/ouragan/histoir2.htm |title=L'histoire du TCD Ouragan (1977–1990) |language=French |work=Netmarine.net |trans-title=History of TCD Ouragan (1977–1990) |access-date=7 October 2022}} In 1991, Ouragan and Orage took part in the Opération Daguet, the French armed forces operation in the Gulf War.{{cite web|url=http://www.netmarine.net/bat/tcd/ouragan/histoir3.htm |title=L'histoire du TCD Ouragan (1991–2001) |language=French |work=Netmarine.net |trans-title=History of TCD Ouragan (1991–2001) |access-date=7 October 2022}} That year, Orage supported the French ballistic missile submarine {{ship|French submarine|Redoutable|S611|2}} when it sailed to Dakar, marking the first acknowledged visit of nuclear submarine to Africa.
The ships were due to decommission in 1993, however delays in the construction of the {{sclass|Foudre|landing platform dock|4}} forced the French Navy to send the class in for an overhaul. Following the refit, both ships were assigned to the Force d'action navale based in Toulon.{{sfn|Jordan|1995|p=126}}{{sfn|Saunders|2004|p=238}} Their service life was again extended until the {{sclass|Mistral|amphibious assault ship}}s entered service.{{sfn|Saunders|2004|p=238}} In the 1990s, Orage deployed to the Mediterranean Sea in support of missions during the Yugoslav War and the War in Kosovo. In 2004, the ship was ordered to Haiti to protect French citizens during unrest in the country. The two ships of this class were supposedly due for transfer to the Argentine Navy in 2006 and 2007 but the whole operation was placed on hold by the Argentine Government due to concerns about asbestos, a toxic material used in the ships' construction. They remained moored in Toulon harbour. Both ships were taken out of service in 2007 and sold for scrap on 16 July 2009.{{cite web |url=http://www.netmarine.net/bat/tcd/ouragan/index.htm |title=Transport de chalands de débarquement Ouragan |language=fr |work=Netmarine.net |access-date=7 October 2022}} In early 2016 Ouragan arrived at Ghent at the Galloo ship recycling plant where it was dismantled.{{cite web |url=https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/l-ex-tcd-ouragan-a-fait-un-ultime-passage-a-brest |title=L'ex-TCD Ouragan a fait un ultime passage à Brest |language=fr |last=Groizeleau |first=Vincent |trans-title=The ex-TCD Ouragan made a final visit to Brest |work=Mer et Marine |date=9 February 2016 |access-date=7 October 2022}} In mid 2017, Orage was sent for dismantling in Belgium.{{cite web |url=https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/histoire-navale/le-mat-de-pavillon-de-l-ancien-tcd-orage-donne-a-la-commune-de-la-lande-chasles |title=Le mât de pavillon de l'ancien TCD Orage donné à la commune de La Lande-Chasles |work=Mer et Marine |last=Groizeleau |first=Vincent|language=fr |trans-title=The flag pole of the former TCD Orage donated to the municipality of La Lande-Chasles |date=5 April 2018 |access-date=7 October 2022}}
Notes
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Citations
{{reflist}}
References
- {{cite book |editor-last=Couhat |editor-first=Jean Labayle |year=1986 |title=Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=0-85368-860-5}}
- {{cite book |author1-last=Jordan |author1-first=John |name-list-style=amp |chapter=France |year=1995 |editor1-last=Chumbley |editor1-first=Stephen |title=Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=1-55750-132-7 |pages=95–131}}
- {{cite book |editor-last=Saunders |editor-first=Stephen |year=2004 |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2004–2005 |publisher=Jane's Information Group Inc. |edition=107 |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0-7106-2623-1}}
- {{cite book |editor-last=Sharpe |editor-first=Richard |year=1991 |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 1991–92 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |edition=94 |location=Surrey, United Kingdom |isbn=0-7106-0960-4}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ouragan Class Landing Platform Dock}}
Category:Amphibious warfare vessel classes
Ouragan class landing platform dock ship