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Outline of globalization

{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to globalization}}

File:1901 Eastern Telegraph cables.png 1901 chart of undersea telegraph cabling. An example of modern globalizing technology in the beginning of the 20th century.]]

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the broad, interdisciplinary subject of globalization:

Globalization (or globalisation) – processes of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.Albrow, Martin and Elizabeth King (eds.) (1990). Globalization, Knowledge and Society London: Sage. {{ISBN|978-0803983243}} p. 8. "...all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society." Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.Stever, H. Guyford (1972). "Science, Systems, and Society." Journal of Cybernetics, 2(3):1–3. {{doi|10.1080/01969727208542909}} Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, sociocultural resources, and the natural environment.

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Global studies

{{See also|International studies}}

File:World citizen badge.svg badge]]

Global studies – interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary academic study of globalizing forces and trends. Global studies may include the investigation of one or more aspects of globalization, but tend to concentrate on how globalizing trends are redefining the relationships between states, organizations, societies, communities, and individuals, creating new challenges that cannot be solved by nations or markets alone.Harth, Chris. (2005). [http://www.globalstudiesfoundation.org/downloads/gsf_research_report.pdf 'Struggling to Grasp a Moving Target: Global Studies in the US and Emergent International Landscapes.'] Interim Report Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC. Study of the factors contributing to globalization may originate in many academic concentrations, such as political science, economics, and sociology.

History

File:Colonisation2.gifs from 1492 to present]]

History of globalization – generally broken-down into three periods: Archaic, Proto-globalization, and Modern.

  • The Archaic period is defined as events and developments from the time of the earliest civilizations until roughly 1600.
  • The period of Proto-globalization roughly spans the years between 1600 and 1800. It was largely shaped in this era by the operations of colonialism.
  • The Modern period of globalization covers from the 19th century until the present time. Imperialism and industrialization have figured largely in shaping modern globalizing forces and trends.

Globalization concepts

Links below are to articles, unless otherwise specified.

=Globalization-related theories=

Since globalization is not an independent phenomenon but is highly interrelated with world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture, explanations of why globalization occurs and what the effects of globalization are or can be expected are related to theories ranging from economic development to revolutionary socialism.

File:Pyramid of Capitalist System.jpg

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=Globalization-related indices=

Aspects of globalization

=Global business organization=

{{Main|International business|International trade}}

International business development and the organization of business and trade worldwide are fundamental aspects of globalization and the development of globalizing systems.

File:1 singapore city skyline dusk panorama 2011.jpg, the top country in the Enabling Trade Index, embraced globalization and became a highly developed country.]]

File:US corporate profits and business investment.png of corporate profits in global tax havens due to tax avoidance spurred by imposition of austerity measures can stall investment, inhibiting further growth.[http://www.lem.sssup.it/WPLem/documents/fazzari2.pdf "Aggregate Demand, Instability and Growth"] Review of Keynesian Economics, January 2013 (see also [http://slackwire.blogspot.com/2013/02/aggregate-demand-in-long-run.html this review] of the paper)]]

=Economic globalization=

Economic globalization

File:Berg Ostry 2011 Chart 4.gif in both developed and developing countries, income equality has a more beneficial impact than trade openness, sound political institutions, and foreign investment.{{Cite journal |last1= Berg |first1= Andrew G. |last2= Ostry |first2= Jonathan D. |year= 2011 |title= Equality and Efficiency |journal= Finance and Development |volume= 48 |issue= 3 |publisher= International Monetary Fund |url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/09/berg.htm |access-date= September 10, 2012}}]]

Economic globalization – increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, services, technology, and capital. International economic activities and institutions that influence or characterize economic globalization include:

=Sociocultural globalization=

All aspects of globalization are essentially sociocultural in nature. Here, aspects of the globalization of culture are detailed, including cultural diversity, cultural homogenization and its backlash, as well as multiculturalism, multilingualism, global civics, world governance and other political developments and social movements related to globalization.

File:Reach Toronto.jpg, Canada. Four identical sculptures are located in Buffalo City, South Africa; Changchun, China; Sarajevo, Bosnia, and Sydney, Australia.]]

File:Shakira Rio 03.jpg, a Colombian multilingual singer-songwriter, playing outside her home country]]

File:McDonald's National Route Sekime Store 20050421.jpg, Japan, exemplifies the McDonaldization of global society.]]

=Workforce globalization=

Along with the globalization of business comes a new spatial division of labor, which occurs when production processes are no longer confined to national economies and labor becomes sourced from different parts of the globe. This global workforce has implications ranging from immigration policy to basic human and labor rights.

File:Brazil visa and stamps.png

Image:Tourist visa of the People's Republic of China.jpg]]

=Global natural environment=

The natural environment can be contrasted with the built environment, comprising the areas and components that are strongly influenced by humans. In the age of globalization, few absolutely natural environments remain. Human challenges to the natural environment, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species require at least transnational and, often, global solutions.

File:Madagascar highland plateau.jpg of the Madagascar Highland Plateau has led to extensive siltation and unstable flows of western rivers.]]

File:Nested_sustainability-v2.gif|right|The three nested systems of sustainability – the economy wholly contained by society, wholly contained by the biophysical environment. Clickable.|275px|thumb

poly 123 35 134 30 171 41 196 65 194 98 167 119 121 123 79 101 73 64 101 40Economic

poly 67 52 41 70 41 111 71 150 123 167 169 163 207 147 234 113 239 83 218 49 190 32 204 77 194 111 167 125 115 126 83 110 62 78 64 60 Social

poly 243 58 258 83 255 133 230 168 202 185 158 195 114 195 63 181 27 153 10 115 13 78 31 54 46 39 38 71 36 116 66 148 118 169 163 169 209 153 237 118 242 81 Environment

Globalization issues

Processes of globalization present humankind with many issues that are considered problematic in at least one culture or society, and often multiple societies.

File:Worldbank protest jakarta.jpg, Indonesia]]

File:Global Digital Divide1.png: Computers per 100 people]]

By location

Categories about globalization-related organizations

{{anchor|Globalization-related organizations}}

  • {{c|International organizations}} (category)
  • {{c|International environmental organizations}} (category)
  • {{c|Global policy organizations}} (category)
  • {{c|Intergovernmental organizations}}
  • {{c|International non-profit organizations}}
  • {{c|Global workforce and labor organizations}} (category)
  • {{c|International medical and health organizations}} (category)

Globalization-related lists

Works about globalization

Persons influential in globalization

See also

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References

= Notes =

{{Reflist}}

=Further reading=

{{refbegin|2}}

  • {{cite book | last = Barbara | first = Christopher | title = International legal personality: Panacea or pandemonium? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization| publisher=Verlag Dr. Müller | year = 2008 |location =Saarbrücken| isbn = 978-3-639-11514-7}}
  • {{cite book | last = von Braun | first = Joachim | author2 = Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla | title = Globalization of Food and Agriculture and the Poor | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2007 | location = Oxford | url = http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/otherpubs/globalpoor.asp | isbn = 978-0-19-569528-1 }}
  • Carpenter, John. "Puritan Missions as Globalization," Fides et Historia. 31:2, 1999 pp. 103–123.
  • {{Cite book | last=Chanda | first=Nayan | author-link=Nayan Chanda | title=Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Warriors and Adventurers Shaped Globalization | publisher=Yale University Press, New Haven | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-300-11201-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/boundtogetherhow00chan }}
  • {{cite book | editor-last = Fernando | editor-first = Salvetti | title = "Glocal" Working. Living and Working across the World with Cultural Intelligence | publisher = Franco Angeli | year = 2010 | location = Milan | url = http://www.cultural-intelligence.info | isbn = 978-88-568-2733-0 | access-date = 2020-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180420161433/http://cultural-intelligence.info/ | archive-date = 2018-04-20 | url-status = dead }}
  • {{cite book | last = Glyn | first = Andrew | author-link = Andrew Glyn | title = Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | url = http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/International/?view=usa&ci=9780199226795 | isbn = 0-19-922679-2 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155428/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/International/?view=usa&ci=9780199226795 | archive-date = 2010-12-26 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Kitching | first = Gavin | author-link = Gavin Kitching | title = Seeking Social Justice through Globalization. Escaping a Nationalist Perspective | publisher = Penn State Press | year = 2001 | url = http://www.gavinkitching.com/africa_3.htm | isbn = 0-271-02162-4 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071128130328/http://www.gavinkitching.com/africa_3.htm | archive-date = 2007-11-28 }}
  • {{cite book |editor-last=Kohler |editor-first=Gernot |editor2=Emilio José Chaves |title=Globalization: Critical Perspectives |year=2003 |publisher=Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers |isbn=1-59033-346-2 |url=http://www.novapublishers.com/ }} With contributions by Samir Amin, Christopher Chase-Dunn, Andre Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein. Pre-publication download of Chapter 5: The European Union: global challenge or global governance? 14 world system hypotheses and two scenarios on the future of the Union, pages 93 – 196 Arno Tausch at http://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/volltexte/2012/3587/pdf/049.pdf.
  • {{cite book | last = Mander, Jerry | author-link = Jerry Mander | author2 = Edward Goldsmith | author2-link = Edward Goldsmith | title = The case against the global economy: and for a turn toward the local | publisher = Sierra Club Books | year = 1996 | location = San Francisco | url = https://archive.org/details/caseagainstgloba00mand | url-access = registration | isbn = 0-87156-865-9 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Moore | first = Karl | author-link = Karl Moore (academic) | author2 = David Charles Lewis | title = Origins of Globalization | publisher = Routledge | year = 2009 | location = New York | url = http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415805988/ | isbn = 978-0-415-80598-8 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Murray | first = Warwick E. | title = Geographies of Globalization | publisher=Routledge | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 0-415-31799-1 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Neumann | first = Iver B. | author2 = Ole Jacob Sending | title = Governing the Global Polity: Practice, Mentality, Rationality | publisher = University of Michigan Press | year = 2010 | location = Ann Arbor | url = http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=371804 | isbn = 978-0-472-07093-0 | access-date = 2013-05-30 | archive-date = 2012-09-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120914035757/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=371804 | url-status = dead }}
  • {{cite book | last = Osterhammel | first = Jürgen | author-link = Jürgen Osterhammel |author2=Niels P. Petersson | title = Globalization: A Short History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year = 2005 | location = Princeton, New Jersey | isbn = 0-691-12165-6 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Pfister | first = Ulrich | title = Globalization | year = 2012 | publisher = Institute of European History | location = Mainz | url = http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012060507 }}
  • {{cite book |author=Reinsdorf, Marshall and Matthew J. Slaughter |title=International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-70959-8 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago}}
  • {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | author-link = Amartya Sen | title = Development as Freedom | publisher=Oxford University Press | year = 1999 | location = Oxford, New York | isbn = 0375406190 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Sirkin | first = Harold L. | author2 = James W. Hemerling | author3 = Arindam K. Bhattacharya | title = Globality: Competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything | publisher = Business Plus | year = 2008 | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/globalitycompeti00sirk/page/292 292] | url = https://archive.org/details/globalitycompeti00sirk/page/292 | isbn = 978-0-446-17829-7 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Smith | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Emrys Smith | title = International Trade and Globalisation, 3rd edition | publisher=Anforme | year = 2007 | location = Stocksfield | isbn = 978-1-905504-10-7 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Steger | first = Manfred | title = Globalism: the new market ideology | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year = 2002 | location = Lanham, Maryland | isbn = 0-7425-0072-1 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Stiglitz | first = Joseph E. | author-link = Joseph E. Stiglitz | title = Globalization and Its Discontents | publisher=W.W. Norton | year = 2002 | location = New York | isbn = 0-393-32439-7 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Stiglitz | first = Joseph E. | author-link = Joseph E. Stiglitz | title = Making Globalization Work | publisher=W.W. Norton | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 0-393-06122-1 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Tausch | first = Arno | title = Multicultural Europe: Effects of the Global Lisbon Process | publisher=Nova Science Publishers | year = 2008 | location = Hauppauge, New York | isbn = 978-1-60456-806-6}}
  • {{Cite book | last=Tausch | first=Arno | author-link=Arno Tausch | title=The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui. |publisher=Nova Science Publishers, New York|year=2015 | edition=1st | isbn=978-1-62948-899-8}}
  • {{cite book | last = Osle | first = Rafael Domingo | title = The New Global Law | publisher=Cambridge University Press| year = 2010| location = Cambridge | isbn = 9780521193870 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Wolf | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Wolf | title = Why Globalization Works | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2004 | location = New Haven | url = https://archive.org/details/whyglobalization00wolf | isbn = 978-0-300-10252-9 }}

{{refend}}

External links

{{Sister project links|Globalization}}

  • [http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp Comprehensive discussion of the term at the Site Global Transformations] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091012141330/http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp |date=2009-10-12 }}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502231627/http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/ Globalization Website (Emory University) Links, Debates, Glossary etc.]
  • [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/business/2007/globalisation/default.stm BBC News Special Report – "Globalisation"]
  • [https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art24/main.html "Resilience, Panarchy, and World-Systems Analysis"], from the Ecology and Society Journal
  • [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/ "Globalization" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Analysis of the idea and its history.
  • [https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AFA_CALC_IN3 OECD Globalization statistics]
  • [https://world.yale.edu/yale-global YaleGlobal Online]
  • [https://www.dw.com/en/global-3000/s-11487 Global 3000] Globalization Program by Deutsche Welle-TV

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Globalization

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