Outward Bound

{{short description|International educational organisation, originally British; creator of outdoor experiences}}

{{Infobox organization

| name = Outward Bound

| full_name = Outward Bound International

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| logo = Outward Bound Compass Rose.jpg

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| logo_caption = Outward Bound Compass Rose Logo used by schools around the world.

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| formation = {{start date and age|1941}}

| founder = Lawrence Holt
Kurt Hahn

| founding_location = United Kingdom

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| type = Nonprofit organization

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|area_served = Worldwide

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| methods = Kurt Hahn

| fields = Outdoor education

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| leader_title = Executive Director

| leader_name = Iain Peter

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| affiliations = International Union for Conservation of Nature

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| website = {{URL|https://www.outwardbound.net}}

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Outward Bound (OB) is an international network of outdoor education organisations that was founded in the United Kingdom by Lawrence Holt in 1941 based on the educational principles of Kurt Hahn. Today there are organisations, called schools, in over 35 countries which are attended by more than 150,000 people each year. Outward Bound International is a non-profit membership and licensing organisation for the international network of Outward Bound schools.{{cite web|title=Outward Bound International|url=https://www.outwardbound.net|access-date=8 June 2018}} The Outward Bound Trust is an educational charity established in 1946 to operate the schools in the United Kingdom.{{Cite news|url=https://www.outwardbound.org.uk/about-us/history-of-the-trust/|title=Our History|work=The Outward Bound Trust|access-date=2018-10-12|language=en}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.outwardbound.net:80/about/history/expansion.html|title=INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210140707/http://www.outwardbound.net/about/history/expansion.html|archive-date=10 December 2007|access-date=29 December 2020}} Separate organisations operate the schools in each of the other countries in which Outward Bound operates.{{Cite news|url=https://www.outwardbound.net/schools/|title=OB Schools|work=Outward Bound International|access-date=2018-10-12|language=en-US}}

Outward Bound helped to shape the U.S. Peace Corps and numerous other outdoor adventure programs. Its aim is to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors.

History

= Founding and early history =

The first Outward Bound school was opened in Aberdyfi, Wales in 1941 by Lawrence Holt with financial support from the Blue Funnel Line shipping company based on the initiative of Kurt Hahn.Outward Bound International (2004). [http://www.outwardbound.net/about/history/ob-birth.html Birth of Outward Bound] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110062628/http://www.outwardbound.net/about/history/ob-birth.html |date=2007-11-10 }}. Retrieved 9 December 2007. The name Outward Bound was derived from the nautical term for a ship leaving safe harbour for the open sea.{{Cite web|url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/45.1/how-outward-bound-lost-and-found-itself|title=How Outward Bound lost, and found, itself|last1=Jan. 29|first1=Emily Guerin|last2=Now|first2=2013 From the print edition Like Tweet Email Print Subscribe Donate|date=2013-01-29|website=www.hcn.org|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-30}} Outward Bound grew out of Hahn's work in the development of the Gordonstoun school and what is now known as the Duke of Edinburgh's Award. Outward Bound's founding mission, during the Second World War, was to improve the survival chances of young seamen should their ships be torpedoed in the mid-Atlantic.{{cite book|title=Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming|edition=3|date=2017|last1=Priest|first1=Simon|last2=Gass|first2=Michael|publisher=Human Kinetics|pages=74–6|isbn=978-1-4925-4786-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75}}

James Martin Hogan served as warden for the first year of the school.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20021108035239/http://www.outward-bound.org/docs/info/Aberdovey.htm Outward Bound Wales, Aberdyfi]}}. Retrieved 29 August 2008. This mission was established and then expanded by Capt. J. F. "Freddy" Fuller who took over the leadership of the Aberdyfi school in 1942 and served the Outward Bound movement as senior warden until 1971.James, David, (1957). Outward Bound. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. Fuller had been seconded from the Blue Funnel Line following wartime experience during the Battle of the Atlantic of surviving two successive torpedo attacks and commanding an open lifeboat in the Atlantic Ocean for thirty-five days without losing a single member of the crew.{{cite book|title=Outward Bound USA: Crew Not Passengers |author=Miner, Joshua L. |author2=Boldt, Joe |year=2002|publisher=Mountaineers Books|isbn=978-0-89886-874-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/outwardboundusac00mine}}

An educational charity, named The Outward Bound Trust, was established in 1946 to operate the school. A second school followed in England at Eskdale Green in 1950. The first Outward Bound program for women was held in 1951. During the next decade, several other schools opened around the United Kingdom. A school in Lumut, Malaysia opened in 1954, the first outside the United Kingdom.{{Cite web|url=https://www.outwardbound.my/about-us/history-of-outward-bound-malaysia/|title=History of Outward Bound Malaysia – The Outward Bound Trust of Malaysia|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-15}} Outward Bound Australia was founded in 1956.{{Cite news|url=https://www.outwardbound.org.au/about-outdoor-education/history/|title=History Outward Bound Australia|work=Outward Bound Australia|access-date=2018-10-12|language=en-US}} The first Outward Bound USA course was run in Puerto Rico in 1961 for the Peace Corps, which it helped to shape.{{Cite web |title=Puerto Rican Training–Blame It On The Brits – Peace Corps Worldwide |url=https://peacecorpsworldwide.org/outward/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=peacecorpsworldwide.org}}{{Cite web|url=http://issuu.com/outwardbound.org/docs/ob_viewbook|title=Outward Bound 2015 Program Guide|website=Issuu|access-date=2016-02-05}} Outward Bound New Zealand was founded in 1962, Outward Bound Singapore established in 1967 and Outward Bound Hong Kong in 1970.{{cite web|last1=Outward Bound International|title=International Expansion|url=http://www.outwardbound.net:80/about/history/expansion.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210140707/http://www.outwardbound.net:80/about/history/expansion.html|access-date=26 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2007}} Outward Bound Costa Rica was founded in 1991. Outward Bound Peacebuilding was formed in the early 2000's working to leverage and link ideas related to peacebuilding and experiential education.

From the inception of Outward Bound, community service was an integral part of the program, especially in the areas of sea and mountain rescues and this remains an important part of the training for both staff and students. During the period 1941 to 1965 in the United Kingdom, the philosophy of the schools evolved from "character‐training" to "personal growth" and "self‐discovery".{{Cite journal|last=Freeman|first=Mark|date=2010-12-13|title=From 'character-training' to 'personal growth': the early history of Outward Bound 1941–1965|journal=History of Education|language=en|volume=40|issue=1|pages=21–43|doi=10.1080/0046760x.2010.507223|s2cid=144920806|issn=0046-760X}}

Aberdyfi remains the organisation's "nerve-centre" in the United Kingdom. Over the course of a summer in 2010, 7000 to 8,000 students attended courses at the Aberdyfi centre and more than a million young people have attended Outward Bound courses in the UK since 1941.{{Cite news |date=2010-09-04 |title=Claim culture hits Outward Bound |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-11184012 |access-date=2020-08-02 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}} Prince Philip served as the Patron of the Outward Bound Trust for several years before handing over to his son Prince Andrew, who resigned in November 2019.{{cite news |date=2019-11-21 |title=Prince Andrew resigns from Outward Bound Trust as aides confirm he will continue working for Pitch@Palace |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/11/21/prince-andrew-resigns-outward-bound-trust-aides-confirm-will/ |access-date=2021-04-09 |publisher=Daily Telegraph}}

= Current =

Outward Bound International was founded as a non-profit organisation in 2004 to license the use of the brand name "Outward Bound" and to provide support for the international network of schools.{{Cite news |title=Licensing |url=https://www.outwardbound.net/licensing/ |access-date=2018-10-13 |work=Outward Bound International |language=en-US}} Today there are organisations, called schools, in more than 35 countries with 250 wilderness and urban locations around the world which are attended by more than 250,000 students each year.{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.outwardbound.net/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Outward Bound International|language=en-US}} Separate organisations operate the schools in each of the countries in which Outward Bound operates. In 2025 Outward Bound has licensees operating 37 schools in 34 countries across 6 continents.

Since its founding in the middle of the last century, Outward Bound has encouraged individuals to test their physical and emotional limits in challenging outdoor adventure programs. The experiences are a means of building inner strength and a heightened awareness of human interdependence.Outward Bound USA: Crew not Passengers, Josh Miner and Joe Boldt (Seattle: The Mountaineer Books, 2002) Outward Bound's compass rose emblem serves as the logo for almost all the schools around the world.

Blue Peter nautical flag

Image:ICS Papa.svg nautical flag indicates that a vessel is "outward bound". Outward Bound schools use and raise this flag to symbolise the journey starting for OB students at the start of a programme.]]

The name Outward Bound derives from a nautical expression that refers to the moment a ship leaves the harbour. This is signified by Outward Bound's use of the nautical flag, the Blue Peter (a white square inside a blue square). JF Fuller adapted the Outward Bound motto, "To Serve, To Strive and not To Yield," from the poem "Ulysses" by Alfred Lord Tennyson:

... Come, my friends.

Tis not too late to seek a newer world.

Though much is taken, much abides; and though

We are not now that strength which in old days

Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are --

One equal temper of heroic hearts,

Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will

To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

Course specifics

Image:OutwardBoundTrip.jpg, Ontario, Canada]]

Outward Bound courses follow a kind of recipe or formula, termed the Outward Bound Process Model which is well described by Walsh and Golins (1976) as:Walsh, V., & Golins, G. L. (1976). [http://wilderdom.com/theory/OutwardBoundProcessModel.html The exploration of the Outward Bound process]. Denver, CO: Colorado Outward Bound School.

Taking a ready, motivated learner
into a prescribed, unfamiliar physical environment,
along with a small group of people
who are faced with a series of incremental, inter-related problem-solving tasks
which creates in the individual a state of dissonance requiring adaptive coping and
leads to a sense of mastery or competence when equilibrium is managed.
The cumulative effect of these experiences leads to a reorganisation of the self-conceptions and information the learner holds about him/herself.
The learner will then continue to be positively oriented to further learning and development experiences (transfer).

In a typical class, participants are divided into small patrols (or groups) under the guidance of one or more instructors. The first few days, often at a base camp, are spent training for the outdoor education activities that the course will contain and in the philosophy of Outward Bound. After initial confidence-building challenges, the group heads off on an expedition. As the group develops the capacity to do so, the instructors ask the group to make its own decisions.