Oversize load

File:125 foot long bridge beam.jpg

The legal dimensions and weights vary between countries and regions within a country.{{cite book |last1=Harwood |first1=Douglas W. |last2=Program |first2=National Cooperative Highway Research |title=Review of Truck Characteristics as Factors in Roadway Design |date=2003 |publisher=Transportation Research Board |isbn=978-0-309-08779-7 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOT0WWdv1roC&dq=review+of+truck+characteristics&pg=PA3 |language=en}} A vehicle which exceeds the legal dimensions usually requires a special permit which requires extra fees to be paid in order for the oversize/overweight vehicle to legally travel on the roadways.{{cite journal |last1=Chung Li |first1=Maria |title=A Framework for Multi-dimensional Assessment of the Impacts of Overweight Vehicle Operations and a Corridor-Level Case Study |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/civlgradreports/2/ |journal=Lyles School of Civil Engineering Graduate Student Reports |doi=10.5703/1288284317584 |date=12 December 2022|doi-access=free }} The permit usually specifies a route the load must follow as well as the dates and times during which the load may travel.

When a load cannot be dismantled into units that can be transported without exceeding the limitations in terms of the dimensions and/or mass, it is classified as an abnormal load. Another definition can be summarized as follows: an abnormal indivisible load ('AIL') is one which cannot be divided into two or more loads for transporting (on roads).{{cite web|url=http://www.commercialmotor.com/legal/special-types-stgo-and-abnormal-loads |title=Special Types (STGO) and abnormal loads |date=22 June 2010 |publisher=Commercialmotor.com |access-date=2012-08-29}} Also, break bulk is used to define the freight that cannot be loaded into any ocean container or too large for air cargo.

Any road transport is framed by the CMR Convention (Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road),{{cite web|url=http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/un.cmr.road.carriage.contract.convention.1956/doc.html#100 |title=Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) – (Geneva, 19 May 1956) |publisher=Jus.uio.no |access-date=2012-03-10}} which relates to various legal issues concerning transportation of cargo, predominantly by lorries, by road.

File:PIZZE-FEB2720231-9.jpg fuselage being transported by a lorry on the M5 motorway, England]]

According to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Large Truck Crash Causation Study{{cite web |url= https://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/ltccs/default.asp |title= Large Truck Crash Causation Study |publisher= National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |date= 2007 |access-date= 18 April 2016}} 7% of U.S. trucking accidents are caused by improper cargo securement or cargo shifts. Shifting cargo can cause the truck to destabilize or the load can fall off completely leading to serious public safety issues.

Load shifting is prohibited by law and it is the responsibility of the shipper, motor carrier, driver, receiver, and the securing device manufacturer to ensure the cargo is completely secured.{{cite web |url= http://wlglaw.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Load-Securement.pdf |title= The Nuts and Bolts of Cargo Loading and Securement Cases|publisher= The Lawyer's Logbook |date= May 2014 |access-date= 18 April 2016}}

In a specific country, the roads are built in a way that allows a vehicle with dimensions within the standard legal limits to safely (though not necessarily easily) drive and turn. Roads that do not allow large vehicles may be marked with the traffic signs.{{cite journal |last1=Discetti |first1=Paolo |last2=Lamberti |first2=Renato |title=Traffic Sign Sight Distance for Low-Volume Roads |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2203-08 |journal=Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board |pages=64–70 |language=en |doi=10.3141/2203-08 |date=January 2011|volume=2203 }} These may include per-axle load, height, width, or overall length limits.

File:Haren - Camion et nouveau tablier de pont de la ligne 26 - 2019-04-22.jpg

File:U 25500 on truck 01.jpg tram-train]]

Trucks must have special signs of "convoi exceptionnel" and lights that warn the oversized cargo. The escort car has also special signs, depending the country within it operates. Special permits are issued by local authorities to allow a transporter to operate on a public road for a limited period and for a certain and given route.{{cite web|url=http://www.abnormalloads.co.za/ |title=Abnormal Loads Homepage |publisher=Abnormalloads.co.za |access-date=2012-03-10}}

Heavy transport companies tend to focus on renewables, civil and infrastructure, offshore, oil and gas, heavy engineering and power generation industries. Other companies across Europe have also collaborated to form the Route To Space Alliance.{{Cite web|url=http://www.route-to-space.eu/index.php/en/|title=Route To Space Alliance|last=Grieves|first=Shell|website=www.route-to-space.eu|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-02-15}}

Due to its strategic location, there are many Dutch-based special transport companies, but due to the relatively small size of the country, these companies, such as Van der Vlist have often started to spread further afield to increase their market and take advantage of the freedom of movement offered through the EU.{{cite web|url=http://www.vandervlist.com/en/european_offices |title=Van der Vlist European Offices}}

In Romania, if the total dimensions (truck+load) exceed {{Convert|16.5|×|2.5|×|4|m}} × {{Convert|40|t}} (or if it does not fit into a tilt truck), then a transport is considered out of gauge. A table of maximum dimensions and weight as well as best practices is available for European countries on the following industry resource site.{{cite web|url=http://www.returnloads.net/industry-info/general/abnormal-load-guidelines/ |title=Best practices for transporting abnormal loads in Europe |publisher=Returnloads.net}} ]

Romania has an active market for special transporters where, as mentioned above, companies such as Schnell Trans, deal with international transportation projects. Trailers suitable for special loads have different characteristics depending on the number of axles, height from the ground to the platform, extensions or load capacity. Each of these trucks can carry loads such as trams, energy transformers, construction machines, metallic structures or wooden boxes/crates.{{cite web|url=http://breakbulks.com/wooden-crates |title=wooden crates | Break bulk |publisher=Breakbulks.com |access-date=2012-03-10}}

An abnormal load is defined as

• a load with a weight of more than 44 tonnes
• an axle load of more than 10 tonnes for a single non-driving axle and 11.5 tonnes for a single driving axle
• a width of more than 2.9 metres
• a rigid length of more than 18.65 metres

Anyone wishing to transport an abnormal load must notify the police, highway authorities and any on-route bridge and structure owners such as Network Rail.[https://www.gov.uk/esdal-and-abnormal-loads Transporting abnormal loads], accessed 25 February 2018 National Highways operates a system known as "Electronic Service Delivery for Abnormal Loads" (ESDAL) for the purpose of supporting notifications.[https://www.gov.uk/register-with-esdal Register with ESDAL], accessed 25 February 2018

In New Zealand, an oversize load is a vehicle and/or load that is wider than {{convert|2.55|m|ftin|abbr=on}} or higher than {{convert|4.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. Overlength limits vary depending on the type and the configuration of vehicle, but the overall maximum forward distance (i.e. the length from the front of the vehicle to the centre axis of the rear axle set) is {{convert|9.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, the overall maximum single vehicle length is {{convert|12.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (some buses can be longer), and the overall maximum combination length is {{convert|22.0|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. Loads must be indivisible, except when the vehicle is oversize itself where it can carry divisible loads as long as the divisible load fits within the standard load limits. Permits are not required for oversize vehicles which are under {{convert|25.0|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long, under {{convert|5.00|m|ftin|abbr=on}} high, and fit within a set combination of width and forward distance; but they must comply with certain rules regarding piloting, travel times and obstructions.{{cite web |url= https://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/resources/factsheets/13/docs/13-vehicle-dimensions-and-mass.pdf |title= Vehicle dimensions and mass: guide to the factsheet 13 series (Factsheet 13) |publisher= NZ Transport Agency |date= May 2021 |access-date= 5 June 2021}}{{cite web |url= https://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/resources/factsheets/53/docs/53-overdimension.pdf |title= Overdimension vehicles and loads (Factsheet 53a) |publisher= NZ Transport Agency |date= February 2017 |access-date= 5 June 2021}}

File:Oversize Load on the Road.jpg

In the United States, an oversize load is a vehicle and/or load that is wider than {{convert|8|ft|6|in|m|2|abbr=on}}. Each individual state has different requirements regarding height and length (most states are {{convert|13|ft|6|in|m|2|abbr=on|disp=or}} tall), and a driver must purchase a permit for each state he/she will be traveling through. In many states, a load must be considered "nondivisible" to qualify for a permit (i.e. an object which cannot be broken down into smaller pieces), although some states allow divisible loads to be granted permits.{{cite web |url=https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/sw/permit_report.htm |title=Oversize and Overweight Load Permit Information |access-date=2009-04-18 |publisher=Federal Highway Administration}}

File:Truck carrying a large load in Indore (front view).JPG tractor trailer combination in Indore, India]]

In India, any load which protrudes the platform of the vehicle which is defined in CMVR 1989 is considered ODC (Over Dimensional Cargo). Dimensions of a load with the height of 4 mtr or width of 2.6 mtr or length of 12mtr in case of rigid vehicle and 18 mtr in case of tractor trailer combination{{Cite web |title=Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/CMVR-chapter5_1.pdf |website=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways}} needs to obtain state specific permissions, but no load can exceed the GVW of the vehicle. Loads above 55 tons can only be moved on HMT (hydraulic modular trailer) and puller tractor combination, for which a nationalized permission must be obtained via MORTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India) portal with HMT payload of 18 ton per axle excluding the weight of the puller tractor.{{Cite web |last=MORTH |title=ODC guideline |url=https://morth.gov.in/sites/default/files/circulars_document/SR-2013.01.24-Movement%20of%20Over%20Weight%20and%20Over%20Dimensional%20Consignment%20(OW%20-ODC)-Guidelines.pdf |website=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways}} Loads not complying with rules are fined by the RTO (Regional Transport Office) officers individually, three for each dimension and one for weight.{{Cite web |last=Tata-AIG |title=Marine Newslink 2022 |url=https://www.tataaig.com/s3/Marine_Newslink_May_2022_e01fc6053b.pdf |website=Tata-AIG General Insurance Company Limited}}

File:Pilot Car.jpg in service as a pilot car/escort vehicle in the United States]]

File:Pilot car escort with equipment.jpg

A pilot car driver may temporarily block traffic at intersections to ensure the safe passage of the truck.{{cite web | url=http://europa-road.eu | title=europa road | date=11 December 2018 }}

File:Skagit bridge truck.jpg.]]

Oversize loads present a hazard to roadway structures as well as to road traffic. Because they exceed design clearances, there is a risk that such vehicles can hit bridges and other overhead structures. Over-height vehicle impacts are a frequent cause of damage to bridges, and truss bridges are particularly vulnerable, due to having critical support members over the roadway. An over-height load struck the overhead beams on the I-5 Skagit River bridge in 2013, which caused the bridge to collapse.{{cite news |title=WSDOT knew trucks have clipped I-5 Skagit bridge for decades |author=Mike Baker |date=June 20, 2013 |work=The Seattle Times |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021230837_apusbridgecollapsecaution.html |access-date=June 20, 2013}}

Different countries have different approaches to licensing oversize/overweight loads. Licenses may be issued for a specific load, for a period of time, or to a specific company. In most jurisdictions, the permit specifies the exact route a vehicle must take, and includes clearance warnings. However, in some places, such as Washington state, drivers are responsible for choosing their own route. The carrier can choose to obtain the required permits themselves or go through a permit service.

{{Portal|Transport}}

{{commons category|Oversized loads}}

• Loading gauge
• Structure gauge
• Trucking industry in the United States
• Maritime shipping Roll trailer

{{reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20091107183443/http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/sw/permit_report/index.htm U.S. Government website]
• [https://road-safety.transport.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-07/abnormal_transport_guidelines_en.pdf European Best Practice Guidelines for Abnormal Road Transports]

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Category:road hazards

Category:road transport

Category:road transport in Europe

Category:transport by cargo

Category:Freight transport