PGM-11 Redstone

{{Infobox weapon

| name = SSM-A-14/M8/PGM-11 Redstone{{cite web | url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/redstone.html | title=Redstone }}

| image = Redstone 09.jpg

| image_size = 300

| caption = Redstone No. CC-56, Cape Canaveral, Florida, 17 September 1958

| origin = United States

| type = {{unbulleted list

| Tactical ballistic missile

| short-range ballistic missile

}}

| is_ranged = yes

| is_artillery = yes

| is_missile = yes

| is_vehicle = yes

| service = 1958–1964, 1966-7

| used_by = United States, Australia

| designer = Army Ballistic Missile Agency

| design_date = 1950–1952

| manufacturer = Chrysler Corporation

| unit_cost =

| production_date = 1952–1961

| number = {{unbulleted list

| 128 (ABMA: 27, Chrysler: 101)

| (85 production models)

}}

| variants = Block I, Block II

| weight = {{convert|61207|lb|kg|0}} at ignition

| length = {{convert|69.3|ft|m|1}}

| diameter = {{convert|5.83|ft|m|1}}

| vehicle_range = {{convert|57.5|to|201|mi|km|disp=br|sp=us}}

| altitude = {{convert|28.4|to|58.7|mi|km|disp=br|sp=us}}

| accuracy = {{convert|300|m|ft|sp=us}} CEP

| payload_capacity = {{convert|6305|lb|kg|0}}

| yield = W39 warhead, {{convert|3.75|MtonTNT|PJ}}

| engine = Rocketdyne North American Aviation 75–110 A-7

| propellant = {{unbulleted list

| ethyl alcohol

| liquid oxygen

}}

| engine_power = {{convert|78000|lbf|kN}} thrust at sea level for 121 seconds

| fuel_capacity = {{unbulleted list

| alcohol: {{convert|11135|lb|kg}}

| liquid oxygen: {{convert|25280|lb|kg}}

| hydrogen peroxide: {{convert|790|lb|kg}}

}}

| boost = 97 seconds to 155 seconds

| speed = {{convert|5-6|Mach|km/h mph km/s}} maximum at re-entry interface

| guidance = Ford Instrument Company ST-80 inertial guidance

| steering = Carbon jet vanes, air rudders, spatial air jet nozzles, air vanes

| launch_platform = guided missile platform launcher M74{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

}}

The PGM-11 Redstone was the first large American ballistic missile. A short-range ballistic missile (SRBM), it was in active service with the United States Army in West Germany from June 1958 to June 1964 as part of NATO's Cold War defense of Western Europe. It was the first US missile to carry a live nuclear warhead, in the 1958 Pacific Ocean weapons test Hardtack Teak.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLbyY76zt9w&t=8 |title=Redstone Rocket, Hardtack-Teak Test, August 1958 |via=YouTube |language=French |date=August 1958 |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207095953/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLbyY76zt9w&t=8 |archive-date=7 December 2015}}

The Redstone was a direct descendant of the German V-2 rocket, developed primarily by a team of German rocket engineers brought to the United States after World War II. The design used an upgraded engine from Rocketdyne that allowed the missile to carry the {{convert|6900|lbs|abbr=on}} W39 and its reentry vehicle to a range of about {{convert|175|miles}}. Redstone's prime contractor was the Chrysler Corporation.{{Cite web |url=http://www.allpar.com/history/military/missiles.html |title=Redgap, Curtis The Chrysler Corporation Missile Division and the Redstone missiles, 2008 Orlando, Florida. Retrieved Oct 8 2010 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330015109/http://allpar.com/history/military/missiles.html |archive-date=30 March 2008 |url-status=live }}

The Redstone spawned the Redstone rocket family which holds a number of firsts in the US space program, notably launching the first US astronaut. It was retired by the Army in 1964 and replaced by the solid-fueled MGM-31 Pershing. Surplus missiles were widely used for test missions and space launches, including the first US man in space, and in 1967 the launch of Australia's first satellite.

History

Image:PGM-11 Redstone CC-1004.jpg

Redstone was a direct descendant of the German V-2 rocket, developed by a team of predominantly German rocket engineers under the leadership of Wernher von Braun, that had been brought to the United States after World War II as part of Operation Paperclip.

A product of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, Redstone was designed as a surface-to-surface missile for the U.S. Army. It was named for the arsenal on 8 April 1952, which traced its name to the region's red rocks and soil.{{Cite web | last = Cagle | first = Mary T. | title = The Origin of Redstone's Name | publisher = US Army, Redstone Arsenal | year = 1955 | url = http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/studies/ix.html | access-date = 9 October 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000519105836/http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/studies/ix.html | archive-date = 19 May 2000 | df = dmy-all }} The first Redstone lifted off from LC-4A at Cape Canaveral on 20 August 1953. It flew for one minute and 20 seconds before suffering an engine failure and falling into the sea. Following this partial success, the second test was conducted on 27 January 1954, this time without a hitch as the missile flew {{convert|55|mi|km}}. After these first two prototypes were flown, an improved engine was introduced to reduce problems with LOX turbopump cavitation.

The third Redstone flight on 5 May was a total loss as the engine cut off one second after launch, causing the rocket to fall back on the pad and explode. After this incident, Major General Holger Toftoy pressured Wernher von Braun for the cause of the failure. The latter replied that he had no idea, but they would review telemetry and other data to find out. Toftoy persisted, asking "Wernher, why did the rocket explode?" An exasperated von Braun said "It exploded because the damn sonofabitch blew up!"{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Von Braun pressured the ABMA team to improve reliability and workmanship standards, allegedly remarking that "Missile reliability will require that the target area is more dangerous than the launch area." Subsequent test flights went better and the Army declared Redstone operational in mid-1955. Testing was moved from LC-4 to the bigger LC-5 and LC-6.

The Redstone program proved to be a bone of contention between the Army and Air Force due to their different ideas of nuclear warfare.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} The Army favored using small warheads on mobile missiles as tactical battlefield weapons while the Air Force, which was responsible for the ICBM program, wanted large trans-continental missiles that could strike Soviet targets and rapidly cripple the USSR's infrastructure and ability to wage war.

With the arrival of newer solid-fueled missiles that could be stored and not require fueling before launch, Redstone was rendered obsolete and production ended in 1961. The 40th Artillery Group was deactivated in February 1964 and 46th Artillery Group was deactivated in June 1964, as Redstone missiles were replaced by the Pershing missile in the U.S. Army arsenal. All Redstone missiles and equipment deployed to Europe were returned to the United States by the third quarter of 1964. In October 1964, the Redstone missile was ceremonially retired from active service at Redstone Arsenal.

Description

Redstone was capable of flights from {{convert|57.5|to|201|mi|km}}. It consisted of a thrust unit for powered flight and a missile body for overall missile control and payload delivery on target. During powered flight, Redstone burned a fuel mixture of 25 percent water–75 percent ethyl alcohol with liquid oxygen (LOX) used as the oxidizer. Later Redstones used Hydyne, 60% unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and 40% diethylenetriamine (DETA), as the fuel.{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=George P. |date=2006 |title=History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines |location=Reston, Virginia |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |page=413 |isbn=1-56347-649-5}}{{cite book |last=McCutcheon |first=Kimble D. |title=The Redstone Engine |url=http://www.enginehistory.org/Museums/USSRC/USSRC_Redstone.shtml |location=Huntsville, Alabama |publisher=Aircraft Engine Historical Society |access-date=26 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012951/http://www.enginehistory.org/Museums/USSRC/USSRC_Redstone.shtml |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last=Hullard |first=John W. |date=1965 |title=History of the Redstone Missile System |url=http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA434109 |location=Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama |publisher=Army Missile Command |page=66 (60) |access-date=26 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425071855/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA434109 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |url-status=dead }} The missile body consisted of an aft unit containing the instrument compartment, and the warhead unit containing the payload compartment and the radar altimeter fuze. The missile body was separated from the thrust unit 20–30 seconds after the termination of powered flight, as determined by the preset range to target. The body continued on a controlled ballistic trajectory to the target impact point. The thrust unit continued on its own uncontrolled ballistic trajectory, impacting short of the designated target.

The nuclear-armed Redstone carried the W39, either a MK 39Y1 Mod 1 or MK 39Y2 Mod 1, warhead with a yield of 3.8 megatons.{{cite book |last=Hansen |first=Chuck |date=1995 |title=The Swords of Armageddon |location=Sunnyvale, California |publisher=Chucklea Publications |page=Volume VII Pg 297 }}{{cite book |last=Hansen |first=Chuck |date=1995 |title=The Swords of Armageddon |location=Sunnyvale, California |publisher=Chucklea Publications |page=Volume VII Pages 293–299 }}{{cite book |last=Hansen |first=Chuck |date=1995 |title=The Swords of Armageddon |location=Sunnyvale, California |publisher=Chucklea Publications |page=Volume VII Pg 299 }}{{cite web

|title = Redstone Missile (PGM-11)

|url = http://www.amrdec.army.mil/amrdec/50th/innovation-pgm-11.html

|publisher = Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center

|location = US

|access-date = 9 January 2015

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150529081330/http://www.amrdec.army.mil/amrdec/50th/innovation-pgm-11.html

|archive-date = 29 May 2015

|df = dmy-all

}}

Production

Chrysler Corporation was awarded the prime production contract, to be made at the newly renamed Michigan Ordnance Missile Plant in Warren, Michigan. The navy-owned facility was previously known as the Naval Industrial Reserve Aircraft Plant used for jet engine production. Following the cancellation of a planned jet engine program, the facility was made available to the Chrysler Corporation for missile production, and began missile and support equipment production in 1952. Rocketdyne Division of North American Aviation Company provided the rocket engines; Ford Instrument Company, division of Sperry Rand Corporation, produced the guidance and control systems; and Reynolds Metals Company fabricated fuselage assemblies as subcontractors to Chrysler.

Redstone derivatives

In 1955, the Jupiter-C rocket (not to be confused with the later, unrelated Jupiter IRBM) was developed as an enhanced Redstone for atmospheric and reentry vehicle tests. It had elongated propellant tanks for increased burn time and a new engine that burned a fuel mixture known as hydyne and under the name of the Jupiter C/Juno 1 was used for the first successful US space launch of the Explorer 1 satellite in 1958.

The Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle was a derivation of the Redstone with a fuel tank increased in length by {{convert|6|ft|m}} and was used on 5 May 1961 to launch Alan Shepard on his sub-orbital flight to become the second person and first American in space.{{harvnb|Turnill|1972|pp=81–82, 147–8}} It retained the Jupiter C's longer propellant tanks, but went back to using ethyl alcohol/water for propellant instead of hydyne.

From 1966 to 1967, a series of surplus modified Redstones called Spartas were launched from Woomera, South Australia, as part of a joint U.S.–United Kingdom–Australian research program aimed at understanding re-entry phenomena. These Redstones had two solid fuel upper stages added. The U.S. donated a spare Sparta for Australia's first satellite launch, WRESAT, in November 1967.

Operators

;{{USA}}: United States Army

40th Field Artillery Group 1958–1961 – West Germany{{Cite web|url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/Units/FieldArtillery/USAREUR_40th+Arty+Group.htm|title=USAREUR Units & Kasernes, 1945 - 1989|website=www.usarmygermany.com}}
1st Battalion, 333rd Artillery Regiment
46th Field Artillery Group 1959–1961 – West Germany{{Cite web|url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/Units/FieldArtillery/USAREUR_46th+Arty+Group.htm|title=USAREUR Units & Kasernes, 1945 - 1989|website=www.usarmygermany.com}}
2nd Battalion, 333rd Artillery Regiment
209th Field Artillery Group – Fort Sill, Oklahoma{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
4th Bn, 333rd Artillery Regiment{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

Surviving examples

Displayed as PGM-11:
National Air and Space Museum at the Udvar-Hazy Center, Washington, DC{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/missile-liquid-fuel-partly-cutaway-redstone |title=Redstone Missile |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094811/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/missile-liquid-fuel-partly-cutaway-redstone |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}
Warren, New Hampshire{{cite book| title=The Redstone Missile – Warren, NH| url=http://homepage.mac.com/misterbisson/WarrenRocket/brochure.pdf| last=Asselin| first=Ted| year=1996| publisher=Bryan Flagg| location=Warren| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705032710/http://homepage.mac.com/misterbisson/WarrenRocket/brochure.pdf| url-status=dead| archive-date=5 July 2006| df=dmy-all}}
US Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama{{cite web |url=https://www.rocketcenter.com/museum |title=Permanent Exhibits |publisher=US Space and Rocket Center |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912052247/https://www.rocketcenter.com/museum |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live }}
Battleship Memorial Park, Mobile, Alabama{{cite web |url=http://heroicrelics.org/battleship-park/index.html |title=Battleship Park |website=Heroic Relics |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117052850/http://heroicrelics.org/battleship-park/index.html |archive-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live }}
Air Force Space and Missile Museum, Cape Canaveral, Florida{{cite web |url=http://afspacemuseum.org/displays/ |title=Displays |publisher=Air Force Space and Missile Museum |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015161001/http://afspacemuseum.org/displays/ |archive-date=15 October 2017 |url-status=live }}
Kansas Cosmosphere, Hutchinson, Kansas (payload and aft unit only){{cite web |url=http://cosmospheretour.com/exhibit.php?exhibit_no=18 |title=Redstone Nuclear Warhead |publisher=Kansas Cosmosphere |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094901/http://cosmospheretour.com/exhibit.php?exhibit_no=18 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}
National Museum of Nuclear Science and History, Albuquerque, New Mexico{{cite web |url=http://nuclearmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/photo/B9867EBE-993F-4753-B44C-451497499820 |title=Bomarc, Mace, Snark, Redstone, Minuteman II missiles |publisher=National Museum of Nuclear Science and History |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094806/http://nuclearmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/photo/B9867EBE-993F-4753-B44C-451497499820 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}
White Sands Missile Range Museum, White Sands, New Mexico{{cite web |url=http://www.wsmr-history.org/Redstone.htm |title=Redstone |publisher=White Sands Missile Range Museum |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108051341/http://www.wsmr-history.org/Redstone.htm |archive-date=8 January 2008 |url-status=live }}
Evergreen Aviation Museum, McMinnville, Oregon{{cite web |url=https://www.evergreenmuseum.org/space-flight |title=Space Flight |publisher=Evergreen Aviation Museum |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012045204/https://www.evergreenmuseum.org/space-flight |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama{{cite web |url=http://heroicrelics.org/msfc/index.html |title=MSFC Rocket Garden |website=Heroic Relics |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022054010/http://heroicrelics.org/msfc/index.html |archive-date=22 October 2017 |url-status=live }}
US Army Field Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma
Displayed as Jupiter-C
US Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama
Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, Merritt Island, Florida{{cite web |url=http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/booster/mr-kscvc.html |title=KSC Mercury-Redstone Boosters |website=A Field Guide to American Spacecraft |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819044144/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/booster/mr-kscvc.html |archive-date=19 August 2018 |url-status=live }}
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama
Petal, Mississippi (formerly at John C. Stennis Space Center's StenniSphere, now INFINITY Science Center, not publicly visible){{cite web |url=http://projecthabu.com/post/82438154886/this-jupiter-c-rocket-sits-alongside-mr |title=This Jupiter-C Rocket Sits Alongside Mr... |website=Project Habu |date=11 April 2014 |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044243/http://projecthabu.com/post/82438154886/this-jupiter-c-rocket-sits-alongside-mr |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}
Displayed as a Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle
Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, Merritt Island, Florida
One in the rocket garden, one near the badging office, and one at Launch Complex 5
Air Zoo, Kalamazoo, Michigan (in storage){{cite web |url=http://heroicrelics.org/air-zoo/index.html |title=Air Zoo |website=Heroic Relics |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094828/http://heroicrelics.org/air-zoo/index.html |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}
Kansas Cosmosphere, Hutchinson, Kansas
Museum of Life + Science, Durham, North Carolina{{cite web |url=http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/address/n-s/northcar.html |title=Museum of Life+Science |website=A Field Guide to American Spacecraft |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815161151/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/address/n-s/northcar.html |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live }}
Parque de las Ciencias Luis A. Ferré at Bayamón, Puerto Rico{{cite web |url=http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/address/n-s/parque.html |title=Parque de las Ciencias Luis A. Ferré |website=A Field Guide to American Spacecraft |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819041625/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/address/n-s/parque.html |archive-date=19 August 2018 |url-status=live }}
Space Center Houston, Houston, Texas{{cite web |url=http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/booster/mr-jsc.html |title=Mercury-Redstone |website=A Field Guide to American Spacecraft |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094948/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/booster/mr-jsc.html |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}
Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicles
US Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama{{cite web |url=http://heroicrelics.org/ussrc/mercury-redstone-tail-unit/index.html |title=US Space and Rocket Center |website=Heroic Relics |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517184633/http://heroicrelics.org/ussrc/mercury-redstone-tail-unit/index.html |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=live }}
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame, Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/sponsored/heroes-legends-kennedy-space-center-180961084/ |title=Inside Kennedy Space Center's New Heroes & Legends Exhibits |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |date=22 November 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044535/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/sponsored/heroes-legends-kennedy-space-center-180961084/ |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}
Woomera Rocket Park, Woomera, South Australia (Sparta; first stage remains only){{cite web |url=https://www.artefactsconsortium.org/Publications/PDFfiles/Vol6Space/6.04.Space-Dougherty%2CWoomera75ppiWEBF.pdf |title=Retrieving Woomera's heritage: recovering lost examples of the material culture of Australian space activities |first=Kerrie |last=Dougherty |pages=80-84 |access-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011025449/https://www.artefactsconsortium.org/Publications/PDFfiles/Vol6Space/6.04.Space-Dougherty,Woomera75ppiWEBF.pdf |archive-date=2023-10-11 |url-status=dead}}

Gallery

File:Redstone msl 1 53 01.jpg|Redstone early production (1953)

File:PGM-11 Redstone RS-1002.jpg|Preparations on 16 May 1958 for the first Redstone launch on 17 May conducted by US Army troops. Battery A, 217th Field Artillery Missile Battalion, 40th Artillery Group (Redstone); Cape Canaveral, Florida; Launch Complex 5

File:redstone_trainer_08_60.jpg|Redstone trainer missile practice firing exercise by US Army troops of Battery A, 1st Missile Battalion, 333rd Artillery, 40th Artillery Group (Redstone); Bad Kreuznach, West Germany; August 1960

File:Rocketdyne a-7.jpg|Rocketdyne (NAA) 75-110-A-7 engine

File:17 22 055 A7 engine.jpg|A-7 engine on display

File:Redstone 06.jpg|Redstone on display, Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute

File:Redstone Missile.JPG|Redstone rocket on display since 1971 at the Warren, New Hampshire Historical Society

File:National Museum of Nuclear Science & History Redstone Rocket.tif|National Museum of Nuclear Science & History display in Albuquerque, New Mexico

File:Redstone in Grand Central Station July 7 1957.jpg|Redstone missile on display in Grand Central Terminal in New York, 7 July 1957

=Comparable missiles=

References

Bibliography

{{cite book |last=Bullard |first=John W |title=History of the Redstone Missile System (Historical Monograph Project Number: AMC 23 M) |date=15 October 1965 |publisher=Historical Division, Administrative Office, Army Missile Command }}
{{cite book |title=The Redstone Missile System |date = August 1960|publisher=United States Army |id=Publication L 619 |location=Fort Sill, Oklahoma }}
{{cite book |title=Standing Operating Procedure For Conduct of Redstone Annual Service Practice at White Sands Missile Range New Mexico |date=31 March 1962 |publisher=Headquarters, United States Army Artillery And Missile Center |location=Fort Sill, Oklahoma }}
{{cite book |title=Operator, Organizational, And Field Maintenance Manual – Ballistic Guided Missile M8, Ballistic Shell (Field Artillery Guided Missile System Redstone)|date = September 1960|id=TM 9-1410-350-14/2 }}
{{cite book |title=Field Artillery Missile Redstone |date = February 1962|publisher=Department of the Army |id=FM 6–35 }}
{{cite book |last=Turnill |first=Reginald |title=The Observer's Book of Manned Spaceflight |date=May 1972 |publisher=Frederick Warne & Co |location=London |isbn=0-7232-1510-3 |id=48 |title-link=Observer's Books }}
{{cite book |last=von Braun |first=Wernher |title=The Redstone, Jupiter and Juno}} Technology and Culture, Vol. 4, No. 4, The History of Rocket Technology (Autumn 1963), pp. 452–465.

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20090726040759/http://www.army.mil/info/organization/unitsandcommands/commandstructure/amcom/ Redstone Army Command site]
[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?N=0&Ntk=All&Ntt=the%20mercury%20redstone%20project&Ntx=mode%20matchallpartial&Nm=123|Collection|NASA%20STI||17|Collection|NACA||125|Collection|NIX NASA Documents relating to Redstone and Mercury Projects]
[http://myarmyredstonedays.com/ Redstone Image Collection]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090415164942/http://astronautix.com/lvs/redstone.htm Redstone] from Encyclopedia Astronautica
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080728083321/http://www.garrison.redstone.army.mil/ Redstone timeline]
[http://www.boeing.com/history/bna/redstone.htm Boeing: History– Products – North American Aviation Rocketdyne Redstone Rocket Engine]
[http://www.myarmyredstonedays.com/page12.html Appendix A: The Redstone Missile in Detail]
{{Cite web |url=http://www.wsmr-history.org/Redstone.htm |title=Redstone at the White Sands Missile Range |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=White Sands Missile Range Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416191153/http://www.wsmr-history.org/Redstone.htm |archive-date=2019-04-16 |url-status=dead}}
[http://usarmygermany.com/Units/FieldArtillery/USAREUR_40th%20Arty%20Group.htm 40th Artillery Group (Redstone)]
[http://usarmygermany.com/Units/FieldArtillery/USAREUR_46th%20Arty%20Group.htm 46th Artillery Group (Redstone)]
[http://stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=52665&archive=true From the Stars & Stripes Archives: "Redstone Rocketeers"]
[http://www.spaceline.org/rocketsum/jupiter-a.html Jupiter A]
[http://www.allpar.com/history/military/missiles.html The Chrysler Corporation Missile Division and the Redstone missiles]
[http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/25 Brigadier General Julius Braun Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections] Files of Julius Braun, Project Officer for the Redstone missiles.