PRR29

File:PRR29 Location.jpg

PRR29 is located on the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q23.3), starting at 63998344 and ending at 64004305. The gene spans 5961 base pairs and is oriented on the plus strand. Genes SNHG25 and LOC105371858 neighbor PRR29 on chromosome 17.The gene ICAM2 is located on the negative strand, directly opposite of PRR29.

The human gene for PRR29, also referred to as C17of72, spans 6 exons and is located at the genomic coordinates chr17:63,998,351-64,002,516 on the positive DNA strand (hg38). It is 4,166 base pairs in length including introns. After they have been removed, the length is shortened to 3,611 base pairs.{{Cite web|url=https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?hgg_gene=ENST00000425164.7&hgg_chrom=chr17&hgg_start=63998350&hgg_end=64002516&hgg_type=knownGene&db=hg38|title=Human Gene PRR29 (ENST00000425164.7) from GENCODE V38|website=genome.ucsc.edu}}

The gene has 12 common splice variants and one unspliced form.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/Research/Acembly/index.html|title=NCBI Aceview|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} The longest transcribed mRNA is made up of 3048 base pairs and the transcribed protein sequence for this mRNA is 189 amino acids. File:PRR29 Locus on Chromosome 17.png

File:Genomic view of PRR29.png

Homo sapiens PRR29 has several protein isoforms, with the longest being 236 amino acids. PRR29 has a predicted Isoelectric point of 5.23 and a predicted Molecular weight of 26.1 kilodaltons. PRR29 is characterized by a larger than average proportion of prolines (19.1%) and a smaller than average amount of asparagines (0.4%){{Cite web|url=http://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/|title=Compute pI/Mw|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|access-date=}}

The PRR29 protein is estimated to have a molecular weight of 20.7 kDa. Its isoelectric point is predicted to lie at 4.83.https://web.expasy.org/cgi-bin/compute_pi/pi_tool{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

PRR29 contains a proline rich region within its sequence from amino acids 73 to 166. A domain of unknown function, DUF 4587, is also present from amino acids 39 to 112 or 113.{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0C7W0|title=PRR29 - Proline-rich protein 29 - Homo sapiens (Human) - PRR29 gene & protein|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2016-05-09}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=P0C7W0|title=PRR29 proline rich 29 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}} DUF 4587 is usually between 64 and 79 amino acids long and contains the two sequence motifs QNAQ and HHH. PRR29 is predicted to contain multiple alpha helix and beta-sheet forming regions. Specifically, the DUF 4587 region is predicted to form an alpha helix.{{Cite web|url=http://workbench.sdsc.edu/|title=SDSC Biology Workbench-PELE|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}

It contains one proline-rich region motif that extends from amino acid 39 to 107.{{Cite web|url=https://myhits.sib.swiss/cgi-bin/motif_scan|title=Motif Scan|website=myhits.sib.swiss}}

File:PRR29 Structure.jpg

The secondary structure is characterized by high confidence in the presence of an alpha helix from amino acid 43 to 70 with the rest consisting of coils.{{Cite web|url=https://zhanggroup.org/I-TASSER/|title=I-TASSER server for protein structure and function prediction|website=zhanggroup.org}} In terms of tertiary structure, predictive tools returned low confidence in all sections of the protein besides the core alpha helix.{{Cite web|url=https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/P0C7W0|title=AlphaFold Protein Structure Database|website=alphafold.ebi.ac.uk}}

The secondary structure of the 5' UTR of PRR29 consists of a singular stem-loop that is almost wholly conserved between orthologs. The 3' UTR is much longer, containing 41 different stem loops in its secondary structure. Any predicted miRNA binding to PRR29 is believed to be nonfunctional.{{Cite web|url=http://www.unafold.org/mfold/applications/rna-folding-form.php|title=RNA Folding Form|website=www.unafold.org}}

Using PSORTII, PRR29 is predicted to localize in the nucleus of the cell.{{Cite web|url=http://psort.hgc.jp/form2.html|title=PSORT II Prediction|website=psort.hgc.jp|access-date=2016-05-09}} PSORTII does not predict any targeting sequences or signal peptides. Data on localization of PRR29 within cells shows that it is primarily found in the nucleus, followed by the mitochondria and cytoplasm.https://psort.hgc.jp/cgi-bin/runpsort.pl{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

PRR29 is predicted to undergo sumoylation, acetylation, and serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/|title=CBS Prediction Servers|website=www.cbs.dtu.dk|access-date=2016-05-09}} The most common types of post-translational modification that occur for this protein are phosphorylation, glycosylation, hydroxylation, and sumoylation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.musite.net/|title=MusiteDeep|website=www.musite.net}} They contribute to the stability, structure, and folding of the protein.

The interactome of PRR29 is not yet well characterized. One experimental study found that a Sus scrofa PRR29-like protein interacts with the N-terminal protease of classical swine fever virus (CSFV).{{cite journal|date=February 2013|title=Poly(C)-binding protein 1, a novel N(pro)-interacting protein involved in classical swine fever virus growth|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=87|issue=4|pages=2072–80|doi=10.1128/JVI.02807-12|pmc=3571455|pmid=23221550|vauthors=Li D, Li S, Sun Y, Dong H, Li Y, Zhao B, Guo D, Weng C, Qiu HJ}} File:ITasser PRR29 Structure Prediction.gif

File:PRR29 Expression 1.jpg

File:PRR29 Expression 2.png

PRR29 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the body. However, there is particularly high expression in the ovaries, muscle, heart, testes, and thymus.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geoprofiles/|title=Home - GEO Profiles - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2016-05-09}} According to PaxDb, PRR29 abundance falls in the bottom 5% relative to other proteins.{{Cite web|url=http://pax-db.org/dataset/9606/29|title=H.sapiens - Whole organism (Integrated) in PaxDb|website=pax-db.org|access-date=2016-05-09}}

Its expression is concentrated in related tissues including the spleen, lungs, white blood cells, and heart. In situ hybridization data reveals that expression in the human brain is brain is relatively low in the forebrain but higher in the basal ganglia, midbrain, and hindbrain with the exception of the cerebellar cortex. For comparison, expression in the mouse brain is focused in the isocortex, olfactory region, hippocampus, cortical subplate, and cerebellum.

Prediction of transcription factors that bind to the promoter region for PRR29 include ones involved with the activation of leukocytes and the formation of blood cells.{{Cite web | title=Genomatix: Genome Annotation and Browser: Query Input | url=https://www.genomatix.de/cgi-bin/eldorado/eldorado.pl?s=8d52110cfa77f5d0982853f81a3ed821 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218170128/https://www.genomatix.de/cgi-bin/eldorado/eldorado.pl?s=8d52110cfa77f5d0982853f81a3ed821 | access-date=2025-04-07 | archive-date=2021-12-18}} Abundance of the protein relative to others found in the human body is currently unknown.{{Cite web|url=https://pax-db.org/protein/1859975|title=PAXdb: Protein Abundance Database|website=pax-db.org}}

File:PRR29 Orthology.png

PRR29 has a single known paralog, C21orf58.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54058|title=C21orf58 chromosome 21 open reading frame 58 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2016-04-28}} PRR29 is well conserved among chordates and PRR29-like proteins containing the DUF 4587 have been predicted in protostomes, such as Mollusca and Annelida.{{Cite web|url=http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi|title=BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool|website=blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2016-04-28}} DUF 4587 is highly conserved in all PRR29 orthologs and is also present in its paralog, C21orf58.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR027904|title=Domain of unknown function DUF4587 (IPR027904) < InterPro < EMBL-EBI|last=EMBL-EBI|first=InterPro|website=www.ebi.ac.uk|access-date=2016-05-09}} This domain has been found in species as distantly related as Capitella teleta, which diverged from humans 847 million years ago.{{Cite web|url=http://www.timetree.org/search/pairwise/homo%2520sapiens/capitella%2520teleta|title=TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life|website=www.timetree.org|access-date=2016-05-09}}File:Expression profile of PRR29 in mice.png

This gene has orthologs in other animal species. It has only been found in vertebrates with the oldest being the whitespotted bamboo shark.{{Cite web|url=http://timetree.org/|title=TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life|website=timetree.org}}

PRR29 does not have any known paralogs.{{Cite web|url=https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi|title=BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool|website=blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}

File:Alignment_PRR29.pdf

File:PRR29 Evolution.png

This gene evolves at a rate higher than that of cytochrome c but lower than that of fibrinogen alpha chain.

It is unknown if PRR29 is directly linked to any diseases.

Experiments have been performed on tissue and cell samples in order to observe any potential changes in expression of the protein under different conditions. Samples inflicted with pulmonary sarcoidosis and small cell lung cancer did not experience and significant changes in expression compared to normal cells.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS3580:232972_at|title=GDS3580 / 232972_at|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS4794:232972_at|title=GDS4794 / 232972_at|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}} Intracranial artery aneurysm did induce change, leading to heightened expression{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS3903:232972_at|title=GDS3903 / 232972_at|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}

{{Reflist|33em}}

• [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/genes/ENSG00000224383?bs=%7B%22homo+sapiens%22%3A%7B%22ORGANISM_PART%22%3Atrue%7D%7D&ds=%7B%7D#baseline Human Expression Atlas data] (EBI)
• [https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PRR29 Genecards]

Category:Proteins