Paipa-Iza volcanic complex

{{Infobox mountain

| name = Paipa–Iza volcanic complex

| other_name =

| native_name ={{native name|es|Complejo volcánico de Paipa–Iza}}

| photo = Paipa-Iza volcanic complex - Colombia - Iza Domes - View from east.jpg

| photo_size = 250px

| photo_alt =

| photo_caption = View of Iza volcano from the east

| map = Colombia

| map_alt =

| map_border =

| map_caption = Location in Colombia

| map_relief = 1

| map_size =

| location = Paipa & Iza, Boyacá, Colombia

| label =

| label_position =

| elevation = {{convert|2500|-|2770|m|ft|abbr=on}}

| elevation_ft =

| elevation_ref =

| prominence =

| prominence_m =

| prominence_ft =

| prominence_ref =

| isolation =

| isolation_km =

| isolation_mi =

| isolation_ref =

| parent_peak = Altiplano Cundiboyacense

| listing =

| translation = "cacique Paipa & place of healing"

| language = chb

| pronunciation =

| range = Eastern Ranges, Andes

| coordinates = {{coord|5|36|25.7|N|72|59|40.4|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

| coordinates_ref =

| topo =

| type = Volcanic field

| geology = Porphyritic plagioclase and sanidine-rich rhyolites

| age = Plio-Pleistocene

| volcanic_arc =

| volcanic_belt = Andean Volcanic Belt
Northern Volcanic Zone

| volcanic_arc/belt =

| last_eruption = Early Pleistocene

| first_ascent = Precolumbian

| easiest_route = Drive to Paipa or Iza

| normal_route =

| access = Partially restricted (quarries)
Thermal baths touristic attraction

| child =

| embedded =

}}

The Paipa–Iza volcanic complex is a volcanic field of Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene age on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. It is the northernmost volcanic complex of the Andean Volcanic Belt with Fueguino in Tierra del Fuego, Chile, at the opposite end of the Andean mountain belt.

The complex, comprising mainly felsic extrusive volcanic rocks as rhyolites, also is the only confirmed volcanic province in the Eastern Ranges, with traces of probably contemporaneous explosive volcanic activity in the vicinity of Guatavita, Cundinamarca.

The Paipa-Iza volcanic field is important as a touristic site with thermal baths in both Paipa and Iza and is being studied for the potential of geothermal energy production and for the extraction of uranium in the area.

Etymology

The names Paipa and Iza originate in Muysccubun, the language of the indigenous Muisca, who inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense before the Spanish conquest. Paipa was the name of a cacique who served under cacique Tundama of Duitama and Iza means "place of healing".{{in lang|es}} [http://www.excelsio.net/2011/11/sabe-el-origen-del-nombre-de-su.html Etymology Municipalities Boyacá]

Geography

{{Location map many | Altiplano Cundiboyacense

| width = 270

| caption = Paipa and Iza on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

| lat1_deg = 5.797232

| lon1_deg = -73.137817

| mark1 = Cyan pog.svg

| label1 = {{yellow|Paipa}}

| position1 = top

| lat2_deg = 5.607139

| lon2_deg = -72.994556

| label2 = {{yellow|Iza}}

| mark2 = Cyan pog.svg

| position2 = right

}}

The Paipa–Iza volcanic complex is located in the northern part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at altitudes between {{convert|2500|and|2770|m}}. The northwestern part of the complex is situated in the municipality Paipa and the southeastern part in Iza, both belonging to the department of Boyacá.

= Climate =

{{climate chart

| {{center|Paipa - 2525 m}}

|7.4 |21.3 |29

|8.1 |21.8 |44

|8.2 |21.9 |65

|9.6 |20.7 |123

|9.6 |20.0 |124

|8.8 |19.4 |61

|7.9 |19.4 |46

|7.9 |19.6 |50

|8.1 |19.8 |68

|9.1 |19.7 |151

|8.8 |20.3 |99

|7.5 |20.8 |51

|maxprecip = 350

|float = none

|clear = none

|source = [http://en.climate-data.org/location/50159/ Climate-data.org - Paipa]

}}

Paipa–Iza volcanic complex

File:Paipa-Iza volcanic complex - Colombia - Rhyolite from Holcim dome.jpg

The complex was active from the late Pliocene, around 2.7 Ma, until the earliest Pleistocene, around 2.3 Ma.Jaramillo et al., 2005Monsalve et al., 2011Romero & Rincón, 1990Vesga & Jaramillo, 2009

The complex at Iza consists of two domes; Domo Holcim with {{convert|0.67|km2|sqft}} and Domo Los Sauces {{convert|0.12|km2|acre}} in size. They consist of porphyritic rhyolites with sanidine and plagioclase as dominant mineral groups and abundant xenoliths of sedimentary rock and in minor quantities volcanic or metamorphic fragments. The overall rock composition is very felsic and comprises biotites and amphiboles as opaque minerals.Monsalve et al., 2011, p.124

Geothermal energy

The complex is studied for the potential of geothermal energy production.Alfaro et al., 2010Mejía et al., 2014Moyano & Vallejo, 2015

Resources

The complex is studied for the potential of uranium mining.González Oviedo, 2009aGonzález Oviedo, 2009b

Regional geology

= Cretaceous =

{{Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges}}

References

= Bibliography =

== Geology ==

{{citation |last1=Jaramillo |first1=José M |last2=Rojas Linero |first2=Pilar |last3=Garver |first3=John I. |year=2005 |title=Pliocene volcanism in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hu1Seu6toDwC&pg=PA411 |publisher=6th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2005, Barcelona) |pages=411–412 |isbn=978-2-7099-1575-5 |accessdate=2017-02-25}}
{{citation |last1=Monsalve |first1=Maria Luisa |last2=Rojas |first2=Nadia R. |last3=Velandia P. |first3=Francisco A. |last4=Pintor |first4=Iraida |last5=Martínez |first5=Lina Fernanda |year=2011 |title=Caracterización geológica del cuerpo volcánico de Iza, Boyacá - Colombia |url=http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/boge/v33n1/v33n1a09.pdf |journal=Boletín de Geología |volume=33 |pages=117–130 |accessdate=2017-02-25}}
{{citation |last1=Romero |first1=Fernando H |last2=Rincón |first2=Marco A. |year=1990 |title=Características Petrográficas y Geoquímicas de las Rocas Volcánicas de Iza (Departamento de Boyacá, Colombia) |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/31489/1/30667-111056-1-PB.pdf |journal=Geologia Colombiana |volume=17 |pages=159–168 |accessdate=2017-02-25}}
{{citation |last1=Vesga G. |first1=Ana María |last2=Jaramillo |first2=José M. |year=2009 |title=Geoquímica del domo volcánico en el municipio de Iza, Departamento de Boyacá; interpretación geodinámica y comparación con el vulcanismo neógeno de la Cordillera Oriental |url=http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/boge/v31n2/v31n2a07.pdf |journal=Boletín de Geología |volume=31 |pages=97–108 |accessdate=2017-02-25}}

== Geothermal ==

{{citation |last1=Alfaro |first1=Claudia |last2=Velandia |first2=Francisco |last3=Cepeda |first3=Hector |last4=Pardo |first4=Natalia |year=2010 |title=Preliminary Conceptual Model of the Paipa Geothermal System, Colombia |url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2010/1142.pdf |publisher=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25–29 April 2010 |pages=1–7 |accessdate=2017-02-25}}
{{citation |last1=Mejía |first1=Eliana |last2=Rayo |first2=Lorena |last3=Méndez |first3=Javier |last4=Echeverri |first4=Julián |year=2014 |title=Geothermal development in Colombia |url=http://www.os.is/gogn/unu-gtp-sc/UNU-GTP-SC-18-07.pdf |publisher=Short Course VI on Utilization of Low- and Medium-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources and Financial Aspects of Utilization |pages=1–7 |accessdate=2017-02-25}}
{{citation |last1=Moyano |first1=Ismael |last2=Vallejo |first2=Edwin |year=2015 |title=Contribution to the Knowledge of the Paipa Geothermal System by the Application of the Magnetotelluric Method |url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/13075.pdf |publisher=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19–25 April 2015 |pages=1–6 |accessdate=2017-02-25}}

== Resources ==

{{citation |last=González Oviedo |first=L |year=2009a |title=Uranium exploration in Paipa and Iza area (Colombia), preliminary report of new contributions |url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TE-1739_web.pdf |publisher=Uranium Raw Material for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Exploration, Mining, Production, Supply and Demand, Economics and Environmental Issues (URAM-2009). Proceedings of an International Symposium |pages=96–106 |accessdate=2017-02-25}}
{{citation |last=González Oviedo |first=L |year=2009b |title=Uranium exploration in Paipa and Iza area (Colombia), new contributions (preliminary report) |url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/meetings/PDFplus/2009/cn175/URAM2009/Session%203/04_43_Gonzalez_Colombia.pdf |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–36 |accessdate=2017-02-25}}

== Maps ==

{{citation |last1=Renzoni |first1=Giancarlo |last2=Rosas |first2=Humberto |year=2009 |title=Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QVU40dC0wUzhzTkk |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Renzoni |first1=Giancarlo |last2=Rosas |first2=Humberto |author3-link=Fernando Etayo |last3=Etayo Serna |first3=Fernando |year=1998 |title=Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QQzhBTXNwUWJuUDg |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Velandia |first1=Francisco |last2=Cepeda |first2=Héctor |year=2005 |title=Planchas 171 & 191 - Geología sector del sur del municipio de Paipa (Boyacá) - 1:25,000 |publisher=INGEOMINAS}}