Palatino

Named after the 16th-century Italian master of calligraphy Giambattista Palatino, Palatino is based on the humanist types of the Italian Renaissance, which mirror the letters formed by a broad nib pen reflecting Zapf's expertise as a calligrapher.{{cite web|last1=Zapf|first1=Hermann|title=I've been asked to tell you about myself and my types|url=http://download.linotype.com/free/howtouse/ZapfBiography.pdf|publisher=Linotype|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407012339/http://download.linotype.com/free/howtouse/ZapfBiography.pdf|url-status=dead}} Its capital 'Y' is in the unusual 'palm Y' style, inspired by the Greek letter upsilon, a trait found in some of the earliest versions of the letter such as that of Aldus Manutius.{{cite web|last1=Shaw|first1=Paul|author-link=Paul Shaw (design historian)|title=Flawed Typefaces|url=http://www.printmag.com/featured/flawed-typefaces/#comment-6378|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816012327/http://www.printmag.com/featured/flawed-typefaces/#comment-6378|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2013|website=Print|access-date=16 May 2020}}

Unlike most Renaissance typeface revivals, which tend to have delicate proportions such as a low x-height (short lower-case letters and longer ascenders and descenders), Palatino has larger proportions, increasing legibility.{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Alastair|last2=Dabbs|first2=Alistair|title=Pocket Essentials: Typography: The History and Principles of the Art|date=2014|publisher=Hachette|location=London|isbn=9781781571552|pages=164–169|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9DDCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT164|access-date=27 March 2016}}{{cite journal|last1=Zapf|first1=Hermann|title=Autobiography in Type|journal=Motif|date=1959|volume=3|pages=33–48}} Palatino was particularly intended as a design for trade or 'jobbing' use, such as headings, advertisements and display printing, and was created with a solid, wide structure and wide apertures that could appear clearly on poor-quality paper, when read at a distance or printed at small sizes.

Palatino is one of several related typefaces by Zapf, which Stempel marketed as an "extended family".{{cite web|last1=Ulrich|first1=Ferdinand|title=From Condensed Light to Extended Ultra|url=https://www.fontshop.com/content/from-compressed-light-to-extended-ultra|publisher=FontShop|access-date=19 August 2017}} The group includes Palatino, Sistina, Michelangelo, and Aldus; Zapf's biographer Jerry Kelly describes them as forming "the largest type family based on classic renaissance forms at the time."{{cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=Jerry|last2=Bringhurst|first2=Robert|title=About More Alphabets: The Types of Hermann Zapf|date=2011|publisher=Typhophiles|location=New York|isbn=9780984274406}}{{cite web|last1=Shaw|first1=Paul|title=Blue Pencil no. 20—Zapfiana no. 1: About More Alphabets|url=http://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2012/12/blue-pencil-no-20-zapfiana-no-1-about-more-alphabets/|website=Paul Shaw Letter Design|access-date=26 March 2016}}{{cite book|author=Ron Goldberg|title=Digital Typography Pocket Primer|url=https://archive.org/details/digitaltypograph0000gold|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Windsor Professional Information|isbn=978-1-893190-05-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/digitaltypograph0000gold/page/n242 233]}} These designs were strongly influenced by Italian Renaissance letter forms and Roman square capitals, although Zapf was unable to visit Italy until after he had finished the Palatino roman.{{cite web|title=BLUe blood in math mode?|url=https://www.ntg.nl/maps/13/19.pdf|website=Netherlands TeX Group|access-date=26 March 2016}}{{cite book|author=Alexander S. Lawson|title=Anatomy of a Typeface|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiJ87ixLs0sC&pg=PA124|date=January 1990|publisher=David R. Godine Publisher|isbn=978-0-87923-333-4|pages=120–128}} Palatino rapidly became popular for book body text use, overshadowing the narrower and lighter Aldus, which Zapf had designed for this role. It has been described as one of the ten most used serif typefaces.{{cite web|url=http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2011/08/the-most-popular-fonts-used-by-designers/ |title=Free fonts and premium fonts used by designers |publisher=Webdesigner Depot |date=2011-08-30 |access-date=2013-11-26}} Since Palatino was not originally designed for body text, some of its characters were intended to stand out with quirky, calligraphic design features, and Zapf later redesigned them with more sober alternates, which have become the norm on most digital versions.{{cite web|last1=Coles|first1=Stephen|last2=Hardwig|first2=Florian|title=Philosophy in the Middle Ages|url=http://www.fontsinuse.com/uses/9777/philosophy-in-the-middle-ages|website=Fonts In Use|date=5 August 2015 |access-date=7 April 2016}}

Linotype licensed Palatino to Adobe and Apple who incorporated it into the PostScript digital printing technology as a standard font. This guaranteed its importance in digital and desktop publishing and made it (or a variant of it) a preinstalled font on most computers. As with many popular fonts, knockoff designs and rereleases under different names are common. Zapf retained an interest in the design, and continued to collaborate on new versions into his eighties.

File:Palatino old and new.png

Palatino itself, as previously noted, has a solid structure, intended to read clearly on poor-quality paper and printing. Zapf's friend Alexander Lawson wrote that "the open counters that make Palatino such a legible letter were provided to overcome a then current printing problem in Germany, poor-quality paper. The weight of the type was also thickened beyond that of a normal roman in order to adapt to the lithographic and gravure printing processes of that period. Zapf has steadily maintained that he did not create Palatino as a book type but rather as a commercial face."{{cite web|last1=Hardwig|first1=Florian|title=In memoriam Hermann Zapf, 1918–2015 (German)|url=http://www.myfonts.de/2015/06/zapf/|website=MyFonts|access-date=23 June 2016}}

File:Palatino Swash Initials.jpg

Due to Palatino's increasing popularity in body text, multiple versions have been released for the changing technologies of handsetting, hot metal typesetting, phototypesetting and digital font design. Later versions often have regularised details such as a lower 't' and foot serifs on 'p' and 'q'. The italic in particular has gone through several redesigns, with the original for hand-set foundry type being distinctly narrow, the version for the Linotype machine distinctly wide to enable duplexing with the roman, and the versions for subsequent photosetting and digital technologies being in between the two extremes. Hutner and Kelly have described Palatino as "distinctly modern... a modern type not copied from any specific early model."{{cite book|author1=Martin Hutner|author2=Jerry Kelly|title=A Century for the Century: Fine Printed Books from 1900 to 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=On2cttWtZ9AC&pg=PR22|year=2004|publisher=David R. Godine Publisher|isbn=978-1-56792-220-2|pages=22–}}

Palatino's italic in metal type included a set of swash capitals. These have not been found in digitisations, although digitisations of Zapf's Renaissance Antiqua design (discussed below) do include a (slightly different) set.{{cite web|last1=Hardwig|first1=Florian|title=Letters Home by Sylvia Plath, Harper & Row|url=http://fontsinuse.com/uses/10061/letters-home-by-sylvia-plath-harper-andamp-ro|website=Fonts In Use|date=21 August 2015 |access-date=27 March 2016}} Later versions alter the descenders on many letters; Zapf originally had to keep these short to fit on the German common line standard, optimised for blackletter typefaces; later versions escape this restriction.{{cite book|author=Paul Shaw|title=Revival Type: Digital Typefaces Inspired by the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7e0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170|date=18 April 2017|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-21929-6|pages=170–2}}

{{Infobox font

| name = Linotype Aldus

| image = AldusSpec7.svg

| style = Serif

| creationdate = 1954

| creator = Hermann Zapf

| foundry = Linotype

| trademark = Linotype

| classifications = Old style

}}

File:Palatino & Aldus.png

Aldus is an old-style serif design, popular for use in book printing. Compared to Palatino, released some years earlier, it has a more condensed design lighter in colour, more graceful and refined and better suited to the high average quality of book printing.{{cite book|author1=Gavin Ambrose|author2=Paul Harris|title=Basics Design 03: Typography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQdOoDr2b5cC&pg=PA160|date=1 June 2005|publisher=AVA Publishing|isbn=978-2-940373-35-2|page=160}} Aldus has a non-kerning roman and italic f, allowing the typographer to avoid ligatures. It appeared in the D. Stempel AG catalog in 1954 and Zapf used it to set his own Manuale Typographicum, a history of letter design.{{cite web|last1=Purcell|first1=Chris|title=Manuale Typographicum by Hermann Zapf|url=http://fontsinuse.com/uses/9553/manuale-typographicum-by-hermann-zapf|website=Fonts in Use|date=6 June 2015 |access-date=4 September 2016}}

Aldus is named for the Venetian Renaissance printer Aldus Manutius. The decision annoyed Zapf (who preferred the name "Palatino Book") since it bears little direct resemblance to Aldus's typefaces.{{cite web|url=http://www.linotype.com/en/30/aldus-family.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104003730/http://www.linotype.com/en/30/aldus-family.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-04|title=Aldus}}

Like Palatino, an upgraded digitisation, Aldus Nova, has been released by Linotype.{{cite web |title=Aldus Nova |url=https://www.myfonts.com/collections/aldus-nova-pro-font-linotype |website=MyFonts |access-date=10 April 2023}}

A set of titling capitals, based on Roman square capitals. The design has a 'U' with a foot serif at bottom right, a 'double-V'-style 'W' with four top terminals and a 'palm Y' similar to that on Palatino, inspired by the Greek letter upsilon. It was renamed "Palatino Titling" in the Palatino nova release (see below), since the rights to the name were held by Berthold who also published a digitisation.{{cite book|first=Nikolaus Julius|last=Weichselbaumer|title=Der Typograph Hermann Zapf: Eine Werkbiographie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9VaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT447|date=14 December 2015|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=978-3-11-041505-6|pages=446–449}}{{cite web|title=Michelangelo BQ|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/berthold/michelangelo-bq/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Berthold|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421004827/https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/berthold/michelangelo-bq/|url-status=dead}}

A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure.{{cite web|title=Sistina|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/urw/sistina/`|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308110504/https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/urw/sistina/%60|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 8, 2021|website=MyFonts|publisher=URW++|access-date=7 April 2016}}{{cite web|title=Sistina LT|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/sistina-lt/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Linotype|access-date=7 April 2016}} It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font.{{cite web|title=Sistina|url=https://www.linotype.com/56668/sistina-family.html?site=details|website=Linotype|access-date=26 March 2016}} The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed "Palatino Imperial" and has small capitals as a lower case.{{cite web|title=Linotype Palatino nova: PDF specimen|url=http://www.signumart.com/p/data/cd-pdf/pdf1_id741_.pdf|website=Signum Art|publisher=Linotype|access-date=8 April 2016|archive-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420100503/http://www.signumart.com/p/data/cd-pdf/pdf1_id741_.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Palatino nova|url=https://issuu.com/Linotype/docs/palatino_nova_brochure|website=issuu|date=17 September 2012 |publisher=Linotype|access-date=17 May 2018}} It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been unable to visit before.{{cite news|last1=Foster|first1=Charles|title=Hermann Zapf obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jul/01/hermann-zapf|website=The Guardian|date=July 2015 |access-date=8 April 2016}} Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.{{cite web|last1=Stone|first1=Sumner|title=Hermann Zapf|url=http://typographics.com/projects/zapf/|publisher=Typographics Conference|access-date=22 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928213844/http://typographics.com/projects/zapf/|archive-date=28 September 2015}}{{cite web|last1=Siebert|first1=Jürgen|title=Fontshop – Hermann Zapf 1918–2015|url=https://www.fontshop.com/content/hermann-zapf-1918-2015|publisher=Fontshop|access-date=22 August 2015}}{{cite book|last1=Standard]|first1=Hermann Zapf. [Transl. by Paul|title=About alphabets : some marginal notes on type design.|date=1970|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=9780262240109|edition=[Rev. ed.]}}

An ultra-bold display type, with a slight slope but roman rather than italic letter forms.{{cite web|title=Kompakt LT|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/kompakt/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Linotype|access-date=7 April 2016}}{{cite web|title=Kompakt|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/adobe/kompakt/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030116094945/http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/adobe/kompakt/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 16, 2003|website=MyFonts|publisher=Adobe|access-date=7 April 2016}} Unlike Palatino, it is very unlike the style of roman type printing used during the Renaissance, which did not use bold type.

Not part of Stempel's metal Palatino family, Zapf Renaissance Antiqua is a separate interpretation by Zapf of the same Renaissance models dating to 1984–1986, initially created for Scangraphic and later digitised and sold by Linotype along with Palatino. Compared to Palatino, Zapf Renaissance Antiqua has greater stroke contrast, which carries through to the sharp serifs and wedge-like punctuation marks, but it also features smoother transitions between thick and thin strokes.{{Cite book|last=Bringhurst|first=Robert|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/961937513|title=Palatino : the natural history of a typeface|date=2016|isbn=978-1-56792-572-2|edition=1st trade|location=Boston|pages=173–175|oclc=961937513}} It is also notable for including a full set of swash letterforms, with as many as five variants of each lowercase letter – something not included on digital versions of Palatino.{{cite web|title=Zapf Renaissance Antiqua|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/zapf-renaissance-antiqua/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Linotype|access-date=27 March 2016|quote=This version was based on Scangraphic SH version (For Display use) and not on the SB version (for text use).}} According to Linotype the currently available digitisation is based on the versions prepared by Scangraphic for display use, with tight spacing and striking contrasts in stroke weight. A version marketed under the name “Zapf Renaissance Antiqua SB” contains these same high-contrast letterforms, but with looser spacing for running text. However, some typographers have criticized the poor quality of the spacing in all available digitizations, attributing it to an inaccurate conversion from its original, proprietary digital format into PostScript.

File:Stempel_Palatino_family_specimen.jpg

File:Palatino specimen sheet.jpg

Palatino's early digitisation intended for PostScript use is very widely used or cloned. Later Palatino digitisations have different features and spacing. In 1999, Zapf revised Palatino for Linotype and Microsoft, called Palatino Linotype. The revised family incorporated extended Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic character sets. Linotype released a more complex redesign named Palatino Nova, together with digitisations of some of Zapf's other Renaissance-inspired designs and Aldus. Zapf also created a matching Palatino Sans and Palatino Sans Informal design in 2006.{{cite web|title=The New Palatino Sans: A supplement to Palatino Nova designed by Hermann Zapf|url=http://www.linotype.co.jp/linotype%20volumes/Palatino%20Sans%20Brochure.pdf|publisher=Linotype|access-date=26 March 2016}}

Palatino Linotype is the version of the Palatino family included with modern versions of Microsoft software. It incorporates extended Latin, Greek, Cyrillic characters, as well as currency signs, subscripts and superscripts, and fractions. The family includes roman and italic in text and bold weights.

Palatino Linotype was notable as being the first western OpenType font that Microsoft shipped; Palatino Linotype was bundled with Windows 2000. The OpenType version showcased some (then new) alternate features, including ligatures, true small caps, proportional and tabular figures, text figures and a variety of special alternate characters, such as the swash Capital Qu combination.{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/fontblog/archive/2007/06/11/a-blast-from-type-past.aspx|title=A blast from type past!|publisher=Microsoft}} This marks it out from earlier digitisations such as the OS X system version, which do not include ligatures such as Th and Qu. On release it was one of the few fonts to incorporate an interrobang.{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/fontblog/archive/2005/12/22/interrobang-interrobang.aspx|title=MSDN Blogs|publisher=Microsoft}}

Palatino Nova is a redesigned version of Palatino, by Hermann Zapf and Akira Kobayashi. This Palatino Nova typeface family includes roman and italics in the light, text, medium, and bold weights, a new release of Aldus and versions of Michelangelo and Sistina under the name of "Palatino Titling" and "Palatino Imperial".[http://www.linotype.com/en/109932/palatinonova-family.html Palatino nova Font Family – by Hermann Zapf, Akira Kobayashi]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite web|title=Still looking for refinements at 87|url=https://www.linotype.com/2630/zapf-birthday-celebration.html|website=Linotype|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110024/https://www.linotype.com/2630/zapf-birthday-celebration.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Palatino Nova Titling|url=https://www.linotype.com/2567-18934/palatino-nova-titling.html|website=Linotype|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406155941/https://www.linotype.com/2567-18934/palatino-nova-titling.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Palatino nova|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/palatino-nova/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Linotype|access-date=7 April 2016}}

The font family was premiered on November 24, 2005,{{cite web|url=http://www.linotype.com/en/2812/reinterpretationofaclassicintheplatinumcollection.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909082007/http://www.linotype.com/en/2812/reinterpretationofaclassicintheplatinumcollection.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 9, 2012|title=Linotype News – Press Releases}} the same day as Hermann Zapf's 87th birthday celebration.{{cite web|url=http://www.linotype.com/en/2809/linotypecelebrateshermannzapfsbirthdayandpalatinonovapremiere.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128055744/http://www.linotype.com/en/2809/linotypecelebrateshermannzapfsbirthdayandpalatinonovapremiere.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 28, 2013|title=Linotype News – Press Releases}} A new digitisation of Aldus named Aldus nova was created at the same time.{{cite web|title=Aldus Nova Pro|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/aldus-nova-pro/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Linotype|access-date=7 April 2016}}{{cite web|title=Aldus nova family|url=http://www.linotype.com/en/109957/aldusnova-family.html|website=Linotype|access-date=30 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622092628/http://www.linotype.com/en/109957/Aldusnova-family.html|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=dead}}

Palatino Sans is a sans-serif design with stroke width modulation, resembling Zapf's classic design Optima but with a softer, more organic feel.{{cite web|title=Palatino Sans Brochure|url=http://www.linotype.co.jp/linotype%20volumes/Palatino%20Sans%20Brochure.pdf|website=Linotype|access-date=15 June 2016}}{{cite web|title=Palatino Sans|url=https://issuu.com/Linotype/docs/palatinosansbrochure|website=issuu|date=17 September 2012 |publisher=Linotype|access-date=17 May 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://www.linotype.com/en/2567-18935/preannouncementpalatinosanssansinformal.html|title=Linotype Platinum Collection – Linotype Palatino nova|access-date=2008-01-08|archive-date=2015-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712091443/http://www.linotype.com/en/2567-18935/preannouncementpalatinosanssansinformal.html|url-status=dead}} Unlike the serifed counterpart, the Sans families do not have full Greek or Cyrillic characters. Reviewing it for Typographica on release, font designer Hrant Papazian commented:{{cite web|last1=Papazian|first1=Hrant|title=Palatino Sans review|url=http://typographica.org/typeface-reviews/palatino-sans/|website=Typographica|access-date=27 March 2016}}

The confluence of competence, freedom and kiai... evident in Palatino Sans is breathtaking. The sober organicity, the bravado of the raised 'r', the confident flair of the italic; all done before, but never in such a usable, contemporary whole.

Palatino Sans Informal incorporates informal characteristics to the Palatino Sans, such as asymmetrical A, K, N, W, X, Y, w.

It is a family designed by Lebanese designer Nadine Chahine and Hermann Zapf. The design is based on the Al-Ahram typeface designed by Zapf in 1956 but reworked and modified to fit the Palatino Nova family. The design is Naskh in style but with a strong influence of Thuluth style.

This family only comes in 1 font, with the Latin characters based on Palatino Nova Regular. It supports basic Latin, Arabic, Persian, and Urdu scripts.{{cite web|title=Palatino Arabic|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/palatino-arabic/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Linotype|access-date=7 April 2016}} Chahine also created a version of Zapf's Zapfino.

It is a family designed by Toshi Omagari of Monotype Imaging, optimised for on-screen use. It includes a larger x-height and wider spacing.{{cite web|last1=Devroye|first1=Luc|url=http://luc.devroye.org/fonts-26201.html|title=Hermann Zapf|website=Luc Devroye on Type Design|author-link=Luc Devroye}}{{cite web|last1=Matteson|first1=Steve|author-link1=Steve Matteson|title=Type Q&A: Steve Matteson from Monotype|url=http://typecast.com/blog/type-qa-steve-matteson-from-monotype|website=Typecast|publisher=Monotype|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222195701/http://typecast.com/blog/type-qa-steve-matteson-from-monotype|url-status=dead}} It is the standard four-font family, with bolds and italics.{{cite web|title=Palatino eText|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/palatino-etext/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Linotype|access-date=7 April 2016}}

As one of the most iconic typefaces of the twentieth century, derivative designs based on Palatino were rapidly developed, taking advantage of the lack of practical copyright and the easy copying possible in the phototypesetting font market of the 1960s and 70s onwards.{{cite web|last1=Simonson|first1=Mark|author-link=Mark Simonson|title=The Scourge of Arial|url=http://www.marksimonson.com/notebook/view/the-scourge-of-arial|website=Mark Simonson Studio Notebook|access-date=19 March 2016|quote=Many type manufacturers in the past have done knock-offs of Helvetica that were indistinguishable or nearly so. For better or worse, in many countries—particularly the U.S.—while typeface names can be protected legally, typeface designs themselves are difficult to protect. So, if you wanted to buy a typesetting machine and wanted the real Helvetica, you had to buy Linotype. If you opted to purchase Compugraphic, AM, or Alphatype typesetting equipment, you couldn’t get Helvetica. Instead you got Triumvirate, or Helios, or Megaron, or Newton, or whatever. Every typesetting manufacturer had its own Helvetica look-alike. It’s quite possible that most of the “Helvetica” seen in the ’70s was actually not Helvetica.}}{{cite web|last1=Downer|first1=John|author-link=John Downer (signpainter)|title=Call It What It Is|url=http://www.emigre.com/Editorial.php?sect=2&id=1|publisher=Emigre|access-date=20 March 2016}} Many of these are almost indistinguishable from Palatino, and some even had Zapf's involvement as a consultant.{{cite web|last1=Loxley|first1=Simon|title=Font Wars: A Story On Rivalry Between Type Foundries|url=https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2012/05/font-wars-story-on-rivalry-between-type-foundries/|website=Smashing Magazine|date=14 May 2012 |access-date=20 March 2016}}{{cite web|last1=Simonson|first1=Mark|author-link=Mark Simonson|title=Monotype's Other Arials|url=http://www.marksimonson.com/notebook/view/monotypes-other-arials|publisher=Mark Simonson Studio|access-date=14 July 2015}}

Softmaker's clone of Palatino, Palazzo Original, is unique for being based on the original metal type of Palatino: as a result, it contains many design features not seen in the digital versions of Palatino endorsed by Zapf and most clones. These include a 'p' and 'q' without foot serif and no serif on the centre stroke of the 'E' and 'F', as well as a slightly more delicate design with a lower x-height.{{cite web|last1=Devroye|first1=Luc|author-link=Luc Devroye|title=More on the Palatino story|url=http://luc.devroye.org/palatino2.html|website=Type Design Information Page|access-date=27 March 2016}} It has also been released as Marathon Serial without italics.{{cite web|title=Marathon Serial|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/softmaker/marathon-serial/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Softmaker|access-date=7 April 2016}}

Image:CompPal1.svg

Most modern Palatino clones are set to match the spacing and design of the PostScript version of Palatino that was a standard font in early digital publishing. In the Bitstream font collection, the Palatino equivalent is called "Zapf Calligraphic".{{cite web|title=Zapf Calligraphic 801|url=http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/bitstream/zapf-calligraphic-801/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Bitstream|access-date=27 March 2016}}

URW++ sells its version as "URW Palladio L". A version of this font was later released by URW under a free and open-source licence as part of the Ghostscript project to develop an open-source alternative to PostScript.{{cite web|title=URW Palladio|url=http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/urwpalladio/|website=The LaTeX font catalogue|publisher=TeX Users Group Denmark|access-date=7 April 2016}} As a result, it (or a derivative) is used by much open-source software such as R as a system font.{{cite web|title=Fonts|url=http://www.cookbook-r.com/Graphs/Fonts/|website=R Cookbook|access-date=7 April 2016}}{{cite web|last1=Horton|first1=Nicholas|title=Specifying fonts in graphics|url=http://sas-and-r.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/example-733-specifying-fonts-in.html|website=SAS & R|date=19 April 2010 |access-date=7 April 2016}} Palladio, however, lacks the subtle stroke modulation and rounded corners which can be found for example in Palatino Linotype.

One of the best-known Palatino PostScript clones is "Book Antiqua" (originally by Monotype), distributed with much Microsoft software, beginning with Microsoft Windows.Zapf, Hermann. Alphabet Stories: a chronicle of technical development. Linotype: 2007. It is one of many clone PostScript typefaces distributed by Microsoft and Monotype around this time, including Arial (similar to Helvetica), Century Gothic (ITC Avant Garde) and Bookman Old Style (ITC Bookman). Book Antiqua resembles Palatino extremely closely and is almost indistinguishable from the original apart from a few detail differences. ("Antiqua" is another word for the "Roman" style of typefaces that Palatino is based on, as opposed to blackletter. The genre, inspired by Italian traditions of handwriting and calligraphy, has been a dominant influence on most typefaces and lettering created in the Western world since the Renaissance.{{cite book|first=Elizabeth|last=Eisenstein|author-link=Elizabeth Eisenstein|title=The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/printingrevoluti00eise_0|url-access=registration|date=12 September 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84543-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/printingrevoluti00eise_0/page/123 123]–163}})

In 1993, Zapf resigned from l'Association Typographique Internationale (ATypI) over what he viewed as its hypocritical attitude toward unauthorized copying by prominent ATypI members (namely Monotype). In the United States, the abstract design of a typeface is not protected by copyright, and can be imitated freely (unless the typeface is protected by a design patent, which is of much more limited duration and rarely applied for). Copyright protection is available for the representation of a typeface in software (a computer font), and the names of typefaces can be protected by trademark.

Microsoft has since licensed and distributes Linotype's version of Zapf's original design called Palatino Linotype in all versions of Windows since Windows 2000.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/typography/fonts/font.aspx?FMID=1937|title=Palatino Linotype – Version 5.01|publisher=Microsoft}} During the Palatino Linotype development process, Zapf and Linotype requested that Microsoft cease to include Book Antiqua with Office, but Microsoft concluded that this was impossible as too many documents had already been created using it.{{cite web|last1=Hudson |first1=John |title=Comments on Typophile Thread |url=http://typophile.com/node/97065 |website=Typophile|access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124093638/http://typophile.com/node/97065 |archive-date=January 24, 2015 }}{{cite web|last1=Devroye|first1=Luc|author-link=Luc Devroye|title=Palatino FAQ|url=http://luc.devroye.org/fonts-25034.html|website=Type Design Information Page|access-date=27 March 2016}} A custom version of Book Antiqua was created by Monotype as a corporate font for the Parliament of the UK.{{cite web|last1=Castle|first1=Bob|last2=Carpenter|first2=Victoria|title=Book Antiqua Parliamentary (Freedom of Information request)|url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/book_antiqua_parliamentary_4|website=Whatdotheyknow.com|date=6 September 2010 |access-date=27 March 2016}}

The first legal free version of Palatino was URW Palladio L. The open-source community greatly extended the character sets of the fonts and releases new, updated versions under new names.

• FPL Neu is a typeface based on URW Palladio L font. It has both text figures and lining figures. It is available both in Type 1 format{{citation |url=http://home.vr-web.de/was/x/FPL/|title=Index of /~was/x/FPL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425021223/http://home.vr-web.de/was/x/FPL/|access-date=2015-01-28|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-25}} and OpenType format.{{cite web|url=https://github.com/rstub/fplneu|title=FPL Neu fonts — OpenType edition|website=GitHub }}
• TeX Gyre Pagella is another similar typeface based on the URW Palladio L font. Pagella includes accents for European languages as well as glyphs for a few non-European languages.{{cite web|url=http://www.gust.org.pl/projects/e-foundry/tex-gyre/pagella|title=TeX Gyre Pagella|access-date=2010-07-12|archive-date=2010-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728140016/http://www.gust.org.pl/projects/e-foundry/tex-gyre/pagella|url-status=dead}} This typeface is released in formats compatible with LaTeX as well as with modern OpenType compatible systems. It is a part of the TeX Gyre project to make updated, expanded, OpenType versions of URW's open-source fonts.
• Domitian is a typeface based on URW Palladio L font released recently in 2020. It was meant to be a drop in of Adobe Palatino, and extends more characters on top of Palladio.{{Cite web|title=The LaTeX Font Catalogue – Domitian|url=https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/domitian/|access-date=2021-01-07|website=tug.org}} [https://github.com/dbenjaminmiller/domitian Source Code]

Asana Math is an OpenType mathematical font designed to look like Palatino (so that math can visually match the text). It is based on the Type 1 pxfonts by Young Ryu.

File:Palatino Zapf 1950 Letterpress.jpg

Palatino Sans and Palatino Sans Informal won Type Directors Club Type Design Competition 2007 award under Type System / Superfamily category.{{cite web|url=http://www.linotype.com/en/3369/2007_04_23.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904193225/http://www.linotype.com/en/3369/2007_04_23.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 4, 2012|title=Linotype News – Press Releases}}{{cite web| url = http://www.tdc.org/news/2007Results/index.html| title = TDC2 2007 : Winning Entries}}

Palatino Arabic won 2008 Type Directors Club TDC2 2008 award under Text / Type Family category.{{cite web|url=http://www.linotype.com/en/5307/linoletter200804.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908192808/http://www.linotype.com/en/5307/linoletter200804.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 8, 2012|title=LinoLetter – 2008/04}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.tdc.org/news/2008Results/index.html |title=TDC2 2008 : Winning Entries |access-date=2008-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911053536/http://tdc.org/news/2008Results/index.html |archive-date=2012-09-11 |url-status=dead }}

The Aldine type of the Italian renaissance is one of the most influential typefaces in history. Copies based in it made by printers in Paris from the 1530s onwards by engravers such as Claude Garamond became the main style of type used in Europe, and influenced most successive type styles such as those of the Dutch renaissance. Other Aldine roman-influenced revivals include:

• Bembo by Monotype (1929), very popular in book printing.
• Dante designed by Giovanni Mardersteig and also released by Monotype.
• Minion by Robert Slimbach of Adobe Systems.
• Requiem by Jonathan Hoefler.

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{notelist|30em}}

• Blackwell, Lewis. 20th Century Type. Yale University Press: 2004. {{ISBN|0-300-10073-6}}.
• Fiedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. {{ISBN|1-57912-023-7}}.
• Jaspert, W. Pincus, W. Turner Berry and A.F. Johnson. The Encyclopedia of Type Faces. Blandford Press Lts.: 1953, 1983. {{ISBN|0-7137-1347-X}}.
• Lawson, Alexander S., Anatomy of a Typeface. Godine: 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-87923-333-4}}.
• Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. {{ISBN|0-300-11151-7}}.
• Zapf, Hermann. Manuale Typographicum. The MIT Press: 19534, 1970. {{ISBN|0-262-24011-4}}.
• Zapf, Hermann. Alphabet Stories: a chronicle of technical development. Linotype: 2007.

{{OS X typefaces}}

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Category:Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1949

Category:Digital typefaces

Category:Letterpress typefaces

Category:Linotype typefaces

Category:Old style serif typefaces

Category:Photocomposition typefaces

Category:Typefaces with text figures

Category:Unified serif and sans-serif typeface families

Category:Typefaces designed by Hermann Zapf

Category:Stempel typefaces

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