Palaungic languages

{{short description|Subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family}}

{{Infobox language family

|name=Palaungic

|region=Mainland Southeast Asia

|familycolor=Austroasiatic

|fam2=Khasi–Palaungic

|glotto=east2331

|glottoname=East Palaungic

|glotto2=west2791

|glottoname2=West Palaungic

|protoname=Proto-Palaungic

|map=Langues Palaungiques.png

|mapcaption=Map (in French) of Palaungic languages

}}

The Palaungic or Palaung–Wa languages are a group of nearly 30 Austroasiatic languages, with scholars disagreeing on exactly which languages to include in the classification. They are spoken in scattered pockets across an inland region of Southeast Asia, centered on the borders between Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and China.

Phonological developments

Most of the Palaungic languages lost the contrastive voicing of the ancestral Austroasiatic consonants, with the distinction often shifting to the following vowel. In the Wa branch, this is generally realized as breathy voice vowel phonation; in Palaung–Riang, as a two-way register tone system. The Angkuic languages have contour tone — the U language, for example, has four tones, high, low, rising, falling, — but these developed from vowel length and the nature of final consonants, not from the voicing of initial consonants.

Homeland

Paul Sidwell (2015){{Cite book |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |title=The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon |date=2015 |publisher=Lincom Europa |location=München |language=en}} suggests that the Palaungic Urheimat (homeland) was in what is now the border region of Laos and Sipsongpanna in Yunnan, China. The Khmuic homeland was adjacent to the Palaungic homeland, resulting in many lexical borrowings among the two branches due to intense contact. Sidwell (2014) suggests that the word for 'water' (Proto-Palaungic *ʔoːm), which Gérard Diffloth had used as one of the defining lexical innovations for his Northern Mon-Khmer branch, was likely borrowed from Palaungic into Khmuic.

Classification

=Diffloth & Zide (1992)=

The Palaungic family includes at least three branches, with the position of some languages as yet unclear. Lamet, for example, is sometimes classified as a separate branch. The following classification follows that of Diffloth & Zide (1992), as quoted in Sidwell (2009:131).

Western Palaungic (Palaung–Riang)
Palaung
Shwe (Gold Palaung, De'ang)
De'ang
Pale (Silver Palaung, Ruching)
Rumai
Riang
Riang proper, Yinchia
? Danau (perhaps in Palaung–Riang)
Eastern Palaungic
Angkuic
Angku
Hu{{Cite book |last=Svantesson |first=Jan-Olof |title=Austroasiatic Languages: Essays in Honour of H. L. Shorto |date=1991 |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |isbn=0-7286-0183-4 |editor-last=Davidson |editor-first=J. H. C. S. |location=London |pages=67–80 |language=en |chapter=Hu – A Language with Unorthodox Tonogenesis |access-date=2012-03-19 |chapter-url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/svantesson1991hu.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616053616/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/svantesson1991hu.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-16}}
Kiorr
Kon Keu
Man Met
Mok
Samtao (Samtau)
Tai Loi
U (Pouma)
Lametic
Lamet (Xmet)
Con
Waic
Blang
Lawa
La
Lawa
Wa
Paraok (Standard Wa)
Khalo
Awa

Some researchers include the Mangic languages as well, instead of grouping them with the Pakanic languages.

=Sidwell (2010)=

The following classification follows the branching given by Sidwell (2010, ms).{{Cite web |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |date=2010 |title=Three Austroasiatic Branches and the ASJP |url=http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Sidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611042638/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Sidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-11 |language=en |type=Draft}} (Fig. 23)

Danau (Khano)
Palaungic proper
Western (Riang–Palaung)
Palaung (De'ang: Shwe / Gold Palaung, Pale / Ruching / Silver Palaung, Rumai)
Riang (Riang, Yinchia)
Angkuic
Hu
U (P'uman)
Kiorr (Kha Kior, Con)
Kon Keu (Angku)
Mok (Man Met)
Mong Lue (Tai Loi)
Muak Sa-aak{{Cite thesis |last=Hall |first=Elizabeth |title=A Phonology of Muak Sa-aak |date=2010 |degree=M.A. |publisher=Payap University |url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Ellie_Hall_Thesis.pdf |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126092900/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Ellie_Hall_Thesis.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-26}}
Lamet (Xmet)
Waic
Blang (Samtao)
Lawa
Umpai Lawa
Bo Luang Lawa
Wa
Paraok (Standard Wa)
Khalo
Awa
Meung Yum{{Cite thesis |last=Myint Myint Phyu |title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of Selected Meung Yum and Savaiq Varieties |date=2013 |degree=M.A. |publisher=Payap University |url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Myint_Myint_Phyu_Thesis.pdf |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020032802/http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Myint_Myint_Phyu_Thesis.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-20}}{{Cite thesis |last=Phung Wei Ping |title=A Phonological Description of Meung Yum and Phonological Comparison of Meung Yum with Three Wa Dialects in China |date=2013 |degree=M.A. |publisher=Payap University |url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Wendy_Phung_Thesis.pdf |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129123544/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Wendy_Phung_Thesis.pdf |archive-date=2015-01-29}}
Savaiq

Sidwell (2014){{Cite journal |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |date=2014 |title=Khmuic Classification and Homeland |url=https://www.academia.edu/11935141/Khmuic_classification_and_homeland |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=47–56 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203083335/http://www.academia.edu/11935141/Khmuic_classification_and_homeland |archive-date=2016-02-03}} proposes an additional branch, consisting of:

=Sidwell (2015)=

Sidwell (2015:12) provides a revised classification of Palaungic. Bit–Khang is clearly Palaungic, but contains many Khmuic loanwords. Sidwell (2015:12) believes it likely groups within East Palaungic. On the other hand, Sidwell (2015) considers Danaw to be the most divergent Palaungic language.

Danaw
West Palaungic
Palaung (Dara’ang, Da’ang, Palay, etc.)
Rumai
Riang (Riang-Lang, Riang-Sak, etc.)
East Palaungic
Waic
Wa (Praok, Awa, Vo, etc.)
Lawa (Lawa Bo Luang, Lavua/Luwa, etc.)
Bulang (Bulang, Plang/Samtao, Kawa, Kontoi, etc.)
Angkuic: U, Hu, Man Met/Kemie, Muak/Mok, Tai Loi, etc.
Lameet: Lameet, Con, Lua/Khamet
? Bit–Khang: (Kha)bit, Buxing, Quang Lam, Khang/Khao, Bumang

Lexical innovations

Diagnostic Palaungic lexical innovations as identified by Paul Sidwell (2021) are:{{Cite book |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |title=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide |date=2021 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |editor-last=Sidwell |editor-first=Paul |location=Berlin |pages=179–206 |language=en |chapter=Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic Languages |doi=10.1515/9783110558142-011 |editor-last2=Jenny |editor-first2=Mathias}}

class="wikitable" ! Gloss !! Proto-Palaungic !! Proto-Austroasiatic
‘eye’	*ˀŋaːj	*mat
‘fire’	*ŋal	ʔɔːs~ʔuːs
‘laugh’	*kəɲaːs

Reconstruction

References

{{Cite conference |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |date=2010 |title=Proto Palaungic Phonology: Reconstructing Vowel Lengths and Qualities in a Partially Restructured System |url=http://www.sealsxx.uzh.ch/downloads/sidwell.pdf |conference=SEALS 20 |type=Abstract |language=en}}

External links

[http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)]
[http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6714-B@view Palaungic languages in RWAAI Digital Archive]