Pamona language

{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in Sulawesi, Indonesia}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Pamona

|altname = Bare’e

|region=Sulawesi

|state=Indonesia

|speakers={{sigfig|137,000|2}}

|date=2000

|ref=e18

|familycolor=Austronesian

|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian

|fam3=Celebic

|fam4=Kaili–Pamona

|fam5=Northern

|iso3=pmf

|glotto=pamo1252

|glottorefname=Pamona

|notice=IPA

|map = Peta_bahasa_Pamona.png

}}

Pamona (also Poso or Bare’e) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is part of the northern group of the Kaili–Pamona languages.

Dialects

Ethnologue lists the following as dialects: Laiwonu (Iba), Pamona (Poso), Rapangkaka (Aria), Taa (Topotaa, Wana), Tobau (Bare’e, Tobalo, Tobao), Tokondindi, Tomoni, and Topada.{{e18|pmf|Pamona}}

The Poso dialect is the prestige dialect, specifically the variety spoken in the interior around Lake Poso. The coastal Poso variety ({{lang|id|Poso Pesisir}}) – mostly spoken by Muslims in the trading hub Poso – does not differ significantly from the interior prestige variety (e.g. it uses the same negator bare'e as the interior variety), but has undergone some lexical influence from Buginese and the Parigi dialect of Kaili.{{sfnp|Adriani|1931|p=9}}Mead, David (2012). [http://sulang.org/resources/survey-reports/002 Overview of Pamona dialects (per Nicolaus Adriani)]. Sulang Language Data and Working Papers: Survey Reports, no. 2. Sulawesi Language Alliance.

Phonology

Pamona has the following sound inventory:{{sfnp|Adriani|1931|p=17}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+caption \| Consonants
colspan=2\| ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal
rowspan=2\| Plosive ! voiceless \| {{IPA link\|p}} \| {{IPA link\|t}} \| \| {{IPA link\|k}} \| {{IPA link\|ʔ}}
voiced \| {{IPA link\|b}} \| {{IPA link\|d}} \| {{IPA link\|ɟ}} \| {{IPA link\|g}} \|
rowspan=2\| Prenasalized plosive ! voiceless \| {{IPA link\|ᵐp}} \| {{IPA link\|ⁿt}} \| {{IPA link\|ᶮc}} \| {{IPA link\|ᵑk}} \|
voiced \| {{IPA link\|ᵐb}} \| {{IPA link\|ⁿd}} \| {{IPA link\|ᶮɟ}} \| {{IPA link\|ᵑg}} \|
colspan=2 \| Fricative \| \| {{IPA link\|s}} \| \| \| {{IPA link\|h}}
colspan=2 \| Nasal \| {{IPA link\|m}} \| {{IPA link\|n}} \| {{IPA link\|ɲ}} \| {{IPA link\|ŋ}} \|
colspan=2 \| Trill \| \| {{IPA link\|r}} \| \| \|
colspan=2 \| Approximant \| {{IPA link\|ʋ}} \| {{IPA link\|l}} \| {{IPA link\|j}} \| \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+caption | Consonants

colspan=2|

! Labial

! Alveolar

! Palatal

! Velar

! Glottal

rowspan=2| Plosive

! voiceless

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}}

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPA link|ʔ}}

voiced

| {{IPA link|b}}

| {{IPA link|d}}

| {{IPA link|ɟ}}

| {{IPA link|g}}

rowspan=2| Prenasalized
plosive

! voiceless

| {{IPA link|ᵐp}}

| {{IPA link|ⁿt}}

| {{IPA link|ᶮc}}

| {{IPA link|ᵑk}}

voiced

| {{IPA link|ᵐb}}

| {{IPA link|ⁿd}}

| {{IPA link|ᶮɟ}}

| {{IPA link|ᵑg}}

colspan=2 | Fricative

| {{IPA link|s}}

| {{IPA link|h}}

colspan=2 | Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

| {{IPA link|ɲ}}

| {{IPA link|ŋ}}

colspan=2 | Trill

| {{IPA link|r}}

colspan=2 | Approximant

| {{IPA link|ʋ}}

| {{IPA link|l}}

| {{IPA link|j}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+caption \| Vowels
! Front ! Central ! Back
Close \| {{IPA link\|i}} \| \| {{IPA link\|u}}
Close-Mid \| {{IPA link\|e}} \| \| {{IPA link\|o}}
Open \| \| {{IPA link\|a}} \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+caption | Vowels

! Front

! Central

! Back

| {{IPA link|i}}

| {{IPA link|u}}

Close-Mid

| {{IPA link|e}}

| {{IPA link|o}}

Open

| {{IPA link|a}}

References

Bibliography

{{cite book |last=Adriani |first=Nicolaus |author-link=Nicolaus Adriani |year=1931 |title=Spraakkunst der Bare'e-Taal |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, LXX |location=Bandung |publisher=A. C. Nix}}

Category:Kaili–Pamona languages

Category:Languages of Sulawesi