Pan-STARRS

File:NEA by survey.svgs detected by various projects:

The Pan-STARRS Project is a collaboration between the University of Hawaiʻi Institute for Astronomy, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Maui High Performance Computing Center and Science Applications International Corporation. Telescope construction was funded by the U.S. Air Force.

By detecting differences from previous observations of the same areas of the sky, Pan-STARRS is discovering many new asteroids, comets, variable stars, supernovae and other celestial objects. Its primary mission is now to detect Near-Earth Objects that threaten impact events and it is expected to create a database of all objects visible from Hawaii (three-quarters of the entire sky) down to apparent magnitude 24. Construction of Pan-STARRS was funded in large part by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. Additional funding to complete Pan-STARRS2 came from the NASA Near Earth Object Observation Program, which also supplies most of the funding to operate the telescopes. The Pan-STARRS NEO survey searches all the sky north of declination −47.5.{{Cite conference |last1=Wainscoat |first1=Richard |last2=Lilly |first2=Eva |last3=Weryk |first3=Rob |last4=Huber |first4=Mark |last5=Fairlamb |first5=John |last6=Chambers |first6=Kenneth |date=13-17 April 2015 |title=The Pan-STARRS search for Near-Earth Objects |conference=4th IAA Planetary Defense Conference |location= Frascati, Roma, Italy |url=https://iaaspace.org/wp-content/uploads/iaa/Scientific%20Activity/conf/pdc2015/IAA-PDC-15-02-01.pdf |access-date=5 February 2025 }}

The first Pan-STARRS telescope (PS1) is located at the summit of Haleakalā on Maui, Hawaii, and went online on 6 December 2008 under the administration of the University of Hawaiʻi.{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12719347 |title=Watching and waiting |newspaper=The Economist |date=2008-12-04 |access-date=2008-12-06 |type=From the print edition}}{{cite web |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/21705/page1/ |title=Giant Camera Tracks Asteroids |author=Robert Lemos |website=MIT Technology Review |date=2008-11-24 |access-date=2008-12-06 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229141015/http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/21705/page1/ |url-status=dead }} PS1 began full-time science observations on 13 May 2010{{cite press release |date=16 June 2010 |website=Institute for Astronomy |url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/PS1/ |title=Pan-STARRS 1 Telescope Begins Science Mission |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi |access-date=1 May 2016}} and the PS1 Science Mission ran until March 2014. Operations were funded by the PS1 Science Consortium, PS1SC, a consortium including the Max Planck Society in Germany, National Central University in Taiwan, Edinburgh, Durham and Queen's Belfast Universities in the UK, and Johns Hopkins and Harvard Universities in the United States and the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network. Consortium observations for the all sky (as visible from Hawaii) survey were completed in April 2014.

Having completed PS1, the Pan-STARRS Project focused on building Pan-STARRS 2 (PS2), for which first light was achieved in 2013, with full science operations scheduled for 2014{{cite web |url=http://events.asiaa.sinica.edu.tw/meeting/20131014/talk/2013101610_Talk_Wen-PingChen.pdf |author=Wen-Ping Chen |title=Current Status of the Pan-STARRS Project and Beyond |date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010400/http://events.asiaa.sinica.edu.tw/meeting/20131014/talk/2013101610_Talk_Wen-PingChen.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-27}} and then the full array of four telescopes, sometimes called PS4. Completing the array of four telescopes is estimated at a total cost of US$100 million for the entire array.

As of mid-2014, Pan-STARRS 2 was in the process of being commissioned.{{cite book |date=22 July 2014 |last1=Morgan |first1=Jeffrey S. |last2=Burgett |first2=William |last3=Onaka |first3=Peter |editor3-first=Helen J |editor3-last=Hall |editor2-first=Roberto |editor2-last=Gilmozzi |editor1-first=Larry M |editor1-last=Stepp |title=Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes V |chapter-url=http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/data/Conferences/SPIEP/80055/91450Y.pdf |publisher=SPIE Digital Library |chapter=The Pan-STARRS Project in 2014 |volume=9145 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1117/12.2055680 |s2cid=123663899 |access-date=1 May 2016}} In the wake of substantial funding problems,{{cite press release |website=Institute for Astronomy |url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/Pan-STARRS_Donation/ |title=$3M Donation for Pan-STARRS |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi |access-date=1 May 2016}} no clear timeline existed for additional telescopes beyond the second. In March 2018, Pan-STARRS 2 was credited by the Minor Planet Center for the discovery of the potentially hazardous Apollo asteroid {{LoMP|515767|{{mp|(515767) 2015 JA|2}}}}, its first minor-planet discovery made at Haleakala on 13 May 2015.{{cite web |title = (515767) 2015 JA2 |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=515767 |access-date = 3 April 2018}}

{{Citations needed section|date=March 2020|reason=This section has a lot of facts but only one cite}}

Pan-STARRS currently (2018) consists of two 1.8-m Ritchey–Chrétien telescopes located at Haleakala in Hawaii.

The initial telescope, PS1, saw first light using a low-resolution camera in June 2006. The telescope has a 3° field of view, which is extremely large for telescopes of this size, and is equipped with what was the largest digital camera ever built, recording almost 1.4 billion pixels per image. The focal plane has 60 separately mounted close packed CCDs arranged in an 8 × 8 array. The corner positions are not populated, as the optics do not illuminate the corners. Each CCD device, called an Orthogonal Transfer Array (OTA), has 4800 × 4800 pixels, separated into 64 cells, each of 600 × 600 pixels. This gigapixel camera or 'GPC' saw first light on 22 August 2007, imaging the Andromeda Galaxy.

After initial technical difficulties that were later mostly solved, PS1 began full operation on 13 May 2010.{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100622-science-space-digital-camera-asteroid-telescope|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626113308/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100622-science-space-digital-camera-asteroid-telescope/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2010|title=World's Largest Digital Camera to Watch for Killer Asteroids|last=Handwerk|first=Brian|date=22 June 2010|publisher=National Geographic News|access-date=26 June 2010}} Nick Kaiser, principal investigator of the Pan-STARRS project, summed it up, saying, "PS1 has been taking science-quality data for six months, but now we are doing it dusk-to-dawn every night."{{Citation needed|date=March 2020|reason="quote: June 15, 2010" needs a complete cite}} The PS1 images, however, remain slightly less sharp than initially planned, which significantly affects some scientific uses of the data.

Each image requires about 2 gigabytes of storage and exposure times will be 30 to 60 seconds (enough to record objects down to apparent magnitude 22), with an additional minute or so used for computer processing. Since images are taken on a continuous basis, about 10 terabytes of data are acquired by PS1 every night. Comparing against a database of known unvarying objects compiled from earlier observations will yield objects of interest: anything that has changed brightness and/or position for any reason. As of June 30, 2010, University of Hawaiʻi in Honolulu received an $8.4 million contract modification under the PanSTARRS multi-year program to develop and deploy a telescope data management system for the project.{{cite web |url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/8M-for-Astronomy-Asteroid-Assessment-04828|title=PanSTARRS: Astronomy Asteroid Assessment }}

The very large field of view of the telescopes and the relatively short exposure times enable approximately 6000 square degrees of sky to be imaged every night. The entire sky is 4π steradians, or 4π × (180/π)² ≈ 41,253.0 square degrees, of which about 30,000 square degrees are visible from Hawaii, which means that the entire sky can be imaged in a period of 40 hours (or about 10 hours per night on four days). Given the need to avoid times when the Moon is bright, this means that an area equivalent to the entire sky will be surveyed four times a month, which is entirely unprecedented. By the end of its initial three-year mission in April 2014, PS1 had imaged the sky 12 times in each of 5 filters ('g', 'r', 'i', 'z', and 'y'). Filters 'g', 'r', and 'i' have the bandpasses of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) filters. (Midpoints and bandwidths at half maximum are 464 nm and 128 nm, 658 nm and 138 nm, and 806 nm and 149 nm, respectively.) The'z' filter has the SDSS midpoint (900 nm), but its longwave cutoff avoids water absorptions bands beginning at 930 nm. The shortwave cutoff of the 'y' filter is set by the water absorption bands that end around 960 nm. The longwave cutoff band is currently at 1030 nm to avoid the worst of the detector sensitivity to temperature variations.{{cite web|url=https://panstarrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/project/people/siegmund/Telescope/20030523_Filters/|title=Pan-STARRS bandpass filters}}

File:Asteroid-2016HO3-20160427.jpg has an orbit around the Sun that keeps it as a constant companion of Earth. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech]]

Pan-STARRS is currently mostly funded by a grant from the NASA Near Earth Object Observations program. It therefore spends 90% of its observing time in dedicated searches for Near Earth Objects.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

Systematically surveying the entire sky on a continuous basis is an unprecedented project and is expected to produce a dramatically larger number of discoveries of various types of celestial objects. For instance, the current leading asteroid discovery survey, the Mount Lemmon Survey,{{efn|Mt. Lemmon Survey (G96) is a part of Catalina Sky Survey, another two parts are Siding Spring Survey (E12) and Catalina Sky Survey (703) itself.}}{{cite web |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/YearlyBreakdown.html |title=Summary of PHA and NEA Discoveries by Discoverers |publisher=IAU Minor Planet Center |access-date=1 December 2017}} reaches an apparent magnitude of 22 V. Pan-STARRS will go about one magnitude fainter and cover the entire sky visible from Hawaii.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} The ongoing survey will also complement the efforts to map the infrared sky by the NASA WISE orbital telescope, with the results of one survey complementing and extending the other.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

The second data release, Pan-STARRS DR2, announced in January 2019, is the largest volume of astronomical data ever released. At over 1.6 petabytes of images, it is equivalent to 30,000 times the text content of Wikipedia. The data reside in the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST).{{cite web |title=Pan-STARRS Astronomers Issue Largest Astronomical Data Release Ever |url=http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/pan-starrs-second-data-release-06861.html |website=Sci News |date=30 January 2019 |access-date=1 February 2019}}

According to Defense Industry Daily,{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/8M-for-Astronomy-Asteroid-Assessment-04828 |title=PanSTARRS: Astronomy & Asteroid Assessment |date=30 June 2010 |website=Defense Industry Daily}} significant limitations were put on the PS1 survey to avoid recording sensitive objects. Streak detection software (known as "Magic") was used to censor pixels containing information about satellites in the image. Early versions of this software were immature, leaving a fill factor of 68% of the full field of view (which figure includes gaps between the detectors), but by March 2010 this had improved to 76%, a small reduction from the approximately 80% available.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

At the end of 2011, the USAF completely eliminated the masking requirement (for all images, past and future). Thus, with the exception of a few non-functioning OTA cells, the entire field of view can be used.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}

File:14060-Asteroid-P2013R3-Disintegration-20140306.jpg observed by the Hubble Space Telescope (6 March 2014).{{cite press release |title=NASA's Hubble Telescope Witnesses Asteroid's Mysterious Disintegration |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/march/nasas-hubble-telescope-witnesses-asteroids-mysterious-disintegration-1 |date=6 March 2014 |work=NASA |access-date=6 March 2014 }}]]

In addition to the large number of expected discoveries in the asteroid belt, Pan-STARRS is expected to detect at least 100,000 Jupiter trojans (compared to 2900 known as of end-2008); at least 20,000 Kuiper belt objects (compared to 800 known as of mid-2005); thousands of trojan asteroids of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (currently eight Neptune trojans are known,{{cite web |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/NeptuneTrojans.html |title=List Of Neptune Trojans |publisher=IAU Minor Planet Center}} none for Saturn, and one for Uranus{{cite web |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/NeptuneTrojans.html |title=List Of Uranus Trojans |publisher=IAU Minor Planet Center}}); and large numbers of centaurs and comets.

Apart from dramatically adding to the number of known Solar System objects, Pan-STARRS will remove or mitigate the observational bias inherent in many current surveys. For instance, among currently known objects there is a bias favoring low orbital inclination, and thus an object such as {{dp|Makemake}} escaped detection until recently despite its bright apparent magnitude of 17, which is not much fainter than Pluto. Also, among currently known comets, there is a bias favoring those with short perihelion distances. Reducing the effects of this observational bias will enable a more complete picture of Solar System dynamics. For instance, it is expected that the number of Jupiter trojans larger than 1 km may in fact roughly match the number of asteroid-belt objects, although the currently known population of the latter is several orders of magnitude larger. Pan-STARRS data will elegantly complement the WISE (infrared) survey. WISE infrared images will permit an estimate of size for asteroids and trojan objects tracked over longer periods of time by Pan-STARRS.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

In 2017, Pan-STARRS detected the first known interstellar object, 1I/2017 U1 'Oumuamua, passing through the Solar System. During the formation of a planetary system, it is thought that a very large number of objects are ejected due to gravitational interactions with planets (as many as 10¹³ such objects in the case of the Solar System). Objects ejected from planetary systems of other stars might plausibly be throughout the Milky Way and some may pass through the Solar System.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

Pan-STARRS may detect collisions involving small asteroids. These are quite rare and none have yet been observed, but with a dramatic increase in the number of asteroids discovered it is expected from statistical considerations that some collision events may be observed.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

In November 2019, a review of images from Pan-STARRS revealed that the telescope had captured the disintegration of asteroid P/2016 G1. The {{convert | 1300 | ft | m}} asteroid was struck by a smaller object, and gradually fell apart. Astronomers speculate that the object that struck the asteroid may have massed only {{convert | 1 | kg | lb}}, traveling at {{convert | 11000 | mph | kph}}.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

It is expected that Pan-STARRS will discover an extremely large number of variable stars, including such stars in other nearby galaxies; this may lead to the discovery of previously unknown dwarf galaxies. In discovering numerous Cepheid variables and eclipsing binary stars, it will help determine distances to nearby galaxies with greater precision. It is expected to discover many Type Ia supernovae in other galaxies, which are important in studying the effects of dark energy, and also optical afterglows of gamma ray bursts.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

Because very young stars (such as T Tauri stars) are usually variable, Pan-STARRS should discover many of these and improve our understanding of them. It is also expected that Pan-STARRS may discover many extrasolar planets by observing their transits across their parent stars, as well as gravitational microlensing events.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

Pan-STARRS will also measure proper motion and parallax and should thereby discover many brown dwarfs, white dwarfs, and other nearby faint objects, and it should be able to conduct a complete census of all stars within 100 parsecs of the Sun. Prior proper motion and parallax surveys often did not detect faint objects such as the recently discovered Teegarden's star, which are too faint for projects such as Hipparcos.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

Also, by identifying stars with large parallax but very small proper motion for follow-up radial velocity measurements, Pan-STARRS may even be able to permit the detection of hypothetical Nemesis-type objects if these actually exist.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

• C/2014 G3
• Vera C. Rubin Observatory
• List of near-Earth object observation projects
• Zwicky Transient Facility

{{notelist}}

{{reflist

|30em

|refs=

{{cite news

| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/26/science/asteroid-belt-impact.html

| title = This Is What It Looks Like When an Asteroid Gets Destroyed

| work = The New York Times

| author = Robin George Andrews

| date = 2019-11-26

| access-date = 2019-11-30

| quote = Astronomers first discovered P/2016 G1 with the Pan-Starrs1 telescope in Hawaii in April 2016. Backtracking through archived images, astronomers realized that it had first been visible the previous month as a centralized collection of rocky clumps: the fractured, rubbly remnants of the asteroid, surrounded by a fine dust cloud, most likely the immediate debris jettisoned by the impact.

}}

{{cite web

|title = Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)

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|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html

|date = 12 March 2017

|access-date = 28 March 2017}}

{{cite news |last1=Timmer|first1=John |title=First-known interstellar visitor is a bizarre, cigar-shaped asteroid |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/11/first-known-interstellar-visitor-is-a-bizarre-cigar-shaped-asteroid/ |publisher=Ars Technica |date=20 November 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017}}

}}

• [http://www.ps1sc.org PS1 Science Consortium web site]
• [http://panstarrs.stsci.edu The Pan-STARRS1 data archive home page]
• [http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/papers/2004/J2004.pdf Project Pan-STARRS and the Outer Solar System]
• [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9403 New telescope will hunt dangerous asteroids. NS 2006]
• [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12588-worlds-biggest-digital-camera-to-join-asteroid-search.html World's biggest digital camera to join asteroid search]
• [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126932.200-is-there-a-planet-x.html Is there a Planet X?]
• [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/panstarrs-1117.html Early warning of dangerous asteroids and comets]

{{Comets|nonobject=yes}}

{{Planetary defense}}

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Category:Optical telescopes

Category:Astronomical surveys

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Category:Near-Earth object tracking