Panaeolus cinctulus

The descriptor subbalteatus comes from the Latin words sub ('somewhat') and balteat ('girdled'), a reference to the dark outer band of the cap.{{cite book|last1=Trudell|first1=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC|title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest|last2=Ammirati|first2=Joe|publisher=Timber Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-88192-935-5|series=Timber Press Field Guides|location=Portland, OR|pages=201–202}}

The cap is {{convert|1.5–6|cm|frac=2}} wide, hemispherical to convex when young to broadly umbonate or plane in age, smooth, hygrophanous, striking cinnamon-brown when moist, soot-black when wet which disappears as the mushroom completely dries out. The outer band is usually darker. The flesh is thin and brownish.

The gills are close, adnate to adnexed, cream-colored when young, later mottled dingy brown then to soot-black. The gill edges are white and slightly fringed, but turn blackish when fully mature.{{cite web |url=http://www.shroomery.org/9473/Panaeolus-cinctulus |title=Panaeolus Cinctulus |publisher=Shroomery |access-date=February 12, 2014 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222155514/http://www.shroomery.org/9473/Panaeolus-cinctulus |url-status=dead }} The spore print is black.{{Cite book |last=Audubon |title=Mushrooms of North America |publisher=Knopf |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-593-31998-7 |pages=612}}

The stipe is 4–10 cm long, 1–10 mm thick, equal or tapered at the ends, reddish brown or covered by whitish powder, hollow, no veil remnants, longitudinally white-fibrillose, striate at the apex or twisting vertically down the entire length of the stipe. The stem base and mycelium occasionally stain blue.

The taste is farinaceous (like flour) when fresh, saliferous (salty) when dried. The odor is slightly farinaceous.

The spores are 11–16 x 7.5–10 x 6–9 μm, smooth, elliptical to rhomboid in face view, thick-walled, elliptical in side view.

Morphologically, P. cinctulus can be easily confused with other species of psilocybin mushrooms. They have a resemblance to P. fimicola and prefer the same habitats, but the latter species has sulphidia on the gill faces.

It can also resemble P. foenisecii and P. olivaceus.

Panaeolus cinctulus is a cosmopolitan species that grows solitary to gregarious to cespitose (densely clumped) on compost piles, well-fertilized lawns and gardens, and, rarely, directly on horse dung.{{cite book | first=Paul | last=Stamets | year=1996 | title=Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World | publisher=Ten Speed Press | location=Berkeley | isbn=0-9610798-0-0}} p. 82. It grows from spring to fall, abundantly after rain. It can be found in many regions, including: Africa (South Africa), Austria,[http://data.gbif.org/species/14389472] Panaeolus Specimens in Various Countries (data.gbif.org) Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia),{{Cite journal |author=Gastón Guzmán, John W. Allen, Jochen Gartz |date=1998|title=A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion|url=http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf|journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto|issue=14|pages=189–280}} (on Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto) Denmark, Finland,[https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/observation_search?pattern=Panaeolus+cinctulus Panaeolus cinctulus Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)] France, Germany, Great Britain, Guadeloupe, Estonia, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, South Korea, Japan, Mexico, New Guinea, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Russia, Slovenia, South America (Argentina, Chile, Brazil) and the United States (common in Oregon, Alaska, Washington, and both northern and southern California, but known to occur in all 50 states).{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

According to American mycologist David Arora, P. cinctulus is the most common psilocybin mushroom in California.

It has also been sighted in Melbourne, Australia, Central Queensland, Australia Belgium and the Czech Republic.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

{{Main|Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms}}

The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Class A (United Kingdom) or Schedule I (US) drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms, including P. cinctulus, is therefore prohibited by extension. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there is a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms and the spores of these mushrooms. Panaeolus cinctulus is mildly psychoactive.

During the early 1900s, these species were referred to as the "weed Panaeolus" because they were commonly found in beds of the commercially grown, grocery-store mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Mushroom farmers had to weed it out from the edible mushrooms because of the psilocybin content.Singer and Smith (1958).

{{Portal|Fungi}}

• List of Panaeolus species
• List of Psilocybin mushrooms

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite journal | author=Gerhardt, E.| year=1996 | title=Taxonomische Revision der Gattungen Panaeolus und Panaeolina (Fungi, Agaricales, Coprinaceae)| journal=Bibliotheca Botanica | volume=147 | pages=1–149}}

{{cite web |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |date=August 2003 |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |access-date=2015-10-11 |archive-date=2012-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831222336/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |url-status=dead }}

{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=170056 |title=Panaeolus cinctulus (Bolton) Sacc. 1887 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank |access-date=2011-05-11}}

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Sources:

• {{cite book |author=Allen John W. |year=1994 |title=Psychedelic Illuminations vol. 5: Close Encounters of the Panaeolus Kind |publisher=Ron Piper |location=Los Angeles, California |pages=58–62} |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258757639}}
• {{cite book |author=Stamets P. |year=1996 |title=Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, California |page=82 |isbn=0-9610798-0-0}}

{{Commons|Panaeolus cinctulus}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007180714/http://www.shroomery.org/9608/Subbedhunter420s-Guide-to-Hunting-and-Identifying-Panaeolus-subbalteatus "Guide to Hunting and Identifying Panaeolus subbalteatus"] at shroomery.org
• [http://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_cultivation24.shtml "Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault : Observations Regarding the Suspected Psychoactive Properties of Panaeolus foenisecii Maire"] at Erowid.org
• [http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi]

{{Hallucinogenic mushrooms}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10543371}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panaeolus Cinctulus}}

Category:Fungi described in 1791

cinctulus

Category:Psychoactive fungi

Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers

Category:Fungi of Iceland

Category:Fungus species