Pantheism#Form of monism

Pantheism derives from the Greek word πᾶν pan (meaning "all, of everything") and θεός theos (meaning "god, divine"). The first known combination of these roots appears in Latin, in Joseph Raphson's 1697 book De Spatio Reali seu Ente Infinito, where he refers to "pantheismus".{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Bron|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature|date=2008|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1441122780|pages=1341–1342|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1342|access-date=27 July 2017}}

It was subsequently translated into English as "pantheism" in 1702.

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{{Nontheism and religion}}

File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg

There are numerous definitions of pantheism, including:

• a theological and philosophical position which identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God;{{cite book|last=Picton|first=James Allanson|title=Pantheism: its story and significance|year=1905|publisher=Archibald Constable & Co. LTD.|location=Chicago|isbn=978-1419140082|url=https://archive.org/details/pantheismitsstor00pictrich}}
• the belief that everything is part of an all-encompassing, immanent God and that all forms of reality may then be considered either mode of that Being, or identical with it;Owen, H. P. Concepts of Deity. London: Macmillan, 1971, p. 65. and
• a non-religious philosophical position maintaining that the Universe (in the sense of the totality of all existence) and God are identical.{{Cite book |title = The New Oxford Dictionary Of English|publisher = Clarendon Press|year = 1998|location = Oxford|page=1341|isbn=978-0-19-861263-6}}

Early traces of pantheist thought can be found within animistic beliefs and tribal religions throughout the world as an expression of unity with the divine, specifically in beliefs that have no central polytheist or monotheist personas. Hellenistic theology makes early recorded reference to pantheism within the ancient Greek religion of Orphism, where pan (the all) is made cognate with the creator God Phanes (symbolizing the universe),Damascius, referring to the theology delivered by Hieronymus and Hellanicus in {{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/af/af12.htm|title=The Theogonies|work=sacred-texts.com}}:"... the theology now under discussion celebrates as Protogonus (First-born) [Phanes], and calls him Dis, as the disposer of all things, and the whole world: upon that account he is also denominated Pan." and with Zeus, after the swallowing of Phanes.Betegh, Gábor, The Derveni Papyrus, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 176–178 {{ISBN|978-0-521-80108-9}}

Pantheistic tendencies existed in a number of Gnostic groups, with pantheistic thought appearing throughout the Middle Ages. These included the beliefs of mystics such as Ortlieb of Strasbourg, David of Dinant, Amalric of Bena, and Eckhart.{{rp|pp. 620–621}}

The Catholic Church has long regarded pantheistic ideas as heresy.Collinge, William, Historical Dictionary of Catholicism, Scarecrow Press, 2012, p 188, {{ISBN|9780810879799}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.com/qa/what-is-pantheism|title=What is pantheism?|work=catholic.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801114835/https://www.catholic.com/qa/what-is-pantheism|archive-date=1 August 2017|df=dmy-all}} Sebastian Franck was considered an early Pantheist.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPbWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+first+pantheist%22 |title=The Two Eyes of Spinoza & Other Essays on Philosophers – Leszek Kołakowski – Google Books |date=2009-06-11 |isbn=9781587318757 |accessdate=2022-10-08|last1=Kołakowski |first1=Leszek |publisher=St. Augustine's Press }} Giordano Bruno, an Italian friar who evangelized about a transcendent and infinite God, was burned at the stake in 1600 by the Roman Inquisition. He has since become known as a celebrated pantheist and martyr of science.McIntyre, James Lewis, Giordano Bruno, Macmillan, 1903, p 316.{{cite web|url=https://www.science20.com/science_20/bruno_was_martyr_magic_not_science-115582|title=Bruno Was a Martyr for Magic, Not Science | Science 2.0|date=27 August 2014}}

The Hindu philosophy of Advaita Vedanta is thought to be similar to pantheism. The term Advaita (literally "non-secondness", but usually rendered as "nondualism",{{sfn|Deutsch|1988|p=3}}{{sfn|Milne|1997}} and often equated with monism{{refn|group=note|name=Monism|Form of monism:

• {{harvnb|Malkovsky|2000|p=71}}: "The interpretation of advaita that is the most common equates non-duality with monism and acosmic illusionism. Only the Absolute, or the paraa brahma, is said to exist; everything else is but an illusory appearance."
• {{harvnb|Menon|2012}}: "The essential philosophy of Advaita is an idealist monism, and is considered to be presented first in the Upaniṣads and consolidated in the Brahma Sūtra by this tradition."
• {{harvnb|King|1995|p=65}}: "The prevailing monism of the Upanishads was developed by the Advaita Vedanta to its ultimate extreme."
• {{harvnb|Mohanty|1980|p=205}}: "Nyaya-Vaiseshika is realistic; Advaita Vedanta is idealistic. The former is pluralistic, the latter monistic."}}) refers to the idea that Brahman alone is ultimately real, while the transient phenomenal world is an illusory appearance (maya) of Brahman. In this view, jivatman, the experiencing self, is ultimately non-different ("na aparah") from Ātman-Brahman, the highest Self or Reality.{{sfn|Menon|2012}}{{sfn|Deutsch|1973|p=3, note 2; p.54}}{{sfn|Koller|2013|p=100-101}}{{refn|group=note|name=Brahman|Highest self:
• Shankara, Upadesasahasri I.18.3: "I am ever-free, the existent" (Sat). I.18.6: "The two [contradictory] notions "I am the Existent-Brahman" and "I act," have Atman as their witness. It is considered more reasonable to give up only [that one] of the two [notions] which arises from ignorance. I.18.7: "The notion, "I am the Existent," arises from right means of knowledge [while] the other notion has its origin in fallacious means of knowledge." ({{harvnb|Mayeda|1992|p=172}})
• Brahmajnanavalimala Verse 20: "Brahman is real, the universe is mithya (it cannot be categorized as either real or unreal). The jiva is Brahman itself and not different." Translation by S. N. Sastri [https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/snsastri/brahmajnaanaavalimaalaa.pdf]
• {{harvnb|Sivananda|1993|p=219}}: "Brahman (the Absolute) is alone real; this world is unreal; and the Jiva or individual soul is non-different from Brahman."
• {{harvnb|Menon|2012}}: "The experiencing self (jīva) and the transcendental self of the Universe (ātman) are in reality identical (both are Brahman), though the individual self seems different as space within a container seems different from space as such. These cardinal doctrines are represented in the anonymous verse "brahma satyam jagan mithya; jīvo brahmaiva na aparah" (Brahman is alone True, and this world of plurality is an error; the individual self is not different from Brahman)."
• {{harvnb|Deutsch|1973|p=54}}: "[the] essential status [of the individual human person] is that of unqualified reality, of identity with the Absolute [...] the self (jiva) is only misperceived: the self is really Brahman."
• {{harvnb|Koller|2013|pp=100–101}}: "Atman, which is identical to Brahman, is ultimately the only reality and [...] the appearance of plurality is entirely the work of ignorance [...] the self is ultimately of the nature of Atman/Brahman [...] Brahman alone is ultimately real."
• {{harvnb|Bowker|2000a|loc="Advaita Vedanta"}}: "There is only Brahman, which is necessarily undifferentiated. It follows that there cannot even be a difference, or duality, between the human subject, or self, and Brahman, for Brahman must be that very self (since Brahman is the reality underlying all appearance). The goal of human life and wisdom must, therefore, be the realization that the self (ātman) is Brahman."
• {{harvtxt|Hacker|1995|p=88}} notes that Shankara uses two groups of words to denote 'atman': "One group - principally jiva, vijnanatman, and sarira - expresses the illusory aspect of the soul [...] But in addition there are the two expressions atman and pratyagatman. These also designate the individual soul, but in its real aspect." {{Harvtxt|Mayeda|1992|pp=11, 14}} uses the word pratyagatman; {{harvtxt|Sivananda1993|p=219}}, {{harvtxt|Deutsch|1973|p=54}}, and {{harvtxt|Menon|2012}} use the term jiva when referring to the identity of atman and Brahman.}} The jivatman or individual self is a mere reflection or limitation of singular Ātman in a multitude of apparent individual bodies.{{sfn|Indich|2000|p=50}}

File:Spinoza.jpg

In the West, pantheism was formalized as a separate theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza.{{rp|p.7}} Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese descent raised in the Sephardi Jewish community in Amsterdam.{{cite news | first=Anthony |last=Gottlieb | title = God Exists, Philosophically (review of "Spinoza: A Life" by Steven Nadler) | work=The New York Times |date=18 July 1999 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/18/reviews/990718.18gottlit.html | access-date =7 September 2009}} He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine, and was effectively excluded from Jewish society at age 23, when the local synagogue issued a herem against him.{{cite web|url=https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/septemberoctober/feature/why-spinoza-was-excommunicated|title=Why Spinoza Was Excommunicated|date=2015-09-01|website=National Endowment for the Humanities|language=en|access-date=2017-09-05|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908105602/https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/septemberoctober/feature/why-spinoza-was-excommunicated|url-status=dead}} A number of his books were published posthumously, and shortly thereafter included in the Catholic Church's Index of Forbidden Books.{{cite news| title = Destroyer and Builder |magazine=The New Republic | date = 3 May 2012 | url = https://newrepublic.com/book/review/book-forged-hell-spinoza-treatise-steven-nadler| access-date =7 March 2013 }}

In the posthumously published Ethics, he opposed René Descartes' famous mind–body dualism, the theory that the body and spirit are separate. Spinoza held the monist view that the two are the same, and monism is a fundamental part of his philosophy. He was described as a "God-intoxicated man" and used the word "God" to describe the unity of all substances.{{cite book|last=Plumptre|first=Constance|title=General sketch of the history of pantheism, Volume 2|year=1879|publisher=Samuel Deacon and Co|location=London|isbn=9780766155022|pages=3–5, 8, 29}} This view influenced philosophers such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who said, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all."{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESNZ3TUdN40C&pg=PA144 |title=Hegel's History of Philosophy |access-date=2 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513033919/https://books.google.com/books?id=ESNZ3TUdN40C&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&dq=%22you+are+either+a+spinozist+or+not+a+philosopher+at+all%22&source=bl&ots=XRsqJEbyNT&sig=bCClaJ9V6lL_CJbOR-S3zaGwHqo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result| archive-date= 13 May 2011 | url-status= live|isbn=9780791455432 |year=2003 |publisher=SUNY Press }} Spinoza earned praise as one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophyScruton 1986 (2002 ed.), ch. 2, p.26 and one of Western philosophy's most important thinkers.{{cite book|first1=Gilles |last1=Deleuze|title=Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza|date=1990|publisher=Zone Books|chapter=(translator's preface)}} Referred to as "the prince" of the philosophers. Although the term "pantheism" was not coined until after his death, he is regarded as the most celebrated advocate of the concept.{{cite book|last=Shoham|first=Schlomo Giora|title=To Test the Limits of Our Endurance|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|isbn=978-1443820684|page=111}} His book, Ethics, was the major source from which Western pantheism spread.

The first known use of the term "pantheism" was in Latin ("pantheismus") by the English mathematician Joseph Raphson in his work De Spatio Reali seu Ente Infinito, published in 1697.Ann Thomson; Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, 2008, page 54. Raphson begins with a distinction between atheistic "panhylists" (from the Greek roots pan, "all", and hyle, "matter"), who believe everything is matter, and Spinozan "pantheists" who believe in "a certain universal substance, material as well as intelligence, that fashions all things that exist out of its own essence."{{cite book|last=Raphson|first=Joseph|title=De spatio reali|year=1697|publisher=Londini|page=2|language=la}}{{cite web|last=Suttle|first=Gary|title=Joseph Raphson: 1648–1715|url=http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|publisher=Pantheist Association for Nature|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140352/http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|url-status=dead}} Raphson thought that the universe was immeasurable in respect to a human's capacity of understanding, and believed that humans would never be able to comprehend it.{{cite book|last=Koyré|first=Alexander|title=From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe|year=1957|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|location=Baltimore, Md.|isbn=978-0801803475|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromclosedworldt0000koyr/page/190 190–204]|url=https://archive.org/details/fromclosedworldt0000koyr/page/190}} He referred to the pantheism of the Ancient Egyptians, Persians, Syrians, Assyrians, Greek, Indians, and Jewish Kabbalists, specifically referring to Spinoza.{{cite book|last1=Bennet|first1=T|title=The History of the Works of the Learned|date=1702|publisher=H.Rhodes|page=498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv0vAAAAYAAJ&pg=498|access-date=28 July 2017}}

The term was first used in English in a translation of Raphson's work in 1702. It was later used and popularized by Irish writer John Toland in his work of 1705 Socinianism Truly Stated, by a Pantheist.{{cite book|last1=Dabundo|first1=Laura|title=Encyclopedia of Romanticism (Routledge Revivals)|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135232351|pages=442–443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMeOAgAAQBAJ|access-date=27 July 2017}}{{rp|pp. 617–618}} Toland was influenced by both Spinoza and Bruno and had read Joseph Raphson's De Spatio Reali, referring to it as "the ingenious Mr. Ralphson's (sic) Book of Real Space".Daniel, Stephen H. "Toland's Semantic Pantheism," in John Toland's Christianity not Mysterious, Text, Associated Works and Critical Essays. Edited by Philip McGuinness, Alan Harrison, and Richard Kearney. Dublin, Ireland: The Lilliput Press, 1997. Like Raphson, he used the terms "pantheist" and "Spinozist" interchangeably.R.E. Sullivan, "John Toland and the Deist controversy: A Study in Adaptations", Harvard University Press, 1982, p. 193. In 1720 he wrote the Pantheisticon: or The Form of Celebrating the Socratic-Society in Latin, envisioning a pantheist society that believed, "All things in the world are one, and one is all in all things ... what is all in all things is God, eternal and immense, neither born nor ever to perish."{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=Toland: The father of modern pantheism|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/toland.htm|work=Pantheist History|publisher=World Pantheist Movement|access-date=5 September 2012}}Toland, John, Pantheisticon, 1720; reprint of the 1751 edition, New York and London: Garland, 1976, p. 54. He clarified his idea of pantheism in a letter to Gottfried Leibniz in 1710 when he referred to "the pantheistic opinion of those who believe in no other eternal being but the universe".Paul Harrison, Elements of Pantheism, 1999.Honderich, Ted, The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 641: "First used by John Toland in 1705, the term 'pantheist' designates one who holds both that everything there is constitutes a unity and that this unity is divine."Thompson, Ann, Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 133, {{ISBN|9780199236190}}.

In the mid-eighteenth century, the English theologian Daniel Waterland defined pantheism this way: "It supposes God and nature, or God and the whole universe, to be one and the same substance—one universal being; insomuch that men's souls are only modifications of the divine substance."Worman, J. H., "Pantheism", in Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 1, John McClintock, James Strong (Eds), Harper & Brothers, 1896, pp. 616–624.Worman cites Waterland, Works, viii, p. 81. In the early nineteenth century, the German theologian Julius Wegscheider defined pantheism as the belief that God and the world established by God are one and the same.Worman cites Wegscheider, Institutiones theologicae dogmaticae, p. 250.

Between 1785–89, a controversy about Spinoza's philosophy arose between the German philosophers Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (a critic) and Moses Mendelssohn (a defender). Known in German as the Pantheismusstreit (pantheism controversy), it helped spread pantheism to many German thinkers.{{cite web | last1=Giovanni | first1=di | last2=Livieri | first2=Paolo | title=Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi | website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=2001-12-06 | url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friedrich-jacobi/ | access-date=2021-09-25}}

During the beginning of the 19th century, pantheism was the viewpoint of many leading writers and philosophers, attracting figures such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in Britain; Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Schelling and Hegel in Germany; Knut Hamsun in Norway; and Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau in the United States. Seen as a growing threat by the Vatican, in 1864, it was formally condemned by Pope Pius IX in the Syllabus of Errors.{{cite web|last1=Pope BI. Pius IX|title=Syllabus of Errors 1.1|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9syll.htm|website=Papal Encyclicals Online|access-date=28 July 2017|date=9 June 1862}}

A letter written in 1886 by William Herndon, Abraham Lincoln's law partner, was sold at auction for US$30,000 in 2011.{{cite web|title=Sold – Herndon's Revelations on Lincoln's Religion|url=http://www.raabcollection.com/abraham-lincoln-autograph/Abraham-Lincoln-Autograph-Religion/|publisher=Raab Collection|access-date=5 June 2012|first=William|last=Herndon|format=Excerpt and review|date=4 February 1866}} In it, Herndon writes of the U.S. President's evolving religious views, which included pantheism.

{{blockquote|"Mr. Lincoln's religion is too well known to me to allow of even a shadow of a doubt; he is or was a Theist and a Rationalist, denying all extraordinary – supernatural inspiration or revelation. At one time in his life, to say the least, he was an elevated Pantheist, doubting the immortality of the soul as the Christian world understands that term. He believed that the soul lost its identity and was immortal as a force. Subsequent to this he rose to the belief of a God, and this is all the change he ever underwent."{{cite news|last=Adams|first=Guy|title='Pantheist' Lincoln would be unelectable today|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pantheist-lincoln-would-be-unelectable-today-2269024.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pantheist-lincoln-would-be-unelectable-today-2269024.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=17 April 2011|location=Los Angeles}}}}

The subject is understandably controversial, but the letter's content is consistent with Lincoln's fairly lukewarm approach to organized religion.

Some 19th-century theologians thought that various pre-Christian religions and philosophies were pantheistic. They thought Pantheism was similar to the ancient Hinduism{{rp|pp. 618}} philosophy of Advaita (non-dualism).Literary Remains of the Late Professor Theodore Goldstucker, W. H. Allen, 1879. p. 32.

19th-century European theologians also considered Ancient Egyptian religion to contain pantheistic elements and pointed to Egyptian philosophy as a source of Greek Pantheism.{{rp|pp. 618–620}} The latter included some of the Presocratics, such as Heraclitus and Anaximander.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Thilly |first=Frank |title=Pantheism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 18 |editor-last=Hastings |editor-first=James |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |date=2003 |orig-year=1908 |page=614 |isbn=9780766136953}} The Stoics were pantheists, beginning with Zeno of Citium and culminating in the emperor-philosopher Marcus Aurelius. During the pre-Christian Roman Empire, Stoicism was one of the three dominant schools of philosophy, along with Epicureanism and Neoplatonism.{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=AH|title=The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy|year=1967|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978052104-0549|pages=57, 60, 161, 186, 222}}{{cite book|last=McLynn|first=Frank|title=Marcus Aurelius: A Life|year=2010|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=9780306819162|page=232}} The early Taoism of Laozi and Zhuangzi is also sometimes considered pantheistic, although it could be more similar to panentheism.

Cheondoism, which arose in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, and Won Buddhism are also considered pantheistic. The Realist Society of Canada believes that the consciousness of the self-aware universe is reality, which is an alternative view of Pantheism.{{cite web |title=About Realism |publisher=The Realist Society of Canada |url=http://www.realistsocietyofcanada.com/ |access-date=5 February 2022}}

In the late 20th century, some declared that pantheism was an underlying theology of Neopaganism,{{cite book |first=Margot |last=Adler |title=Drawing Down the Moon |publisher=Beacon Press |date=1986}} and pantheists began forming organizations devoted specifically to pantheism and treating it as a separate religion.

File:LuminariesofPantheism.jpg's Luminaries of Pantheism mural in Venice, California, for The Paradise Project]]

File:Einstein 1921 portrait2.jpg

Dorion Sagan, son of scientist and science communicator Carl Sagan, published the 2007 book Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature, co-written with his mother Lynn Margulis. In the chapter "Truth of My Father", Sagan writes that his "father believed in the God of Spinoza and Einstein, God not behind nature, but as nature, equivalent to it."Sagan, Dorion, "Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature" 2007, p. 14.

In 2009, pantheism was mentioned in a Papal encyclicalCaritas In Veritate, 7 July 2009. and in a statement on New Year's Day, 2010,{{Cite web |title=43rd World Day of Peace 2010, If You Want to Cultivate Peace, Protect Creation {{!}} BENEDICT XVI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20091208_xliii-world-day-peace.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.vatican.va}} criticizing pantheism for denying the superiority of humans over nature and seeing the source of man{{'s}} salvation in nature.

In 2015, The Paradise Project, an organization "dedicated to celebrating and spreading awareness about pantheism," commissioned Los Angeles muralist Levi Ponce to paint the 75-foot mural in Venice, California, near the organization's offices.{{cite web |title=New Mural in Vence: "Luminaries of Pantheism" |url=https://www.venicepaparazzi.com/recent-events-covered/new-mural-in-venice-inspiration-of-pantheism/ |publisher=VenicePaparazzi |access-date=15 October 2020}} The mural depicts Albert Einstein, Alan Watts, Baruch Spinoza, Terence McKenna, Carl Jung, Carl Sagan, Emily Dickinson, Nikola Tesla, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ralph Waldo Emerson, W.E.B. Du Bois, Henry David Thoreau, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Rumi, Adi Shankara, and Laozi.{{cite web|last=Rod|first=Perry|title=About the Paradise Project|url=https://pantheism.com/about/pantheismcom/|publisher=The Paradise Project|access-date=21 June 2017}}{{cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Harold |title=New Online Pantheism Community Seeks Common Ground |journal=Pantheist Vision |date=Summer 2017 |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=5}}

There are multiple varieties of pantheism{{cite encyclopedia|last=Levine|first=Michael|title=Pantheism|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=2020}}{{rp|3}} and various systems of classifying them relying upon one or more spectra or in discrete categories.

The philosopher Charles Hartshorne used the term Classical Pantheism to describe the deterministic philosophies of Baruch Spinoza, the Stoics, and other like-minded figures.{{cite book|title=Philosophers Speak of God|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophersspea009720mbp|url-access=limited|year=1953|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/philosophersspea009720mbp/page/n182 165]–210|editor=Charles Hartshorne and William Reese}} Pantheism (All-is-God) is often associated with monism (All-is-One) and some have suggested that it logically implies determinism (All-is-Now).{{cite book|last=Goldsmith|first=Donald|title=E = Einstein: His Life, His Thought, and His Influence on Our Culture|year=2006|publisher=Stirling Publishing|location=New York|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGzcV40b3IkC&pg=PA187|author2=Marcia Bartusiak|isbn=9781402763199}}F.C. Copleston, "Pantheism in Spinoza and the German Idealists," Philosophy 21, 1946, p. 48.Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, "Proceedings of the Liverpool Literary & Philosophical Society, Volumes 43–44", 1889, p. 285.John Ferguson, "The Religions of the Roman Empire", Cornell University Press, 1970, p. 193. Albert Einstein explained theological determinism by stating,{{cite book|last=Isaacson|first=Walter|title=Einstein: His Life and Universe|year=2007|publisher=Simon and Schuster |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa/page/391 391] |quote=I am a determinist.|isbn=9781416539322}} "the past, present, and future are an 'illusion{{'"}}. This form of pantheism has been referred to as "extreme monism", in which{{spaced ndash}} in the words of one commentator{{spaced ndash}} "God decides or determines everything, including our supposed decisions."{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Religion: Volume 10|year=2005|publisher=MacMillan|location=USA|isbn=978-0028657332|edition=2nd|editor=Lindsay Jones|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2}} Other examples of determinism-inclined pantheisms include those of Ralph Waldo Emerson,Dependence and Freedom: The Moral Thought of Horace Bushnell by David Wayne Haddorff [https://books.google.com/books?id=dL6_maZuNjYC&pg=PA156] Emerson's belief was "monistic determinism".

• Creatures of Prometheus: Gender and the Politics of Technology by Timothy Vance Kaufman-Osborn, Prometheus ((Writer)) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PZiLIEQzgHcC&pg=PA28] "Things are in a saddle, and ride mankind."
• Emerson's position is "soft determinism" (a variant of determinism) [https://archive.org/details/emersonsethics00vanc/page/145].
• "The 'fate' Emerson identifies is an underlying determinism." (Fate is one of Emerson's essays) [https://books.google.com/books?id=E1XhhYR2W6cC&pg=PA443]. and Hegel.Hegel was a determinist" (also called a combatibilist a.k.a. soft determinist). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7tu1ZAJzl-sC&pg=PA226]

"Hegel and Marx are usually cited as the greatest proponents of historical determinism." [https://books.google.com/books?id=OF_0c51R_VUC&pg=PA238]

However, some have argued against treating every meaning of "unity" as an aspect of pantheism,{{cite journal|last=Levine|first=Michael P.|title=Pantheism, substance and unity|journal=International Journal for Philosophy of Religion|date=August 1992|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–23|jstor=40036697|doi=10.1007/bf01313557|s2cid=170517621}} and there exist versions of pantheism that regard determinism as an inaccurate or incomplete view of nature. Examples include the beliefs of John Scotus Eriugena,{{Citation |last1=Moran |first1=Dermot |title=John Scottus Eriugena |date=2019 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/scottus-eriugena/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2019 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2020-03-19 |last2=Guiu |first2=Adrian}} Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and William James.* Theories of the will in the history of philosophy by Archibald Alexander p. 307 Schelling holds "...that the will is not determined but self-determined." [https://archive.org/details/theorieswillinh00alexgoog/page/n319]

• The Dynamic Individualism of William James by James O. Pawelski p. 17 "[His] fight against determinism" "My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will." [https://books.google.com/books?id=-21UjntpjFkC&pg=PA17]

It may also be possible to distinguish two types of pantheism, one being more religious and the other being more philosophical. The Columbia Encyclopedia writes of the distinction:

:"If the pantheist starts with the belief that the one great reality, eternal and infinite, is God, he sees everything finite and temporal as but some part of God. There is nothing separate or distinct from God, for God is the universe. If, on the other hand, the conception taken as the foundation of the system is that the great inclusive unity is the world itself, or the universe, God is swallowed up in that unity, which may be designated nature."{{cite encyclopedia|title=Pantheism|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pantheism|encyclopedia=The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition|publisher=Columbia University Press|access-date=13 June 2012|year=2012}}

File:Dualism-vs-Monism.png

Philosophers and theologians have often suggested that pantheism implies monism.{{cite book |last=Owen |first=H. P. |title=Concepts of Deity |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |date=1971 |page=67}}{{refn|group=note|Different types of monism include:{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}{{cite web |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |title=Monism: The Priority of the Whole |url=http://www.jonathanschaffer.org/monism.pdf |website=johnathanschaeffer.org |access-date=5 February 2022}}

1. Substance monism, "the view that the apparent plurality of substances is due to different states or appearances of a single substance".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
2. Attributive monism, "the view that whatever the number of substances, they are of a single ultimate kind".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
3. Partial monism, "within a given realm of being (however many there may be) there is only one substance".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
4. Existence monism, the view that there is only one concrete object token (The One, "Τὸ Ἕν" or the Monad).{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |title=Monism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=19 March 2007 |edition=Summer 2015 |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-last=Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/monism/}}
5. Priority monism, "the whole is prior to its parts" or "the world has parts, but the parts are dependent fragments of an integrated whole."
6. Property monism: the view that all properties are of a single type (e.g. only physical properties exist).
7. Genus monism: "the doctrine that there is a highest category; e.g., being".

Views contrasting with monism are:

• Metaphysical dualism, which asserts that there are two ultimately irreconcilable substances or realities such as Good and Evil, for example, Manichaeism.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
• Metaphysical pluralism, which asserts three or more fundamental substances or realities.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
• Nihilism, negates any of the above categories (substances, properties, concrete objects, etc.).

Monism in modern philosophy of mind can be divided into three broad categories:

1. Idealism, phenomenalism, or mentalistic monism, which holds that only mind or spirit is real.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
2. Neutral monism, which holds that one sort of thing fundamentally exists,{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} to which both the mental and the physical can be reduced.
3. Material monism (also called Physicalism and Materialism), which holds that only the physical is real, and that the mental or spiritual can be reduced to the physical:{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}}

::a. Eliminative materialism, according to which everything is physical and mental things do not exist.{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}}

::b. Reductive physicalism, according to which mental things do exist and are a kind of physical thing,{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} Such as Behaviourism, Type-identity theory and Functionalism.

Certain positions do not fit easily into the above categories, such as functionalism, anomalous monism, and reflexive monism. Moreover, they do not define the meaning of "real".}}

For the Aztecs teotl was the metaphysical omnipresence creating the cosmos and all its contents from within itself as well as out of itself. This is conceptualized in a kind of monistic pantheism as manifest in the supreme god Ometeotl, as well as a large pantheon of lesser gods and idealizations of natural phenomena.{{Cite book |last=Maffie |first=James |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qhkh2 |title=Aztec Philosophy: Understanding a World in Motion |date=2014 |publisher=University Press of Colorado |jstor=j.ctt9qhkh2 |isbn=978-1-60732-222-1}}

In 1896, J. H. Worman, a theologian, identified seven categories of pantheism: Mechanical or materialistic (God the mechanical unity of existence); Ontological (fundamental unity, Spinoza); Dynamic; Psychical (God is the soul of the world); Ethical (God is the universal moral order, Fichte); Logical (Hegel); and Pure (absorption of God into nature, which Worman equates with atheism).

In 1984, Paul D. Feinberg, professor of biblical and systematic theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, also identified seven: Hylozoistic; Immanentistic; Absolutistic monistic; Relativistic monistic; Acosmic; Identity of opposites; and Neoplatonic or emanationistic.Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, edited by Walter A. Elwell, p. 887.

According to censuses of 2011, the UK was the country with the most Pantheists.{{cite web | url=https://pantheism.net/groups/pantheists-worldwide/ | title=Pantheists Around the World }} As of 2011, about 1,000 Canadians identified their religion as "Pantheist", representing 0.003% of the population.{{cite web|date=8 May 2013|title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&A=R&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=01&GL=-1&GID=1118296&GK=1&GRP=0&O=D&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=6 February 2022}} By 2021, the number of Canadian pantheists had risen to 1,855 (0.005%).{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}} In Ireland, Pantheism rose from 202 in 1991,{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249058598 |title=Changing Religions in the Republic of Ireland, 1991–2002 |journal=Irish Geography |date=January 2006 |last=Gilmour |first=Desmond A. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=111–128 |doi=10.1080/00750770609555871}} to 1106 in 2002, to 1,691 in 2006,{{cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census2006results/volume13/volume_13_religion.pdf |title=Census 2006: Volume 13 – Religion |publisher=Central Statistics Office |location=Dublin, Ireland |date=2007 |access-date=6 February 2022}} 1,940 in 2011.{{cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011profile7/Profile_7_Education_Ethnicity_and_Irish_Traveller_Tables_and_appendices.pdf |title=Statistical Tables |website=cso.ie |page=47 |access-date=6 February 2022}}{{needs update|date=March 2022}} In New Zealand, there was exactly one pantheist man in 1901.{{cite web |url=https://www3.stats.govt.nz/historic_publications/1901-census/1901-results-census/1901-results-census.html |title=Results of a Census of the Colony of New Zealand Taken for the Night of the 31st March 1901 |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=6 February 2022}} By 1906, the number of pantheists in New Zealand had septupled to 7 (6 male, 1 female).{{cite web |date=29 April 1906|title=Results of a Census of the Colony of New Zealand Taken for the Night of the 29th April, 1906.|url=https://www3.stats.govt.nz/historic_publications/1906-census/1906-results-census/1906-results-census.html |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=6 February 2022}} This number had further risen to 366 by 2006.2006 New Zealand census.

The 2021 Canadian census showed that pantheists were somewhat more likely to be in their 20s and 30s compared to the general population. People under 15 were about four times less likely to be pantheist than the general population.

The 2021 Canadian census also showed that pantheists were less likely to be part of a recognized minority group compared to the general population, with 90.3% of pantheists not being part of any minority group (compared to 73.5% of the general population). The census did not register any pantheists who were Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean, or Japanese.

In Canada (2011), there was no gender difference in regards to pantheism. However, in Ireland (2011), pantheists were slightly more likely to be female (1074 pantheists, 0.046% of women) than male (866 pantheists, 0.038% of men). In contrast, Canada (2021) showed pantheists to be slightly more likely to be male, with men representing 51.5% of pantheists.

File:Canada Pantheism distribution map.png

Nature worship or nature mysticism is often conflated and confused with pantheism. It is pointed out by at least one expert, Harold Wood, founder of the Universal Pantheist Society, that in pantheist philosophy Spinoza's identification of God with nature is very different from a recent idea of a self identifying pantheist with environmental ethical concerns. His use of the word nature to describe his worldview may be vastly different from the "nature" of modern sciences. He and other nature mystics who also identify as pantheists use "nature" to refer to the limited natural environment (as opposed to man-made built environment). This use of "nature" is different from the broader use from Spinoza and other pantheists describing natural laws and the overall phenomena of the physical world. Nature mysticism may be compatible with pantheism but it may also be compatible with theism and other views.{{harvnb|Levine|1994|pp=44, 274–275}}:

• "The idea that Unity that is rooted in nature is what types of nature mysticism (e.g. Wordsworth, Robinson Jeffers, Gary Snyder) have in common with more philosophically robust versions of pantheism. It is why nature mysticism and philosophical pantheism are often conflated and confused for one another."
• "[Wood's] pantheism is distant from Spinoza's identification of God with nature, and much closer to nature mysticism. In fact it is nature mysticism."
• "Nature mysticism, however, is as compatible with theism as it is with pantheism." Pantheism has also been involved in animal worship especially in primal religions.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0_dHrRY3gIC&dq=%22pantheism%22+%22animal+worship%22&pg=PA4 |title=World Religions at Your Fingertips – Michael McDowell, Nathan Robert Brown – Google Books |isbn=9781592578467 |accessdate=2022-10-08|last1=McDowell |first1=Michael |last2=Brown |first2=Nathan Robert |year=2009 |publisher=Penguin }}

Nontheism is an umbrella term which has been used to refer to a variety of religions not fitting traditional theism, and under which pantheism has been included.

Panentheism (from Greek πᾶν (pân) "all"; ἐν (en) "in"; and θεός (theós) "God"; "all-in-God") was formally coined in Germany in the 19th century in an attempt to offer a philosophical synthesis between traditional theism and pantheism, stating that God is substantially omnipresent in the physical universe but also exists "apart from" or "beyond" it as its Creator and Sustainer.{{cite book |first=John W. |last=Cooper |title=The Other God of the Philosophers |publisher=Baker Academic |date=2006}}{{rp|p.27}} Thus panentheism separates itself from pantheism, positing the extra claim that God exists above and beyond the world as we know it.{{sfn|Levine|1994|p=11}} The line between pantheism and panentheism can be blurred depending on varying definitions of God, so there have been disagreements when assigning particular notable figures to pantheism or panentheism.{{rp|pp. 71–72, 87–88, 105}}{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Genealogy to Iqbal |year=1998 |editor-first=Edward |editor-last=Craig |page=100 |isbn=9780415073103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC}}

Pandeism is another word derived from pantheism, and is characterized as a combination of reconcilable elements of pantheism and deism.{{cite book|title=The History of Science: A Beginner's Guide|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofscience0000john/page/90 90]|first=Sean F. |last=Johnston|year=2009|publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-681-0|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofscience0000john/page/90}} It assumes a Creator-deity that is at some point distinct from the universe and then transforms into it, resulting in a universe similar to the pantheistic one in present essence, but differing in origin.

Panpsychism is the philosophical view that consciousness, mind, or soul is a universal feature of all things.{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Seager |first1=William |last2=Allen-Hermanson |first2=Sean |title=Panpsychism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=23 May 2001 |edition=Winter 2012 |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-last=Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/panpsychism/}} Some pantheists also subscribe to the distinct philosophical views hylozoism (or panvitalism), the view that everything is alive, and its close neighbor animism, the view that everything has a soul or spirit.{{cite book |last=Haught |first=John F. |date=1990 |title=What Is Religion?: An Introduction |publisher=Paulist Press |page=19}}

Many traditional and folk religions, including African traditional religions{{cite journal|last=Parrinder|first=EG|title=Monotheism and Pantheism in Africa|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|year=1970|volume=3|issue=2|pages=81–88|jstor=1594816|doi=10.1163/157006670x00099}} and Native American religions,{{sfn|Levine|1994|p=67}}{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=North American Indians: the spirituality of nature|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/native-americans.htm|publisher=World Pantheist Movement|access-date=7 September 2012}} can be seen as pantheistic or a mixture of pantheism and other worldviews, such as polytheism and animism. According to pantheists, there are elements of pantheism in some forms of Christianity.{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=The origins of Christian pantheism|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/gospel.htm|work=Pantheist history|publisher=World Pantheists Movement|access-date=20 September 2012}}{{cite web|last=Fox|first=Michael W.|title=Christianity and Pantheism|url=http://pantheist.net/society/christianity_and_pan_fox.html|publisher=Universal Pantheist Society|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309032933/http://pantheist.net/society/christianity_and_pan_fox.html|archive-date=9 March 2001|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|last=Zaleha|first=Bernard|title=Recovering Christian Pantheism as the Lost Gospel of Creation|url=http://www.christianecology.org/ConsiderLillies.html|publisher=Fund for Christian Ecology, Inc.|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717012801/http://www.christianecology.org/ConsiderLillies.html|archive-date=17 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}

Ideas resembling pantheism existed in Eastern religions before the 18th century (notably Hinduism, Confucianism, and Taoism). Although there is no evidence that these influenced Spinoza's work, there is evidence regarding other contemporary philosophers, such as Leibniz, and later Voltaire.{{Cite journal|jstor = 1397760|title = Leibniz's Interpretation of Neo-Confucianism|journal = Philosophy East and West|volume = 21|issue = 1|pages = 3–22|last1 = Mungello|first1 = David E|doi = 10.2307/1397760|year = 1971}}Lan, Feng (2005). Ezra Pound and Confucianism: remaking humanism in the face of modernity. University of Toronto Press. p. 190. {{ISBN|978-0-8020-8941-0}}. In the case of Hinduism, pantheistic views exist alongside panentheistic, polytheistic, monotheistic, and atheistic ones.{{sfn|Fowler|1997|p=2}}{{sfn|Fowler|2002|p=15-32}}{{sfn|Long|2011|p=128}}

Pantheism is popular in modern spirituality and new religious movements, such as Neopaganism and Theosophy.Carpenter, Dennis D. (1996). "Emergent Nature Spirituality: An Examination of the Major Spiritual Contours of the Contemporary Pagan Worldview". In Lewis, James R., Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft. Albany: State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2890-0}}. p. 50. Two organizations that specify the word pantheism in their title formed in the last quarter of the 20th century. The Universal Pantheist Society, open to all varieties of pantheists and supportive of environmental causes, was founded in 1975.{{cite web|title=Home page|url=http://www.pantheist.net/|publisher=Universal Pantheist Society|access-date=8 August 2012}} The World Pantheist Movement is headed by Paul Harrison, an environmentalist, writer and a former vice president of the Universal Pantheist Society, from which he resigned in 1996. The World Pantheist Movement was incorporated in 1999 to focus exclusively on promoting naturalistic pantheism – a strict metaphysical naturalistic version of pantheism,{{cite web|last=World Pantheist Movement|title=Naturalism and Religion: can there be a naturalistic & scientific spirituality?|url=http://www.pantheism.net/natural.htm|access-date=4 September 2012}} considered by some a form of religious naturalism.{{cite book|last=Stone|first=Jerome Arthur|title=Religious Naturalism Today: The Rebirth of a Forgotten Alternative|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousnatural00ston|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0791475379|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religiousnatural00ston/page/n25 10]}} It has been described as an example of "dark green religion" with a focus on environmental ethics.Bron Raymond Taylor, "Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future", University of California Press, 2010, pp. 159–160.

{{See also|Dark green environmentalism}}

{{col div|colwidth=30em}}

• Animism
• Biocentrism (ethics)
• Irreligion
• List of pantheists
• Monism
• Mother nature
• Nondualism
• Panentheism
• Theopanism, a term philosophically distinct but derived from the same root words
• Worship of heavenly bodies

{{colend}}

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{Wiktionary}}

{{Wikiquote}}

{{Commons category}}

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• [http://www.pantheism.net The World Pantheist Movement (pantheism.net)]
• [http://www.pantheism.com Pantheism.community by The Paradise Project (pantheism.com)]
• [http://chabad.org/1807957 Pantheism and Judaism (chabad.org)]
• On Whitehead's process pantheism: Michel Weber, [https://www.academia.edu/279953/Whiteheads_Pancreativism._The_Basics Whitehead's Pancreativism. The Basics]. Foreword by Nicholas Rescher, Frankfurt / Paris, Ontos Verlag, 2006.

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Category:Monism