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Panyjima language

{{short description|Australian Aboriginal language}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Banyjima

|states=Australia

|region=Pilbara region of Western Australia

|ethnicity=Panyjima people

|speakers={{sigfig|136|2}}

|date=2021 census

|ref={{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/|title=Cultural diversity: Census|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=13 October 2022|date=2021}}

|familycolor=Australian

|fam1=Pama–Nyungan

|fam2=Ngayarda

|dia1=Pantikura

|dia2=Mitjaranjpa

|iso3=pnw

|glotto=pany1241

|glottorefname=Panytyima

|aiatsis=A53

|aiatsisname=Banyjima (cover term)

|notice=IPA

}}

Panyjima is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in the Hamersley Range, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. It is the traditional language of the Panyjima people. The name has also been spelled Bandjima, Banjima, Banyjima, Paanjima, Pandjima, Panjima, Panjtjima, and Panytyima.

Like most indigenous Australian languages, Panyjima is endangered. Younger generations have English as a first language and make little distinction between Panyjima and its closely related neighbouring languages. There is a formal language register known as {{Lang|pnw|padupadu}}.

Classification

Panyjima is classified as a member of the Ngayarta branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages. Under Carl Georg von Brandenstein's 1967 classification, Martuthunira was classed as an Inland Ngayarda language, but the separation of the Ngayarda languages into Coastal and Inland groups is no longer considered valid.

Phonology

Orthography in brackets when it differs from IPA.

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!rowspan=2|

!colspan=2| Peripheral

!colspan=2| Laminal

!colspan=2| Apical

Bilabial

! Velar

! Palatal

! Dental

! Alveolar

! Retroflex

Stop

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPA link|c}} {{angbr|ť}}

| {{IPA link|t̪}} {{angbr|th}}

| {{IPA link|t}}

| {{IPA link|ʈ}} {{angbr|rt}}

Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|g}}

| {{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angbr|ň}}

| {{IPA link|n̪}} {{angbr|nh}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

| {{IPA link|ɳ}} {{angbr|rn}}

Lateral

|

|

| {{IPA link|ʎ}} {{angbr|ľ}}

| {{IPA link|l̪}} {{angbr|lh}}

| {{IPA link|l}}

| {{IPA link|ɭ}} {{angbr|rl}}

Rhotic

|

|

|

|

| {{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|ŕ}}

| {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{angbr|r}}

Semivowel

|colspan=2| {{IPA link|w}}

| {{IPA link|j}}

|

|

|

=Vowels=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!

! Front

! Back

High

| {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}

| {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}}

Low

|colspan=2| {{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}

The long vowels are rare.

Grammar

=Accusative alignment=

Image:Accusative alignment.svg of a transitive verb; S = subject of an intransitive verb; O = object of a transitive verb.]]

Unlike most Australian languages, which exhibit ergativity, Panyjima and the other Ngayarta languages have an accusative alignment. That is, the subjects of transitive verbs are treated the same as the subjects of intransitive verbs, while the objects are treated differently.

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book |last=Dench |first=Alan |year=1991 |chapter=Panyjima |editor-first1=R.M.W. |editor-last1=Dixon |editor-first2=Barry J. |editor-last2=Blake |title=The Handbook of Australian Languages |volume=4 |pages=125–244 |location=Melbourne |publisher=Oxford University Press Australia |isbn=0-19-553097-7}}

External links

  • [http://coombs.anu.edu.au/WWWVLPages/AborigPages/LANG/WA/4_4_1.htm Handbook of Western Australian Languages South of the Kimberley Region — Banyjima]

{{Ngayarda}}

{{Pama–Nyungan languages|West}}

Category:Ngayarda languages