Paraíba

Owing to its lucrative sugarcane industry, the Captaincy of Paraíba proved to be one of the most economically successful regions in Portuguese America, alongside Pernambuco and Bahia. Because of this, the Dutch were interested in claiming the Northeast region and first attempted to do so in 1624 by seizing the then-capital city of Brazil, Salvador, in Bahia. Following their expulsion from Salvador, the Dutch made their first appearance on Paraíban territory on June 20, 1625,{{cite journal |title=Índios do Brasil na República dos Países Baixos: as representações de Antônio Paraupaba para os estados gerais em 1654 e 1656 |first1=Lodewijk |last1=Hulsman |journal=Revista de História |year=2006 |issue=154 |pages=37–69 |url=https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=285022043004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718224545/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2850/285022043004.pdf|archive-date=2023-07-18}} when they arrived in the Bay of Traição to treat their sick{{cite web |url=http://adcon.rn.gov.br/ACERVO/secretaria_extraordinaria_de_cultura/DOC/DOC000000000107147.PDF |title=Domínio Holandês |author=Fundação José Augusto |date=2016-03-07 |access-date=2016-12-27 |publisher=Fundação José Augusto|language=pt-br}} and bury their dead. The Dutch Admiral, Boudewijn Hendricksz, quickly formed an alliance with the Potiguaras, promising them protection in return for military support against the Portuguese. The governor of Paraíba, Antônio de Albuquerque, sent troops to drive away the invaders. Seven companies of men from the Captaincy of Paraíba, the Captaincy of Pernambuco, the Captaincy of Rio Grande, and from indigenous tribes succeeded in defeating the Dutch on August 1, at least for the time being.{{cite book |title=Dicionário das batalhas brasileiras |first1=Hernâni |last1=Donato |year=1996 |edition=2 |publisher=Ibrasa |location=São Paulo |page=549|language=pt-br}} Hendricksz was able to escape, fleeing to Puerto Rico. During the battle, however, the Potiguaras suffered heavy losses of 600 to a thousand dead.

On December 5, 1632, 1,600 Dutchmen landed on Paraíban shores. After undergoing fire from the Portuguese, they began digging trenches in front of the Forte de Santa Catarina, located in Cabedelo, 18 km away from the center of Filipeia de Nossa Senhora das Neves (João Pessoa). Despite this stand, the Dutch once again proved unable to seize Paraíba and they were forced to retreat to Pernambuco,{{cite web|url=http://www.pm.pb.gov.br/arquivos/Historia_da_Paraiba.pdf|title=História da Paraíba|author=Leandro de Lima Lira|publisher=Polícia Militar da Paraíba|access-date=2013-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823210022/http://www.pm.pb.gov.br/arquivos/Historia_da_Paraiba.pdf|archive-date=2009-08-23|language=pt-br}}{{cite web|access-date=2013-06-09|publisher=Portal Paraíba Total|url=http://www.paraibatotal.com.br/a-paraiba/historia|title=História da Paraíba|language=pt-br}} which they had already conquered in 1630.{{Citation |last=Flores Fernandes Araújo |first=Hugo André |title=The Insurrection of Pernambuco and the Surrender of the Dutch in Brazil (1645–1654) |date=2022-01-28 |url=https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-1031 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |access-date=2023-07-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1031 |isbn=978-0-19-936643-9|url-access=subscription }}

The Dutch attempted the invasion anew on November 25, 1634, with the arrival of a squadron of 29 ships on the coast of Paraíba. Though reinforcements were sent to Paraíba from as far as Europe to repel the Dutch, the Portuguese had already been too weakened, and allowed the Forte de Santa Catarina and the Forte de Santo Antônio to fall into the hands of the Dutch. The Dutch then went to Filipeia de Nossa Senhora das Neves in search of Governor Antônio de Albuquerque, who was in command of the Portuguese troops. On Christmas Eve, they entered the city, but did not find Albuquerque; instead, they found empty streets and abandoned homes, a shell of the former city. With that final nail in the coffin — despite some ongoing resistance from the local population — the Dutch had finally conquered Paraíba. After the Dutch invasion, the sugarcane economy, the principal industry of the region, was devastated, as many sugarcane plantations on the coast had been set on fire. It was not until 1654, two decades later, that the Portuguese would finally retake Paraíba.

File:View of Frederiksstad in Paraiba, Brazil 1638 Frans Post.jpg, in 1638, by Frans Post]]

Until 1670, colonial occupation of Paraíba had mostly been restricted to the east, near the coast, but from that point forward, colonists started pushing further into the interior. Much of these efforts were carried out by fortune-seeking explorers called bandeirantes, led by Domingos Jorge Velho. This expansion resulted in conflicts with the indigenous tribes of the region, including the enslavement and massacre of indigenous peoples.{{cite book|author=José Octávio de Arruda Mello|display-authors=et al.|title=4 O Espaço Sertanejo: Deslocamento da fronteira e massacre dos indígenas|publisher=A União|page=22}}{{cite web|title=Trajetórias políticas de povos indígenas e índios aldeados na Capitania da Paraíba durante o século XVIII |author=Ricardo Medeiros |date=2009 |publisher=XXV Simpósio Nacional de História |url=http://anais.anpuh.org/wp-content/uploads/mp/pdf/ANPUH.S25.0568.pdf |access-date=2016-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221040503/http://anais.anpuh.org/wp-content/uploads/mp/pdf/ANPUH.S25.0568.pdf|archive-date=2016-12-21|language=pt-br}}

Western expansion was also spearheaded by Catholic missionaries, who sought to convert the local indigenous population. One of the most important missionaries of this time was the priest Martim Nantes, who founded the village of Pilar.{{cite journal |title=O Padre Martin de Nautes e o Cel. Dias D'Ávila |author=Barão de Studart |journal=Revista Trimestral do Instituto do Ceará |year=1931 |volume=ANNO XLV |pages=37–52 |url=https://www.institutodoceara.org.br/revista/Rev-apresentacao/RevPorAno/1931/1931-PadreMartindeNateseoCelDiasDavila.pdf|language=pt-br}}

On January 1, 1756, the Captaincy of Paraíba was dissolved and annexed to Pernambuco. This lasted until 1799, when it became the Captaincy of Paraíba again.{{cite book|author=Confraria do IAHGP|title=Revista, volume 21, edições 103-106|publisher=Instituto Arqueológico, Histórico e Geográfico Pernambucano (IAHGP)|year=1919|language=pt-br}} At this time, some minor adjustments were made to Paraíba's borders, with a portion of its northern territory being given to Rio Grande do Norte.{{cite web|url=http://www.tribunadonorte.com.br/especial/histrn/hist_rn_6f.htm|title=Repercussões no Rio Grande do Norte|publisher=Tribuna do Norte|access-date=2016-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010703033718/http://www.tribunadonorte.com.br/especial/histrn/hist_rn_6f.htm|archive-date=2001-07-03|url-status=dead|language=pt-br}}

Throughout its history, Paraíba participated in various revolts. The Pernambuco Revolution of 1817 stands out as an example; inspired by the War of Independence in the United States and the French Revolution, its objective was to make Brazil an independent country. From its origins in Pernambuco, the revolution spread to the entire Northeast. In Paraíba, the movement arose in the southern municipality of Itabaiana and fanned out to the agreste, sertão, and coast. The movement proved unsuccessful, though the struggle for independence continued on afterwards. The following five years (1818–1822) were marked by clashes between two rival factions: the cajás, also called patriots, who were revolutionaries, and the carambolas (realists), who were counterrevolutionaries.{{cite book|last1=Mello|first1=José Octávio de Arruda|title=6 Modelo de Independência e Revoluções Liberais|publisher=A União|page=22|language=pt-br}}

In 1822, Brazil finally became an independent country and Paraíba was turned into a province of the Brazilian Empire of King Pedro I. Two years later, Paraíba was implicated in the Confederation of the Equator, which was an anti-authoritarian movement that started in Pernambuco. The movement was suppressed by Imperial forces, with some of the leaders sentenced to execution.

Inspired by the various revolutions that took place in Europe in 1848, the Praieira Revolt was organized in Pernambuco at the end of that same year. It arrived in Paraíba in February 1849, led by Maximiano Machado and Borges da Fonseca, demanding various social and economic reforms, such as land ownership changes, democracy, and freedom of the press. The revolt only lasted for about five months and ended in failure. Three years later, in 1851, Paraíba and its neighboring provinces became involved in the Ronco da Abelha revolt. This revolt was a reaction to new modernization laws from the Imperial government that, it was falsely rumored, would enslave the lower-classes of workers in Paraíba now that the slave trade was prohibited in Brazil.{{cite web |title=Revolta do ronco da Abelha |url=https://www.infoescola.com/brasil-imperial/revolta-do-ronco-da-abelha/ |website=InfoEscola |access-date=2023-07-19 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230719232238/https://www.infoescola.com/brasil-imperial/revolta-do-ronco-da-abelha/ |archive-date=2023-07-19 |language=pt-br}} Between the months of October and December 1874, Paraíba participated in the Quebra–Quilos revolt, which was instigated by the replacement of the measurement system in Brazil with the metric system. The uprising was mostly concentrated in rural areas and was characterized by several acts of violence, at the same time as the so-called Religious Issue was gaining momentum. Paraíba also participated in the Paraguayan War, with a force of three thousand men.{{cite book|last1=Mello|first1=José Octávio de Arruda|title=7 Centralismo e movimentos sociais de 1850 a 1880|publisher=A União|page=22|language=pt-br}}

In 1860, Paraíba had a population of about 212,000 people and suffered from several serious public health problems, including epidemics like cholera and yellow fever. One of the main causes of these issues was the lack of water in the largely semi-arid climate of the province. In 1877, Paraíba was hit by the worst drought in its history, accentuating poverty and prompting migration from the interior to the east.

In November 1889, after the fall of the monarchical regime in Brazil and the institution of a republic, Paraíba became a federal state. Venâncio Neiva became the first president — equivalent to the modern-day role of governor — of the state. Neiva served from 1889 to 1891, when he was deposed. The next president was a member of the Social Nationaist Party (PSN), Floriano Peixoto. The PSN governed Paraíba until 1908, when the Conservative Republican Party (PRC) won the elections.{{cite web|url=http://www.potyguar.com.br/index.php/estados-brasileiros/paraiba/a-republica-na-paraiba|title=A República na Paraíba|access-date=2013-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171032/http://www.potyguar.com.br/index.php/estados-brasileiros/paraiba/a-republica-na-paraiba|archive-date=2016-03-03|language=pt-br}}{{cite web|url=http://www.reocities.com/paraiba1945/republica.htm|title=A República na Paraíba|access-date=2013-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180542/http://www.reocities.com/paraiba1945/republica.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03|language=pt-br}} The PRC then remained in power for an additional two decades, until the end of the Old Republic in 1930.

File:João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque.jpg, governor of Paraíba from 1928 to 1930, the year of his assassination]]

After the onset of the First World War (1914–1918), the economy of Paraíba entered a crisis, mainly due to the drop in exports of one of the main agricultural products of the state, cotton. In the April 1919 federal election, the Paraíban candidate Epitácio Pessoa won; at the time, he was leading the Brazilian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference. After returning to Brazil, he was sworn in as president on July 28, 1919, and remained in office until November 15, 1922.{{cite web|url=https://atlas.fgv.br/verbetes/epitacio-pessoa|title=Epitácio Pessoa|access-date=2022-10-03}}{{cite news|url=https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/especiais/arquivo-s/ha-100-anos-epitacio-se-elegeu-presidente-sem-estar-no-brasil|title=Há 100 anos, Epitacio se elegeu presidente sem estar no Brasil|author=Ricardo Westin|date=2019-04-01|work=Agência Senado|access-date=2022-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004135200/https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/especiais/arquivo-s/ha-100-anos-epitacio-se-elegeu-presidente-sem-estar-no-brasil|archive-date=2022-10-04|language=pt-br}} It was during his government that Brazil celebrated its first centennial of independence.

Dissatisfied with the current oligarchical system, in February 1926 a rebel group called the Coluna Prestes entered Paraíba. The group faced resistance from the local population as they traveled through cities in the hinterland, including in Piancó where a local political leader, Father Aristides Ferreira da Cruz, died during the clashes, becoming one of the Martyrs of Piancó.{{cite web|url=http://www.portalpianco.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2342:9-de-fevereiro-de-1926-passagem-da-coluna-prestes-pelo-municipio-de-pianco&catid=34:noticiaspianco&Itemid=64|title=9 de fevereiro de 1926: Passagem da Coluna Prestes pelo Município de Piancó|publisher=Portal Piancó|access-date=2013-06-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130617213109/http://www.portalpianco.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2342:9-de-fevereiro-de-1926-passagem-da-coluna-prestes-pelo-municipio-de-pianco&catid=34:noticiaspianco&Itemid=64|archive-date=2013-06-17|url-status=usurped|language=pt-br}} The sertão was also home to other groups operating outside the law, namely the cangaço bandits (cangaceiros), the most well-known of which is Virgulino Ferreira da Silva (Lampião).

File:Mausoléu de João Pessoa, João Pessoa (PB).jpg

In 1928, João Pessoa (the nephew of Epitácio Pessoa, the former president of Brazil) was elected as governor of Paraíba. Under his administration, cangaceiros in the interior of the state were persecuted and oligarchs were defied, generating discontent among the local landlords. This was especially the case with José Pereira Lima, a political leader of the municipality of Princesa Isabel and an ally of presidential candidate Júlio Prestes. With the invasion of the city of Teixeira by the Paraíban police and the imminent invasion of Lima's own Princesa Isabel, on February 28, 1930, he proclaimed the independent "Território de Princesa", which would only be subordinate directly to the federal government. The next day, the national election took place, with João Pessoa as the vice-presidential candidate for Getúlio Vargas. Though they had the support of the Liberal Alliance ({{lang|pt|Aliança Liberal}}), created by Paraíba together with Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul in the last year, they were defeated by Júlio Prestes and Vital Soares.{{cite web|url=http://www.fgv.br/cpdoc/acervo/dicionarios/verbete-tematico/revolucao-de-1930-3|title=Revolução de 1930|access-date=2022-10-03|language=pt-br}}

On July 26, 1930, João Pessoa was assassinated by João Duarte Dantas. Generating great national commotion, especially among the states of the Liberal Alliance, the death of João Pessoa was one of the triggers of the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 that brought Vargas to power.{{cite journal |last1=Quiggins Tiller |first1=Ann |title=The Igniting Spark—Brazil, 1930 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |date=August 1965 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=384–392 |doi=10.1215/00182168-45.3.384 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/45/3/384/158755/The-Igniting-Spark-Brazil-1930 |access-date=2023-08-22|doi-access=free }}{{cite web|date=2011-07-26|access-date=2013-06-09|publisher=Portal Paraíba|url=http://www.paraiba.com.br/2011/07/26/81204-morte-de-joao-pessoa-completa-81-anos-confira-trajetoria-do-politico|title=Morte de João Pessoa completa 81 anos; confira trajetória do político e homenagem nesta terça|language=pt-br|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414210509/https://paraiba.com.br/2011/07/26/81204-morte-de-joao-pessoa-completa-81-anos-confira-trajetoria-do-politico|archive-date=2016-04-14}}{{cite web|access-date=2013-06-09|url=http://www.e-biografias.net/joao_pessoa/|title=João Pessoa|language=pt-br|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531161143/http://www.e-biografias.net/joao_pessoa/|archive-date=2016-05-31}} It also resulted in the weakening of the armed movement in Território de Princesa, which became a part of Paraíba again on August 11, 1930,MEDEIROS, Mardson. A Revolta de Princesa - 1930. Princesa Isabel - PB. Available at: Accessed on 2023-07-17. four days after João Pessoa was buried in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The state capital was then renamed to João Pessoa and, three weeks later, the current flag of Paraíba was adopted, representing Pessoa's stand against the presidency of Júlio Prestes.{{cite web|url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/educacao/voce-sabia/o-que-significa-a-palavra-nego-na-bandeira-da-paraiba,53f859d9e3837310VgnCLD100000bbcceb0aRCRD.html|title=O que significa a palavra "Nego" na bandeira da Paraíba?|access-date=2016-12-29|publisher=Terra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703021740/http://noticias.terra.com.br/educacao/voce-sabia/o-que-significa-a-palavra-nego-na-bandeira-da-paraiba,53f859d9e3837310VgnCLD100000bbcceb0aRCRD.html|archive-date=2016-07-03|language=pt-br}}{{cite web|url=http://revistagalileu.globo.com/Galileu/0,6993,ECT611093-1716-2,00.html|title=O que significa a palavra 'nego' na bandeira da Paraíba?|access-date=2016-12-29|publisher=Revista Galileu|author1=Cristina Amorim|author2=Marcelo Ferroni|author3=Paulo M. Lacerda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302083440/http://revistagalileu.globo.com/Galileu/0,6993,ECT611093-1716-2,00.html|archive-date=2013-03-02|language=pt-br}} Between the 1930 revolution and Vargas' fall from power in 1946, the state of Paraíba was governed by ten federal appointees, the first being Antenor de França Navarro (1930–1932) and the last being José Gomes da Silva (1946–1947). Only in January 1947 did Paraíba start holding direct elections for the governorship again, with the first governor under the new president being Osvaldo Trigueiro (1947–1951).{{cite web|url=https://apps.tre-pb.jus.br/memorial/index-menu.php?menu=cronologia&conteudo=anos1945a1965|title=Cronologia - 1945 a 1965|access-date=2022-10-03|language=pt-br}}

In 1964, a coup d'état by military forces deposed President João Goulart from power and instituted a military dictatorship. Pedro Gondim, the governor of Paraíba, had been allied with Goulart, resulting in his mandate being revoked and his political rights being suspended for ten years by the new administration.{{cite web|url=http://averdade.org.br/2015/10/fatos-e-efeitos-da-ditadura-militar-no-estado-da-paraiba/|title=Fatos e efeitos da Ditadura Militar no Estado da Paraíba|date=2015-10-16|access-date=2016-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326100033/http://averdade.org.br/2015/10/fatos-e-efeitos-da-ditadura-militar-no-estado-da-paraiba/|archive-date=2016-03-26|language=pt-br}} Among the local Paraíban population, opponents to the coup were arrested, exiled, tortured, or killed, with an amnesty only being granted in the late 1970s. The next few governors were all indirectly elected, either by the legislative assembly or the electoral college, until 1983 when Wilson Braga was democratically elected governor.{{cite web|url=http://www.wscom.com.br/noticias/politica/paraiba+ja+teve+cerca+de+90+governadores-99150|title=Paraíba já teve cerca de 90 governadores|date=2010-12-31|access-date=2016-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914124527/http://www.wscom.com.br/noticias/politica/paraiba+ja+teve+cerca+de+90+governadores-99150|archive-date=2016-09-14|language=pt-br}} With the constitution of 1988, Brazil returned to a democratic system of government.[http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/br00000_.html Brazil - Constitution:Preamble] International Constitutional Law. Retrieved 2011-10-13.

In 1997, the body of former president João Pessoa was transferred from Rio de Janeiro to the eponymous capital of Paraíba, where he was buried in a mausoleum built by the state government.{{cite news|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/brasil/fc030818.htm|title=Após 67 anos, João Pessoa volta à Paraíba|trans-title=After 67 years, João Pessoa returns to Paraíba|language=pt-br|author=SÁ, Xico|date=1997-08-03|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=2021-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011180132/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/brasil/fc030818.htm|archive-date=2021-10-11}}

In 2009, Governor Cássio Cunha Lima was impeached{{Cite web |date=2009-02-17 |title=TSE confirma cassação de Cássio Cunha Lima |url=http://www.conjur.com.br/2009-fev-17/tse-confirma-cassacao-cunha-lima-governardor-paraiba |access-date=2023-07-17 |language=pt-br|website=Consultor Jurídico}} after being elected two terms in a row.{{cite web|url=https://www12.senado.leg.br/institucional/arquivo/biografia?grupo=senadores&id=cassio-cunha-lima|title=Biografia - Cássio Cunha Lima|access-date=2022-11-16}}{{cite news|url=https://www.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2006/estados/paraiba/ultnot/2006/10/29/ult3774u64.jhtm|language=pt-br|title=Tucano Cássio Cunha Lima é reeleito na Paraíba|date=2006-10-30|work=UOL|access-date=2022-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517212150/https://www.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2006/estados/paraiba/ultnot/2006/10/29/ult3774u64.jhtm|archive-date=2022-05-17}} As such, the runner-up of the previous elections, José Maranhão, who had already been governor from 1995 to 2002, was reappointed as governor of Paraíba.{{cite web|url=https://www18.fgv.br//cpdoc/acervo/dicionarios/verbete-biografico/jose-targino-maranhao|title=José Targino Maranhão|language=pt-br|access-date=2022-11-16}} Despite the confirmation of Lima's impeachment by the Superior Electoral Court (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral), he ran again in 2014, though he lost to the former mayor of João Pessoa, Ricardo Coutinho, first elected in 2011.{{cite news|url=https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2014/10/26/ricardo-coutinho-derrota-cassio-e-e-reeleito-na-paraiba|title=Ricardo Coutinho derrota Cássio e é reeleito na Paraíba|date=2014-10-26|language=pt-br|work=Agência Senado|access-date=2022-11-16}}

Between 2012 and 2017, Paraíba faced the worst drought in its recent history, which put more than 90% of Paraíba municipalities in a state of emergency and had significant ramifications for agriculture, electricity generation,{{cite news |last1=Stauffer |first1=Carolina |title=Worst drought in decades hits Brazil's Northeast |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-drought-idUSBRE9030HM20130104 |access-date=2023-07-16 |work=Reuters |date=2013-01-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230717005342/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-drought-idUSBRE9030HM20130104 |archive-date=2023-07-17}} and water supply.{{cite journal |last1=Santos de Santana |first1=Adrielli |last2=Gesmar |first2=Rosa dos Santos |title=Impactos da seca de 2012-2017 na região semiárida do Nordeste: notas sobre a abordagem de dados quantitativos e conclusões qualitativas |journal=Boletim Regional, Urbano e Ambiental |date=2020|volume=22|pages=119–129 |access-date=2023-07-16 |doi=10.38116/brua22art9|language=pt-br |url=https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/handle/11058/10392 |trans-title=Impacts of the 2012-2017 drought in the semi-arid region of the Northeast |publisher=Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada}} In 2017, after years in the works, the east axis of the multi-billion dollar São Francisco river transfer project was completed,{{cite news |title=Michel Temer inaugura Eixo Leste da Transposição |url=http://www.tribunadonorte.com.br/noticia/michel-temer-inaugura-eixo-leste-da-transposia-a-o/374043 |date=2017-03-11|work=Tribuna do Norte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116142600/http://www.tribunadonorte.com.br/noticia/michel-temer-inaugura-eixo-leste-da-transposia-a-o/374043 |archive-date=2022-11-16 |language=pt-br}} allowing for water to be diverted to the Paraíba do Norte river. The goal of the project — the largest water infrastructure project in Brazil's history — is to alleviate the impact of droughts and water shortages in the semi-arid regions of the Northeast.{{cite web |last1=Pontes |first1=Nadia |title=The Sao Francisco water transfer project and its governance challenge |url=https://www.iai.int/admin/site/sites/default/files/uploads/AMERICAS-Nadia-Pontes_Poster.pdf |website=Inter-American Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320043442/https://www.iai.int/admin/site/sites/default/files/uploads/AMERICAS-Nadia-Pontes_Poster.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-20}}

Paraíba, located in the eastern portion of the broader Northeast region, is one of 27 states of Brazil. Its total area is 56,467.242 km²,{{cite web |url= https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/pb.html |title= Paraíba | publisher = Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)|access-date = 2021-09-08}} making it the seventh smallest state in the country and the fourth smallest in the Northeast.{{cite web |title=Áreas Territoriais |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/organizacao-do-territorio/estrutura-territorial/15761-areas-dos-municipios.html?=&t=o-que-e |website=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |access-date=2023-06-24 |language=pt-br}} The distance between its north and south extremities is 263 kilometers, and that of its east and west extremities is 443 kilometers.{{cite web|url=http://ideme.pb.gov.br/servicos/anuarios-online/ano-base-2011/anuario_2011.pdf/documentviewer/++widget++form.widgets.file/@@download/Anuario_2011.pdf|title=ANUÁRIO ESTATÍSTICO 2011|publisher=Instituto de Desenvolvimento Municipal e Estadual|access-date=2013-06-10|archive-date=2016-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607234042/http://ideme.pb.gov.br/servicos/anuarios-online/ano-base-2011/anuario_2011.pdf/documentviewer/++widget++form.widgets.file/@@download/Anuario_2011.pdf|url-status=dead}} On average, the state sits at a relatively low elevation, with its highest elevations found in the Borborema Plateau in the center of the state. The highest peak in Paraíba and the third highest peak in the Northeast, Pico do Jabre, is located in this plateau at 1,208 meters above sea level.{{cite web |last1=Azevêdo |first1=Lusângela |title=Pico do Jabre ganha nova medição |url=https://auniao.pb.gov.br/noticias/caderno_paraiba/pico-do-jabre-ganha-nova-medicao |website=A União |publisher=Governo da Paraíba |access-date=2023-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624212018/https://auniao.pb.gov.br/noticias/caderno_paraiba/pico-do-jabre-ganha-nova-medicao |archive-date=2023-06-24 |language=pt-br}}

There are 11 river basins in Paraíba, the largest of which is the Piancó-Piranhas-Açu river basin, which feeds six sub-basins and covers an area of approximately 26,047.49 km², followed by the Paraíba river basin, which feeds four sub-basins and covers an area of approximately 20,071.83 km².

File:Paraíba Köppen.svg

The majority of Paraíba is considered to have a hot semi-arid climate, with almost 98% of its territory included in the so-called "Polygon of Drought."{{cite web |first1=J. Jarbas|last1=S. Gurgel |title=SOBRE A PRODUÇÃO DE PESCADO DOS ACUDES PUBLICOS DO SEMI-ARIDO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ad772s/AD772S05.htm |website=Food and Agricultural Organization |publisher=United Nations |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230618175127/https://www.fao.org/3/ad772s/AD772S05.htm |archive-date=2023-06-18 |language=pt-br}} Parts of the state that do not fall into this category, namely the far east and far west, have a tropical climate.

Paraíba goes through wet and dry seasons, with most of its rain falling in the first third of the year, especially in March and April. However, in the east, including the coast and the agreste mesoregion, most rainfall occurs from April to June.{{cite web |last1=Roberto Megna Francisco |first1=Paulo |title=Climatologia do Estado da Paraiba |url=https://educapes.capes.gov.br/bitstream/capes/573985/2/Climatologia%20do%20Estado%20da%20Paraiba.pdf |publisher=EDITORA DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE CAMPINA GRANDE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618184554/https://educapes.capes.gov.br/bitstream/capes/573985/2/Climatologia%20do%20Estado%20da%20Paraiba.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-18 |language=pt-br |date=2017}}{{cite web |title=Paraíba, Brazil Climate |url=https://tcktcktck.org/brazil/paraiba |website=WeatherAndClimate}}

In the entire state, the period from October to December is the hottest and driest of the year, whereas June to August is the coldest, with temperatures in some areas reaching below 20 °C. Areia, located in the agreste, is the coldest city of the state while Patos, located in the sertão, is the hottest.{{cite news |title=Baixa temperatura do inverno no Sertão da PB leva a 'reclamações' e problemas respiratórios |url=https://g1.globo.com/pb/paraiba/noticia/baixa-temperatura-do-inverno-no-sertao-da-pb-leva-a-reclamacoes-e-problemas-respiratorios.ghtml |work=Globo |date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713232043/https://g1.globo.com/pb/paraiba/noticia/baixa-temperatura-do-inverno-no-sertao-da-pb-leva-a-reclamacoes-e-problemas-respiratorios.ghtml |archive-date=2017-07-13 |language=pt-br}} A record low temperature of 7.7 °C was recorded in the city of Monteiro on July 28, 1976.{{cite web |last1=Paloma Carneiro de Lima |first1=Ingrid |last2=Almeida da Silva |first2=Eduardo |last3=Ivaldo Barbosa de Brito |first3=José |title=ANÁLISE DA UMIDADE RELATIVA DO AR NA CIDADE DE MONTEIRO - PARAÍBA |url=https://www.editorarealize.com.br/editora/anais/conimas-e-conidis/2019/TRABALHO_EV133_MD4_SA38_ID1321_18092019211640.pdf |website=Plataforma Espaço Digital |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619234139/https://www.editorarealize.com.br/editora/anais/conimas-e-conidis/2019/TRABALHO_EV133_MD4_SA38_ID1321_18092019211640.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-19 |language=pt-br}}{{cite web |title=Cidade paraibana registra Cº 11,6 graus, a menor temperatura dos últimos 37 anos na Paraíba |url=http://tvwebcidade.net/cidade-paraibana-registra-co-116-graus-a-menor-temperatura-dos-ultimos-37-anos-na-paraiba/ |website=TVWEBCIDADE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403041353/http://tvwebcidade.net/cidade-paraibana-registra-co-116-graus-a-menor-temperatura-dos-ultimos-37-anos-na-paraiba/ |archive-date=2018-04-03 |language=pt-br |url-status=dead}}

{{multiple image

| align=center

| total_width=800

| image1=Parque_Estadual_Marinho_de_Areia_Vermelha,_Cabedelo_(PB).jpg | caption1=Areia Vermelha Marine State Park

| image2=Praia da Ponta do Seixas e Estação Cabo Branco, João Pessoa.jpg | caption2=Ponta do Seixas, the easternmost point of the American continents

| image3=Elevações rochosas com foto tirada durante passeio fotográfico ao Pico do Jabre.jpg | caption3=Pico do Jabre is the highest point in the state

}}

{{Further information|Tourmaline#Brazil}}

In 1987, a team led by gemstone prospector Heitor Dimas Barbosa uncovered tourmaline crystals in the Batalha mine, about 50 km away from Patos.{{cite journal |last1=Fritsch |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Shigley |first2=James E. |last3=Rossman |first3=George R. |last4=Mercer |first4=Meredith E. |last5=Muhlmeister |first5=Sam M. |last6=Moon |first6=Mike |title=GEM-QUALITY CUPRIAN-ELBAITE TOURMALINES FROM sAo JOSE DA BATALHA, PARAIBA, BRAZIL |journal=Gems & Gemology |date=1990 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.5741/GEMS.26.3.189 |url=https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gem-Quality-Cuprian-Elbaite-Tourmalines-from-Sao-Jose-Da-Batalha-Paraiba-Brazil.pdf}} A trace of copper gives the tourmalines a vivid turquoise color that is sometimes referred to as "neon".{{cite journal |last1=Katsurada |first1=Yusuke |last2=Sun |first2=Ziyin |last3=Breeding |first3=Christopher M. |last4=Dutrow |first4=Barbara L. |title=Geographic Origin Determination of Paraíba Tourmaline |journal=Gems & Gemology |date=2019 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=648–659 |doi=10.5741/GEMS.55.4.648 |url=https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2019-paraiba-tourmaline-geographic-origin-determination|doi-access=free }}

File:- paraiba tourmaine.png

The neon Paraíba tourmaline has also been found in the neighboring state of Rio Grande do Norte. In the early 2000s, tourmaline gems containing copper and bearing similar colors were found in Nigeria and Mozambique.{{cite web |title=Copper-Bearing (Paraíba-Type) Tourmaline from Mozambique |url=https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2008-copper-bearing-tourmaline-mozambique-laurs |website=Gemological Institute of America |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230618171008/https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2008-copper-bearing-tourmaline-mozambique-laurs |archive-date=2023-06-18}}

Initially, the nomenclature for this tourmaline was "Paraíba tourmaline". In 2006, the LMHC (Laboratory Manual Harmonization Committee) agreed that "Paraíba" should be simplified to "paraiba" and should refer to a variety of tourmaline instead of indicating a geographic origin.{{cite web |title=LMHC Information Sheet # 6 - Paraiba Tourmaline |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bfbb7e6cc8fed3bb9293bf3/t/5bfe92a90e2e72555d61eec3/1543410345434/LMHC+Information+Sheet_6_V7_2012.pdf |website=LMHC Standardised Gemmological Report Wording |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419114750/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bfbb7e6cc8fed3bb9293bf3/t/5bfe92a90e2e72555d61eec3/1543410345434/LMHC+Information+Sheet_6_V7_2012.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-19}} The term "paraiba tourmaline" may now refer to gems found in Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique that contain copper and have the characteristic fluorescent blue-green color.

The stone has since become among the most sought-after gemstones on the market, yielding upwards of $50,000+ per carat.{{Cite web |title=PARAÍBA TOURMALINE AND COLOURED SAPPHIRE RING, MICHELE DELLA VALLE |url=https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6138009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231119114813/https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6138009|archive-date=2023-11-19}} These tourmalines are often subject to heat-treatment and clarity enhancement to achieve a more desirable color. A lack of these treatments often increases the value of the stone.

File:Ethnic groups in Paraíba-2010.png

According to the 2022 census, there were 3,974,687 people residing in the state, with a population density of 70.4 inhabitants/km².

Other numbers include: Urbanization rate: 75.4% (2010), Population growth: 0.8% (1991–2000) and Houses: 987,000 (2006).Source: PNAD.[http://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/temas.php?sigla=pb&tema=resultuniverso_censo2010 IBGE Estados@ – Paraíba] Retrieved: March 29, 2012.

The 2022 census also revealed the following figures relating ethnicity: 2,207,880 Brown (Multiracial) people (55.5%), 1,419,778 White people (35.7%), 316,572 Black people (8.0%), 25,478 Amerindian people (0.6%) and 4,912 Asian (0.1%) people.{{cite web |title=Censo 2022 - Panorama |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/}}

Among people of mixed ancestry the White, Amerindian and African altogether combination is the most prevalent one, followed by caboclo, mulato and zambo.{{cite web|url=http://www.portalparaiba.com/site/paraiba/historia5.php|title=:: Portal Paraíba :: Notícias, Fotos, Eventos, Turismo e muito mais|website=portalparaiba.com|access-date=18 March 2018}}

{{See also|List of cities in Brazil by population}}

{{Largest cities

| country = Paraíba

| stat_ref = (2011 census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics){{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2011/POP2011_DOU.pdf|title=Estimativas da população residente nos municípios brasileiros com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2011|trans-title=Estimates of the Resident Population of Brazilian Municipalities as of July 1, 2011|date=30 August 2011|publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|access-date=31 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007090238/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2011/POP2011_DOU.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2011|url-status=live|language=pt}}

| list_by_pop =

| div_name =

| div_link = Mesoregion (Brazil){{!}}Mesoregion

| city_1 = João Pessoa, Paraíba{{!}}João Pessoa

| div_1 = Mesorregião da Mata Paraibana{{!}}Mata

| pop_1 = 733154

| img_1 = Bairro do Bessa em- João Pessoa.jpg

| city_2 = Campina Grande

| div_2 = Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano{{!}}Agreste

| pop_2 = 387643

| img_2 = Açude Velho Campina Grande PB - 40175999034.jpg

| city_3 = Santa Rita, Paraíba{{!}}Santa Rita

| div_3 = Mesorregião da Mata Paraibana{{!}}Mata

| pop_3 = 121166

| city_4 = Patos

| div_4 = Mesorregião do Sertão Paraibano{{!}}Sertão

| pop_4 = 101358

| img_4 = Patos,PB 118.jpg

| city_5 = Bayeux, Paraíba{{!}}Bayeux

| div_5 = Mesorregião da Mata Paraibana{{!}}Mata

| pop_5 = 100136

| city_6 = Sousa, Paraíba{{!}}Sousa

| div_6 = Mesorregião do Sertão Paraibano{{!}}Sertão

| pop_6 = 66135

| city_7 = Cabedelo

| div_7 = Mesorregião da Mata Paraibana{{!}}Mata

| pop_7 = 59104

| city_8 = Cajazeiras

| div_8 = Mesorregião do Sertão Paraibano{{!}}Sertão

| pop_8 = 58793

| city_9 = Guarabira

| div_9 = Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano{{!}}Agreste

| pop_9 = 55657

| city_10 = Sapé, Paraíba{{!}}Sapé

| div_10 = Mesorregião da Mata Paraibana{{!}}Mata

| pop_10 = 50357

| city_11 = Mamanguape

| div_11 = Mesorregião da Mata Paraibana{{!}}Mata

| pop_11 = 42602

| city_12 = Queimadas, Paraíba{{!}}Queimadas

| div_12 = Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano{{!}}Agreste

| pop_12 = 41297

| city_13 = Solânea

| div_13 = Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano{{!}}Agreste

| pop_13 = 38.991

| city_14 = Pombal, Paraíba{{!}}Pombal

| div_14 = Mesorregião do Sertão Paraibano{{!}}Sertão

| pop_14 = 32122

| city_15 = Esperança, Paraíba{{!}}Esperança

| div_15 = Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano{{!}}Agreste

| pop_15 = 31320

| city_16 = São Bento, Paraíba{{!}}São Bento

| div_16 = Mesorregião do Sertão Paraibano{{!}}Sertão

| pop_16 = 31236

| city_17 = Monteiro

| div_17 = Mesorregião da Borborema{{!}}Borborema

| pop_17 = 31095

| city_18 = Alagoa Grande

| div_18 = Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano{{!}}Agreste

| pop_18 = 28426

| city_19 = Pedras de Fogo

| div_19 = Mesorregião da Mata Paraibana{{!}}Mata

| pop_19 = 27389

| city_20 = Cuité

| div_20 = Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano{{!}}Agreste

| pop_20 = 25950

}}

{{Pie chart

|thumb = right

|caption = Religion in Paraíba (2010)

|label1 = Catholicism

|value1 = 77

|color1 = Gold

|label2 = Protestantism

|value2 = 15.1

|color2 = Skyblue

|label3 = Spiritism

|value3 = 0.6

|color3 = Pink

|label4 = Other

|value4 = 1.6

|color4 = Chartreuse

|label5 = No religion

|value5 = 5.7

|color5 = White

}}{{historical populations|11=1872|12=376226|13=1890|14=457232|15=1900|16=490784|17=1920|18=961106|19=1940|20=1422282|21=1950|22=1713259|23=1960|24=2018023|25=1970|26=2445419|27=1980|28=2810032|29=1991|30=3200677|31=2000|32=3444794|33=2010|34=3766528|35=2022|36=3974687|footnote=Source:{{Cite web|url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/|title=2022 Census Overview|lang=pt}}}}

According to the 2010 census, the population of Paraíba is made up of Roman Catholics (76.96%), Protestants (15.16%), Spiritists (0.62%), Jehovah's Witnesses (0.47%), Brazilian Apostolic Catholics (0.22%), Mormons (0.11%), Orthodox Christians (0.05%), Candomblecists (0.035%), Umbanda (0.029%), Esoteric (0.023%), Jewish (0.017%), Eastern religious (0.014%), indigenous traditions ( 0.010%), spiritualists (0.004%), Islamic (0.002%), Hindus (0.002%) and Afro-Brazilian religious (0.001%), in addition to other religiosities. There were also those without religion (5.661%), including atheists (0.106%) and agnostics (0.046%); people with indeterminate religion and/or multiple belonging (0.154%); those who did not know (0.154%) and did not declare (0.016%).«[https://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/index.php Censo 2010]». IBGE«[https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/94/cd_2010_religiao_deficiencia.pdf Análise dos Resultados/IBGE Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência]»

• Vehicles: 432,337 (March/2007);
• Mobile phones: 1.5 million (April/2007)
• Fixed line telephones: 431 thousand (April/2007)
• Cities: 223 (2007).Source: IBGE.

File:CCJ-UEPB.jpg of the State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande campus.]]

Portuguese is the official and only language spoken in the state and thus the primary language taught in schools. However, significant dialectal differences regarding other Brazilian varieties are present, although mainly phonological (Northeastern accent).

English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

• Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) (Federal University of Paraíba);
• Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG) (Federal University of Campina Grande)
• Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB) (State University of Paraíba);
• UNIPÊ (Centro Universitário de João Pessoa);
• Instituto de Educação Superior da Paraíba (IESP);
• Faculdade Maurício de Nassau (FMN) (Maurício de Nassau College);
• Instituto Federal de Educação Tecnológica (IFPB) (Federal Institute of Technology of Paraiba);
• and many others.

File:Indústria 3 de Maio.jpg in Belém da Paraíba]]

The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 56.5%, followed by the industrial sector at 33.1%. Agriculture represents 10.4%, of GDP (2004). Paraíba exports: woven of cotton 36.3%, footweares 20.1%, sugar and alcohol 10.8%, fish and crustacean 9.7%, sisal 7%, cotton 6.6% (2002).

Share of the Brazilian economy: 0.8% (2004).

The Paraíba economy is largely based upon the making of shoes and other leather products, the raising of cattle for beef, and sugarcane, corn. Though historically sugarcane has dominated the Paraíba agricultural sector, pineapple, corn, and beans cultivation are also widespread. The other important economical sector in the state is tourism, especially the state urban and unspoilt beaches, ecotourism and festivals such as "carnaval" and "São João."

File:Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport.jpg]]

Located in the municipality of Bayeux, {{convert|8|km|spell=in|lk=on|abbr=out}} from downtown João Pessoa, Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport is currently undergoing expansion and remodeling work, which will raise the terminal's annual capacity to 860 thousand passengers.

The airport is well located in relation to obstacles because it covers an area roughly {{convert|65|m|abbr=off}} above sea level and is sufficiently distant from urban areas or large real estate developments.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

The surrounding area is sparsely populated, with large open spaces. The existing developments are industrial with some small weekend country houses. There is no rough terrain or tall buildings nearby creating obstacles for takeoffs and landings.

The airport also is blessed with excellent climatic conditions for air operations. Moreover, within its approach radius there are no obstacles that can hinder or create risk for local air traffic. Named for a past president (former name for governors) of Paraíba, Castro Pinto, the airport operates round the clock.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

The current passenger terminal, built in an area of {{convert|8,947.72|m2|lk=on|2|abbr=off}}, has two levels, gardens and ample vehicle parking. It has all the expected amenities: arrival and departure lounges, a main concourse, check-in counters, baggage storage lockers, airline counters, snack bar/restaurant, tourist information booth, car rental agencies, taxi service and private parking.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

File:BR-101, Pedras de Fogo (PB).jpg

The BR-101 also the BR-230 are found in Paraíba . Several other roads also cross the state composing the complex net which is present all across the country.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Located in the interior of the state of Paraíba, in the city of Campina Grande, João Suassuna Airport was remodeled in 2003, receiving a new terminal with capacity of 250 thousand passengers a year.

The old building was demolished and on the site a new facility was built holding nine shops, the main concourse, arrival and departure lounges, VIP lounge, bathrooms, mezzanine and a diaper-changing area.

The terminal area was increased to {{convert|2,500|m2|lk=out|abbr=off}}. The boarding area has {{convert|350|m2|abbr=off}} and the parking lot has spaces for 180 cars.

This expansion benefited the city both economically and from the standpoint of tourism. With the possibility for new flights, the air cargo movement will be able to grow, along with the number of tourists coming to attend the city's São João Festival.

A panel measuring {{convert|17|x|3.5|m|abbr=off}} in the front of the building carries a poem by the Paraíban writer Ariano Suassuna, in homage to his father, for whom the airport is named. Three more artworks are on permanent display in the passenger terminal.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

File:Marcelo_Calero_conhece_o_São_João_de_Campina_Grande_(27586988420).jpg

Festa Junina was introduced to Northeastern Brazil by the Portuguese for whom St John's day (also celebrated as Midsummer Day in several European countries), on the 24th of June, is one of the oldest celebrations of the year. Differently, of course, from what happens on the European Midsummer Day, the festivities in Brazil do not take place during the summer solstice but during the winter solstice. The festivities traditionally begin after the 12th of June, on the eve of St Anthony's day, and last until the 29th, which is Saint Peter's day. During these fifteen days, there are bonfires, fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets (step names are in French, which shows the mutual influences between court life and peasant culture in the 17th, 18th, and 19th-century Europe). Once exclusively a rural festival, today in Brazil, it is largely a city festival during which people joyfully and theatrically mimic peasant stereotypes and clichés in a spirit of jokes and good times. Typical refreshments and dishes are served. Like during Carnival, these festivities involve costume-wearing (in this case, peasant costumes), dancing, heavy drinking, and visual spectacles (fireworks display and folk dancing), such as what happens on Midsummer and St John's Day in Europe, and bonfires are a central part of these festivities in Brazil.

The four-day period before Lent leading up to Ash Wednesday is carnival time in Brazil. Rich and poor alike forget their cares as they party in the streets.

The word nego on the state flag is Portuguese for "I deny" or "I refuse", referring to the events that led to the Brazilian Revolution of 1930.

Due to Milk Coffee Politics in Brazil, the president of the country always alternated between someone from the state of Minas Gerais and someone from the state of São Paulo. In 1929, the incumbent president from São Paulo, Washington Luís, was supposed to support a politician from Minas Gerais as the next president, but he instead decided to nominate someone from São Paulo for the second time in a row, Júlio Prestes. The state governor of Paraíba, João Pessoa Cavalcânti de Albuquerque, refused to support the appointment of Júlio Prestes, and in 1930, Pessoa joined the alliance for the overthrow of the federal government. The revolution succeeded in toppling the Old Republic and installing Getúlio Vargas—who was from neither Minas Gerais nor São Paulo—as the president of Brazil, however, João Pessoa was assassinated; there is still debate as to whether the motive behind his murder was personal, political, or both. Following these events, the word nego was added to the flag of Paraíba.{{Cite web |date=2016-10-31 |title=Rebeldia da Paraíba está registrada na bandeira |url=https://super.abril.com.br/historia/rebeldia-da-paraiba-esta-registrada-na-bandeira/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Superinteressante |language=pt-BR}}

According to the official government site of the state of Paraíba, the red color stands for the blood of João Pessoa after his assassination, while the black color represents mourning.

File:Botxtre.jpg stadium in João Pessoa.]]

In football, the main teams in the state are: Botafogo from João Pessoa, Campinense and Treze, both from Campina Grande.{{Cite web|url=https://soesporte.com.br/conquistas-dos-considerados-grandes-clubes-da-paraiba/|title = Conquistas dos considerados grandes clubes da Paraíba|date = 19 March 2013}}

• Kaio de Almeida, Brazilian swimmer
• Zé Marco, beach volleyball player
• Hulk, football player
• Matheus Cunha, Brazilian football player
• Douglas Santos, Brazilian football player
• Álvaro, Brazilian beach volleyball player
• George Wanderley, beach volleyball player
• João Batista, Brazilian sprinter

{{Portal|Brazil}}

• Captaincy of Paraíba
• Brazil
• Ingá Stone (Undeciphered petroglyph in Ingá municipality)
• List of municipalities in Paraíba

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{{sister project links|Paraíba|voy=Paraíba}}

• {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.paraiba.pb.gov.br/ Official Website]
• {{in lang|en}} List of cities in Brazil (all cities and municipalities)

{{Municipalities of Paraíba}}

{{States of Brazil}}

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Category:Federative units of Brazil

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