Wet season
{{Short description|Yearly period of high rainfall}}
{{Redirect|Rainy season|the film|Wet Season (film){{!}}Wet Season (film)||Rainy Season (disambiguation)}}
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{{Weather}}
File:Cairns climate.svg, Australia]]
The wet season (sometimes called the rainy season or monsoon season) is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs.{{Cite web |title=When is rainy season? |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/rain/rainy-seasons |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Met Office }} Generally, the season lasts at least one month.Glossary of Meteorology (2013). [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rainy-season1 Rainy season.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215203023/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rainy-season1 |date=2009-02-15 }} American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. The term green season is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities.Costa Rica Guide (2005). [http://costa-rica-guide.com/when.htm When to Travel to Costa Rica.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315161628/http://costa-rica-guide.com/when.htm |date=2012-03-15 }} ToucanGuides. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics and subtropics.Michael Pidwirny (2008). [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9k.html CHAPTER 9: Introduction to the Biosphere.] PhysicalGeography.net. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
Under the Köppen climate classification, for tropical climates, a wet season month is defined as a month where average precipitation is {{convert|60|mm}} or more.{{cite web | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | title=Updated world Köppen-Geiger climate classification map}} In contrast to areas with savanna climates and monsoon regimes, Mediterranean climates have wet winters and dry summers. Dry and rainy months are characteristic of tropical seasonal forests: in contrast to tropical rainforests, which do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is equally distributed throughout the year.Elisabeth M. Benders-Hyde (2003). [http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate.htm World Climates.] Blue Planet Biomes. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season, when the Intertropical Convergence Zone or monsoon trough moves to higher latitudes in the middle of the warm season.J. S. 0guntoyinbo and F. 0. Akintola (1983). [http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0063.pdf Rainstorm characteristics affecting water availability for agriculture.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205200119/http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0063.pdf |date=2009-02-05 }} IAHS Publication Number 140. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
When the wet season occurs during a warm season, or summer, precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening. In the wet season, air quality improves, fresh water quality improves, and vegetation grows substantially, leading to crop yields late in the season. Rivers overflow their banks, and some animals retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases. The incidence of malaria and dengue increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures, particularly in tropical areas.{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|title=Malaria Fact Sheet|date=April 2016|website=The World Health Organization|access-date=April 24, 2016}} Some animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wet season. Often, the previous dry season leads to food shortages in the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. Crops which can be successfully planted during the wet or rainy season are cassava, maize, groundnut, millet, rice and yam.{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=6 Types Of Crops To Plant During Rainy Season |url=https://agricfy.com/6-types-of-crops-to-plant-during-rainy-season/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=agricfy.com }}
The temperate counterpart to the tropical wet season is spring or autumn.
Character of the rainfall
File:Darwin thunderstorm.jpg, Australia]]
In areas where the heavy rainfall is associated with a wind shift, the wet season is known as the monsoon season. Many tropical and subtropical climates experience monsoon rainfall patterns.Glossary of Meteorology (2009). [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon&submit=Search Monsoon.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322122025/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon&submit=Search |date=2008-03-22 }} American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2009-01-16. Rainfall in the wet season is mainly due to daytime heating, which leads to diurnal thunderstorm activity within a pre-existing moist airmass , so the rain mainly falls in late afternoon and early evening in savanna and monsoon regions.
Much of the total rainfall each day occurs in the first minutes of the downpour, before the storms mature into their stratiform stage.Robert A. Houze Jr (1997). [http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/78/10/pdf/i1520-0477-78-10-2179.pdf Stratiform Precipitation in Regions of Convection: A Meteorological Paradox?] Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, pp. 2179. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. Most places have only one wet season, but areas of the tropics can have two wet seasons, because the monsoon trough, or Intertropical Convergence Zone, can pass over locations in the tropics twice per year. However, since rain forests have rainfall spread evenly through the year, they do not have a wet season.
Areas affected
File:During the rainy season Chattogram,Bangladesh.jpg]]
Areas with a savanna climate in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Ghana, Burkina Faso,Patrick Laux et al. (2008): Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 28 (3), 329–342.Patrick Laux et al. (2009): Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 29 (7), 937–954., Darfur,David Vandervort (2009). [http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/sudan-feature-060707 Darfur: getting ready for the rainy season.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304221515/http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/sudan-feature-060707 |date=2009-03-04 }} International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. Eritrea,Mehari Tesfazgi Mebrhatu, M. Tsubo, and Sue Walker (2004). {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190615073206/http://www.cropscience.org.au/icsc2004/poster/2/6/580_mebrhatumt.htm A Statistical Model for Seasonal Rainfall Forecasting over the Highlands of Eritrea.]}} New directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. Retrieved on 2009-02-08. Ethiopia,Alex Wynter (2009). [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/218536/123391195425.htm Ethiopia: March rainy season "critical" for southern pastoralists.] Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. and Botswana have a distinct rainy season.The Voice (2009). [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901270599.html Botswana: Rainy Season Fills Up Dams.] allAfrica.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. Also subtropical areas like Florida, South and Southeast Texas, and southern Louisiana in the United States have a rainy season.Randy Lascody (2008). [http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/wetdry/FLrainMachine.htm The Florida Rain Machine.] National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. Monsoon regions include the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia (including Indonesia and Philippines),OCHA Partnership for Humanity (2008). [http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&docId=1096564 OCHA Field Situation Report: Indonesia – Rainy Season 1 December 2008.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218070603/http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&docId=1096564 |date=18 February 2009 }} United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. northern sections of Australia,Burarra Gathering (2006). [http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html Burarra Gathering.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html |date=2012-03-20 }} Burarra Gathering. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. Polynesia,Tahiti Sun Travel Network (2007). [http://www.boraboraisland.com/about.html About Bora Bora Island.] Retrieved on 2009-02-06. Central America,Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090227145243/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/forecaster_handbooks/CentralAmerica/Forecasters%20Handbook%20for%20Central%20America%20and%20Adjacent%20Waters.2.4.pdf 2.4 Analysis & Forecasting "Thumb Rules" for the Rainy Season.] United States Navy. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. western and southern Mexico,{{cite web |work=Remote Sensing for Migratory Creatures |url=http://arsc.arid.arizona.edu/migratory/veg_tdf.html |title=Phenology and Creature Migration: Dry season and wet season in West Mexico |publisher= Arizona Remote Sensing Center |access-date=2009-02-06 |date=7 October 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041102070632/http://arsc.arid.arizona.edu/migratory/veg_tdf.html |archive-date= Nov 2, 2004 }} the Desert Southwest of the United States,{{cite web |first1=J. |last1=Horel |url=http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/normrain.html |title=Normal Monthly Precipitation, Inches |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113222938/http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/normrain.html |archive-date=2006-11-13 |website=Department of Meteorology, University of Utah |access-date= 2008-03-19}} southern Guyana,{{cite periodical |first1=Horace |last1=Burton |date=Aug 2006 |url=http://www.cimh.edu.bb/The%20outfield%204.pdf |title=The climate of Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124053438/http://cimh.edu.bb/The%20outfield%204.pdf |archive-date=2009-01-24 |publisher=Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology |work=The Outfield |page=3 |access-date= 2009-02-08}} and northeast Brazil.James Brian Elsner (1988). "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PhDT........55E Analysis of Wet Season Rainfall Over the Nordeste of Brazil, South America]". University Of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
Northern Guyana has two wet seasons: one in early spring and the other in early winter. In western Africa, there are two rainy seasons across southern sections, but only one across the north.{{cite journal |first1=C. H. |last1=Mari |first2=G. |last2=Cailley |first3=L. |last3=Corre |first4=M. |last4=Saunois |first5=J. L. |last5=Attie |first6=V. |last6=Thouret |first7=A. |last7=Stohl |date=2007 |url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/32/82/48/PDF/acpd-7-17339-2007.pdf |title=Tracing biomass burning plumes from the Southern Hemisphere during the AMMA 2006 wet season experiment |work=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions |via=HAL |page=17342 |access-date= 2009-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227145244/http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/32/82/48/PDF/acpd-7-17339-2007.pdf |archive-date= Feb 27, 2009 }} Within the Mediterranean climate regime, the west coast of the United States, the southwest coast of Australia and South Africa, the Mediterranean coastline of Italy, Spain, Greece,{{cite web |url-status=dead |website=Greek Embassy London |url=http://greece.embassyhomepage.com/greece_weather_forecast_cheap_flights_corfu_hotels_greece_embassy_of_greece_london_uk_greece_travel_insurance.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220081003/http://greece.embassyhomepage.com/greece_weather_forecast_cheap_flights_corfu_hotels_greece_embassy_of_greece_london_uk_greece_travel_insurance.htm |archive-date=2012-02-20 |publisher=Government of Greece |access-date= 2009-02-06 |title=Greek Climate and Weather Forecast for Greece }} Lebanon, Syria, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey, as well as areas further inland in Western Asia which include Jordan, Northern Iraq and most parts of Iran, experience a wet season in the winter months.{{cite journal |first1=D. |last1=Bozkurt|first2=O.L. |last2=Sen |first3=M. |last3=Karaca |date=2008 |url=http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2008/04210/EGU2008-A-04210-1.pdf |title=Wet season evaluation of RegCM3 performance for Eastern Mediterranean |journal =Geophysical Research Abstracts, EGU General Assembly |publisher=Copernicus Online Service + Information System |access-date= 2009-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227145242/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2008/04210/EGU2008-A-04210-1.pdf |archive-date= Feb 27, 2009 }} Similarly, the wet season in the Negev Desert of Israel extends from October through May.{{cite journal|url=http://geography.huji.ac.il/personal/Dayan/Publications/Synoptic%20Clim%20Maj%20Floods.pdf|page=869|title=Synoptic Climatology of Major Floods in the Negev Desert, Israel|first1=Ron |last1=Kahana|first2=Baruch |last2=Ziv|first3=Yehouda |last3=Enzel|first4=Uri |last4=Dayan|name-list-style=amp|journal=International Journal of Climatology|date=2002|volume=22|issue=7|doi=10.1002/joc.766|bibcode=2002IJCli..22..867K|s2cid=129438767 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162555/http://geography.huji.ac.il/personal/Dayan/Publications/Synoptic%20Clim%20Maj%20Floods.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-19}} At the boundary between the Mediterranean and monsoon climates lies the Sonoran Desert, which receives the two rainy seasons associated with each climate regime.Michael J. Plagens (2009). [http://www.arizonensis.org/sonoran/ What and Where is the Sonoran Desert?] Arizonensis. Retrieved on 2009-02-07.
The wet season is known by many different local names throughout the world. For example, in Mexico it is known as "storm season". Different names are given to the various short "seasons" of the year by the First Nations of Northern Australia: the wet season typically experienced there from December to March is called Gudjewg. The precise meaning of the word is disputed, although it is widely accepted to relate to the severe thunderstorms, flooding, and abundant vegetation growth commonly experienced at this time.{{Cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/national-parks/kakadu-national-park/natural-environment/six-seasons|title=The Six Seasons|website=Australian Government, Department of the Environment|access-date=April 25, 2016}}
Effects
File:EatonCanyonWetSeason.jpg]]
In tropical areas, when the monsoon arrives, high daytime high temperatures drop and overnight low temperatures increase, thus reducing diurnal temperature variation.Official Web Site of District Sirsa, India (2001). [http://sirsa.gov.in/htfiles/location.html District Sirsa.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228153903/http://sirsa.gov.in/htfiles/location.html |date=2010-12-28 }} National Informatice Center. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. During the wet season, a combination of heavy rainfall and, in some places such as Hong Kong, an onshore wind, improve air quality.Mei Zheng (2000). [http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI9989458/ The sources and characteristics of atmospheric particulates during the wet and dry seasons in Hong Kong.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108152544/http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI9989458/ |date=2012-01-08 }} University of Rhode Island. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
In Brazil, the wet season is correlated with weaker trade winds off the ocean. The pH level of water becomes more balanced due to the charging of local aquifers during the wet season.S. I. Efe, F. E. Ogban, M. J. Horsfall, E. E. Akporhonor (2005). [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/6445/1/ja05036.pdf Seasonal Variations of Physico-chemical Characteristics in Water Resources Quality in Western Niger Delta Region, Nigeria.] Journal of Applied Scientific Environmental Management. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. Water also softens, as the concentration of dissolved materials reduces during the rainy season.C. D. Haynes, M. G. Ridpath, M. A. J. Williams (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhvtSmJYuN4C&dq=wet+season+characteristics&pg=PA90 Monsoonal Australia.] Taylor & Francis, pp. 90. {{ISBN|978-90-6191-638-3}}. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. Erosion is also increased during rainy periods.
Arroyos that are dry at other times of the year fill with runoff, in some cases with water as deep as {{convert|10|ft|m}}.United States War Department (1909). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QIUEnyzrZNIC&dq=arroyos+wet+season&pg=PA398 Road Notes, Cuba. 1909.] United States Department of War. Retrieved on 2009-01-16. Leaching of soils during periods of heavy rainfall depletes nutrients. The higher runoff from land masses affects nearby ocean areas, which are more stratified, or less mixed, due to stronger surface currents forced by the heavy rainfall runoff.K.W. Choi and J.H.W. Lee (2000). [http://kfki.baw.de/fileadmin/conferences/ICHE/2000-Seoul/pdf/251/PAP_266.PDF Wet Season Tidal Circulation and flushing in Three Fathoms Cove.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227145244/http://kfki.baw.de/fileadmin/conferences/ICHE/2000-Seoul/pdf/251/PAP_266.PDF |date=2009-02-27 }} 4th International Conference on Hydro-Science and Engineering. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
=Floods=
High rainfall can cause widespread flooding,Overseas Security Advisory Council (2009). [https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=95454 Warden Message: Guyana Rainy Season Flood Hazards.]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Overseas Security Advisory Council. Retrieved on 2009-02-05. which can lead to landslides and mudflows in mountainous areas.National Flood Insurance Program (2009). [http://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/pages/media_resources/fact_calirain.jsp California's Rainy Season.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204184919/http://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/pages/media_resources/fact_calirain.jsp |date=2012-12-04 }} Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved on 2009-02-05. Such floods cause rivers to burst their banks and submerge homes.AFP (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090201030805/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/01/12/2464296.htm Bali Hit By Wet Season Floods.] ABC News. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. The Ghaggar-Hakra River, which only flows during India's monsoon season, can flood and severely damage local crops.{{Cite web|url=http://sirsa.gov.in/ddmp_sirsa_2015_16.pdf|title=Sirsa District Disaster Management Plan, 2015-2016|date=2015|website=District Sirsa|publisher=Government of Haryana Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana Institute of Public Administration|access-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328112914/http://sirsa.gov.in/ddmp_sirsa_2015_16.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-28|url-status=dead}} Floods can be exacerbated by fires that occurred during the previous dry season, which cause soils which are sandy or composed of loam to become hydrophobic, or water repellent.Jack Ainsworth & Troy Alan Doss. [http://www.coastal.ca.gov/fire/ucsbfire.html Natural History of Fire & Flood Cycles.] California Coastal Commission. Retrieved on 2009-02-05. In various ways governments may help people deal with wet season floods. Flood plain mapping identifies which areas are more prone to flooding.FESA (2007). [http://www.fesa.wa.gov.au/internet/upload/716567526/docs/flood.pdf Flood.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531073015/http://www.fesa.wa.gov.au/internet/upload/716567526/docs/flood.pdf |date=2009-05-31 }} Government of Western Australia. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. Instructions on controlling erosion through outreach{{clarify|date=August 2015}} are also provided by telephone or the internet.King County Department of Development and Environmental Services (2009). [http://www.kingcounty.gov/property/permits/info/SpecialInterest/ConstructionIndustry/ErosionControl.aspx Erosion and Sediment Control for Construction Sites.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513095553/http://kingcounty.gov/property/permits/info/SpecialInterest/ConstructionIndustry/ErosionControl.aspx |date=2012-05-13 }} King County, Washington Government. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
Life adaptations
File:East - Guinean Savanna 001.jpg in the East Province of Cameroon]]
=Humans=
The wet season is the main period of vegetation growth within the Savanna climate regime.Charles Darwin University (2009). [http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/units/sbi507/module2/savanna.html Characteristics of tropical savannas.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217001357/http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/units/sbi507/module2/savanna.html |date=2009-02-17 }} Charles Darwin University. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. However, this also means that wet season is a time for food shortages before crops reach their full maturity.{{Cite book |last=Frisancho |first=A. Roberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K_SYHBo42MC&dq=wet+season+characteristics&pg=PA388 |title=Human Adaptation and Accommodation |date=1993 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-09511-7 }} This causes seasonal weight changes for people in developing countries, with a drop occurring during the wet season until the time of the first harvest, when weights rebound.Marti J. Van Liere, Eric-Alain D. Ategbo, Jan Hoorweg, Adel P. Den Hartog, and Joseph G. A. J. Hautvast. The significance of socio-economic characteristics for adult seasonal body-weight fluctuations: a study in north-western Benin. British Journal of Nutrition: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Malaria incidence increases during periods of high temperature and heavy rainfall.African Centre of Meteorological Application for Development (2008). [http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/wcp/wcdmp/csm/documents/Bull_Deka1_April08.pdf Ten Day Climate Bulletin: Dekad of 01 to 10 April, 2008.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227145240/http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/wcp/wcdmp/csm/documents/Bull_Deka1_April08.pdf |date=2009-02-27 }} ACMAD. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
=Animals=
Cows calve, or give birth, at the beginning of the wet season.John P. McNamara, J. France, D. E. Beever (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hHyYFscJI3kC&dq=wet+season+france&pg=PA275 Modelling Nutrient Utilization in Farm Animals.] CABI, pp. 275. {{ISBN|978-0-85199-449-9}}. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. The onset of the rainy season signals the departure of the monarch butterfly from Mexico.Lincoln Brower (2005). [http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/mexico/SeasonsWetDryLPB.gif Precipitation at the Monarch Overwintering Sites in Mexico.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006003451/http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/mexico/SeasonsWetDryLPB.gif |date=2012-10-06 }} Journey North. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. Tropical species of butterflies show larger dot markings on their wings to fend off possible predators and are more active during the wet season than the dry season.Paul M. Brakefield and Torben B. Larsen (1983). {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20121216150537/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119525964/abstract The evolutionary significance of dry and wet season forms in some tropical butterflies.]}} Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, pp. 1–12. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. Within the tropics and warmer areas of the subtropics, decreased salinity of near shore wetlands due to the rains causes an increase in crocodile nesting.Phil Hall (1989). [https://books.google.com/books?id=97oE6gTFW8EC&dq=wet+season+characteristics&pg=PA167 Crocodiles, Their Ecology, Management, and Conservation.] International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Crocodile Specialist Group, pp. 167. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. Other species, such as the arroyo toad, spawn within the couple of months after the seasonal rains.San Diego Natural History Museum (2009). [http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/herps/bufo-cal.html Bufo californicus: Arroyo Toad.] San Diego Natural History Museum. Retrieved on 2009-01-16. Armadillos and rattlesnakes seek higher ground.Linda Deuver (1978). [http://www.corkscrew.audubon.org/Information/LDuever.html Dry season, wet season.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120151900/http://corkscrew.audubon.org/Information/LDuever.html |date=2009-01-20 }} Audubon Magazine, November 1978, pp. 120–130. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.